SYNCHRONOLOGY 



■F:RX2>rGX-Fj^JL, E-VEITTS 



4tm^ M^ ^rnitm ^iife^i 



FEOM THE 



CEEATIOJf OF MAJ\', 



PRESENT TIME. 



COMPILED FROM THE MOST AUTHENTIC SOURCES, INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING 

STANDARD WORKS: "THE CHRONOLOGY AND HISTORY OF THE 

WORLD, BY DR. J. BLAIR," ARCHBISHOP USHER's 

"annales VETERIS et novi tes- 

TAMENTI," "HAYDYN'S 

DICTIONARY OF DATES," 

ETC., ETC. 



SOLD EXCLUSIVELY BY CANVASSING AGENTS. 



. ^f' BOSTON: 

S. HAWES, 87 CORNHILL, 

1870. 



rv\ 



Entered according to Act of Congress A. D. 1869, by 

STEPHEN HAWES, 

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. 



•8 F. '01. p, 






/ 



PREFACE. 



A/<i^ 



^^ 



This book now offered to the public is designed to be one for con- 
venient reference for students and literary men, and to give a general 
outline of the History of the World in the order of its progress, to 
those whose time and means will not allow them to spend months and 
years in acquiring even a limited knowledge of History by the study 
of more elaborate works. 

The author has endeavored to condense and arrange the contents of 
the book in the best inanner to facilitate research and impress facts 
upon the memory. 

No effort has been spared to insure strict accuracy in regard to the 
events here recorded. But to collect and arrange such a vast variety 
of information from so many sources with complete accuracy can hardly 
be expected. 

Every reader of History is aware that much which is recorded in 
oncient History is mythological or traditionary, hence the great discrep- 
ancy among historians as to the events they record. For this reason 
f,reat caution has been observed to select facts only from such sources 
?% are generally acknowledged reliable at the present day. 

The historical chart will be a valuable auxiliary to the work as the 
rise, progress and decline of the several nations of the earth may thus 
be easily traced. The names of the rulers recorded in the regal index 
tables may be found in other parts of the book at con-esponding dates, 
and the same may be said in reference to the index table of Battles. 
The biographical index contains nearly 3,000 names of the principal 
persons mentioned in the book at corresponding dates, and this with the 
regal index will enable the reader to see what distinguished persons 
were contemporaries in different parts of the World's History. 

As no work of the kind has ever been offered to the public, the 
author trusts this will meet a great want, felt not only by historical 
students and writers, but by society at large. 

S. H. 

Boston, June 1, 1869. 



EXPLANATION OF THE .HISTORICAL CHART. 



In this Chart time is supposed to be flowing uniformly from left to right; 
and represents at one view the rise, revolutions and fall of the principal states 
and empires of the world. 

It will be readily noticed that the space apportioned to each country rep- 
resents its relative political and historicnl importance, rather than its geo- 
graphical extent. It is also apparent that those portions of country which 
are least known in the world's history, as the greater part of Africa, and the 
northern part of Asia, are not at all on the Chart. 

It often happens, owing to conquests and political revolutions, that the 
several parts of an empire or state cannot be placed contiguous to each other. 
To obviate this apparent difficulty, the different parts of the same empire are 
colored alike, as the dominions of Charlemagne in the ninth century. 

The spaces between the vertical lines represent the centuries before and 
after the Christian era ; those between the horizontal lines the Grand Divis- 
ions of the earth and their sub-divisions, as the names at the end of the Chart 
indicate. Thus by tracing the Chart from top to bottom one may see what 
states and empires were contemporaneous at any chosen time. At 100 A. D. 
we see Rome represented as virtually the "mistress of the world." Parthia 
withstood her power and the Goths, Irish and Picts as well as the Arabs, 
Hindoos and Chinese were not conquered. By tracing the Chart from left to 
right we see the rise, progress and fall of nations, whence they sprang and 
what states rose from their ruins. This may be seen by the four great em- 
pires of antiquity. The Assyrian was the most ancient and was succeeded in 
536 B. C. by the Persian empire which merged into the Macedonian empire 
in 330 B. C, being conquered by Alexander the Great, and at length became 
a Roman province. Rome, the most powerful empire of antiquity, was di- 
vided in the fourth century A. D., the western part of which was subjugated 
in the fifth century and the eastern in the iifteenth. The same political 
changes are mentioned in the Regal Index tables and still more at length in 
Synchronology. In fine, the Historical Chart is to Synchronology what maps 
are to geography. 



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CONTENTS. 



Cliroiiological Index Tables. 



PAGE 

I. Chronology of the Patriarchs ; 7 

II. Governors and Judges of the Israelites 7 

III. Kings of the Jews 7 

IV. Kings of Judah 8 

V. Kings of Israel 8 

VI. Kings of Assyria before the Division , 8 

VII. Kings of Assyria 8 

VIII. Kings of Babylon 9 

IX. Kings of Media 9 

X. Kings of the Persians 9 

XI. Kings of Egypt 9 

XII. Kings in Greece 10 

XIII. Kings of Macedon 10 

XIV. Kings of Syria 11 

XV. Princes and Kings of Judea 11 

XVI. Kings of Rome 12 

XVII. Emperors of Rome 12 

XVIII. Roman Emperors of the West 12 

XIX. Roman Emperors of the East 13 

XX. Kings of Italy 13 

XXI. Kings of England 14 

XXII. Kings of Scotland 15 

XXIII. Kings of France 15 

XXIV. Emperors of Germany 16 

XXV. Kings of Spain 17 

XXVI. Kings of Portugal 17 

XXVII. Kings of Sweden 18 

XXVIII. Kings of Denmark 18 

XXIX. Sovereigns of Russia 19 

XXX. Turkish Emperors 19 

XXXI. Margraves and Electors of Brandenburg and Kings of Prussia..20 

XXXII. Kings of Hungary 20 

XXXIII. Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States 21 



6 CONTENTS. 

Ancient Syncliroiiology— from tlie Creation 
of Man to the Claristian Era— 4004 years. 

DIVIDED INTO TEN PERIODS. 



B. C. 

Period I. From the Creation, 4004 B. C. to the Deluge, 2348, ...1656 years. 

Period II. From the Deluge to the Call of Abraham, 1921, 427 

Period III. From Abraham to the Exodus of the Israelites, 1401, 430 

Period IV. From the Exodus to the Entrance into Canaan, 1451, 40 

Period V. From the Entrance to the Kingdom of Saul, 1095,... 356 

Period VI. From S.aul to Solomon's Temple, 1004, 91 

Period VII. From the Temple to the Babylonish Captivity,588...41G 

Period VIII. From the Captivity to Alexander the Great, 330, 258 

Period IX. From Alexander to the Overthrow of Greece, 146,. ..184 

Period X. From the Overthrow of Greece to the Christian Era, 146 



I'.^K.T II- 

Modern Synclironologj^— from tlae Cliristian 
Era to January 1869. 

DIVIDED INTO TWELVE PERIODS. 

A. D. 

Period I. From the Christian Era to the Decline ofthe Roman Empire, 198. 

Period II. From the Decline to the Division of the Roman Empire, ...864. 

Period III. From the Division to the End ofthe AVesfern Empire, 476. 

Period IV. From the beginning of the " Dark Ages " to the Hegira, ...622. 

Period V. From the, Hegira to Charlemagne at Rome 800. 

Period Vt. From Charlemagne to William the Conqueror, 1066. 

Period VII. From William the Conqueror to the Ottoman Empire, 1299. 

Period VIII. From the Ottoman to the end ofthe Fastern Empire, 1453 

Period IX. From the end of tlie Eastern Empire to the Pi-evolu- 

tion in England, 1688 

Period X. From the Revolution in England to the American Rev- 
olution, 1776 

Period XI. From the American Revolution to the Great Rebellion,.. .1860 

Period XII. From the Great Rebellion to January, 1869 

Index Table op Battles. 
Biographical Index. 



CHRONOLOGICAL REGAL INDEX. 



THE PATRIARCHS. 



B.C. 




B. C. 




4004 


Creation of Adam and Eve. 


2311 


Birth of Salah. 


8874 


Birth of Seth. 


2281 


Birth of Eber. 


3769 


Birth of Enos. 


2247 


Birth of Peleg. 


3679 


Birth of Cainan. 


2217 


Birth of Reu. 


3609 


Birth of Mahalaleel. 


2185 


Birth of Serug. 


3544 


Birth of Jared-. 


2155 


Birth of Nahor. 


3382 


Birth of Enoch. 


2126 


Birth of Terah. 


3317 


Birth of Methuselah. 


1996 


Birth of Abram. 


3130 


Birth of Lamech. 


1921 


Call of Abeam 


2948 


Birth of Noah. 


1896 


Birth of Isaac. 


2448 


Birth of Japheth. 


1836 


Birth of Jacob. 


2445 


Birth of Shem. 


1745 


Birth of Joseph. 


2348 


The Flood. 


1574 


Birth of Aaron. 


2346 


Birth of Arphaxad. 


1671 


Birth of Moses. 



G-OYERNORS AND *JUDG-ES OF THE 
ISRAELITES. 



1491 Moses. 

1451 Joshua. 

1405 Othniel. 

1323 Ehud. 

1305 Shamgar. 

1285 Deborah and Barak. 

1245 Gideon. 

1236 Abimelech. 

1232 Tola. 



1210 Jair. 

1188 Jephthah. 

1182 Ibzan. 

1175 Elon. 

1165 Abdon. 

1157 Eli. 

1137 Samson. 

1116 Samuel. 



* The History of the Judges differs with Chronologers. 



KINGS OF THE JEWS. 



1095 Saul. 

1055 David and Ishbosheth. 

1048 David. 



1015 
975 



Solomon. 

Division of the Kingdom. 



CHRONOLOGICAL REGAL INDEX. 
KINGS OF JUDAH.-TWO TRIBES. 



B. C. 



975 


Rehoboam. 


9.58 


Abijam. 


955 


Asa. 


914 


Jehoshaphat 


889 


Jchoram. 


885 


Ahaziah. 


884 


Athaliah. 


878 


Jehoash. 


839 


Amaziah. 


810 


Azariah. 


758 


Jotham. 



B. C. 

742 Ahaz. 

727 Hezekiah. 

698 Manasseh. 

643 Amon. 

641 Josiah. 

610 Jehoahaz. 

610 Jehoiakim. 

600 Jehoiachin. 

598 Zedekiah. 

588 Nebuchadnezzar 
Jerusalem. 



Destroys 



KINGS OF ISRAEL. -TEN TRIBES. 



975 


Jeroboam I 


954 


Nadab. 


953 


Baasha. 


930 


Ela. _ 


929 


Zimri. 


929 


Omri. 


917 


Ahab. 


897 


Ahaziah. 


896 


Jehoram. 


884 


Jehu. 


856 


Jehoahaz. 





841 


Jehoash. 




826 


Jeroboam II. 




773 


Zachariah. 




772 


Shallum. 




772 


Menahem. 




761 


Pekahiah. 




759 


Pekah. 




730 


Hoshea. 




721 


Shalmanezer, king of Assyria, 
takes Samaria. End of the 
Kingdom of Israel. 


ASSYRIA. 



2245 Nimrod founded Babylon. 
2245 Ashur founded Nineveh. 
2124 Belus reigned in Babylon. 



* Ancient Assyrian History obscure. 



2059 Ninus united Nineveh and Bab- 
ylon, forming the Assyrian 
Empire. 



KINGS OF ASSYRIA BEFORE THE DIVISION. 



2017 


Semiramis.(?) 


820 


1937 


Arabs seize Nineveh. 


790 


1446 


Belochus. 




1433 


Artossa. 




1421 


Belatores. 




1183 


Tutaeus. 




1139 


Thinaeus. 




840 


Sardanapalus.(?) 





Burned in his palace. (?) 

Pul.(?) 

After the death of Sardanapa- 

lusthe Assyrian Empire ends, 

being divided into Assyrian, 

Babylonian, and Median 

Kingdoms. 



KINGS OF ASSYRIA. 



747 Tiglath-pileser, called also Ar- 

baccs. 
728 Shalmanezer, 



717 Sennacherib. 
712 Esarhaddon. 
680 Esarhaddon takes Babylon. 



B. C. 



CHRONOLOGICAL REGAL INDEX. 
KINGS OF BABYLON. 
B. C. 



747 


Nabonassar. 


605 


Nebuchadnezzar. 


734 


Merodac Baladan. 


561 


Evil Merodach. 


680 


Esarhaddon. 


559 


Neriglissar. 


667 


Saosduchinus. 


556 


Labor osoarchod. 


647 


Chiniladon or Saracus. 


555 


Belshazzar. 


626 


Nabopolassar. 


538 


Babylon taken by Cyrus 



KINGS OF MEDIA. 



747 


Arbaces governs without being 


596 




declared king. 




695 


709 


Dejoces.(?) 




559 


657 


Phraortes, 




536 


634 


Cyaxares I. 






KINGS OF 


THE ] 


559 


Cyrus the Great. 




424 


529 


Cambyses or Ahasuerus. 




404 


522 


Smerdis or Artaxerxes. 




361 


521 


Darius or Hystaspes. 




338 


486 


Xerxes the Great. 




336 


465 


Artaxerxes Longimanus. 




830 


425 


Xerxes II. 






425 


Sogdianus. 







Scythians expelled. 

Astyages. 

Cyaxdres II. or Darius. 

Cyrus the Great, forms the 

Medo-Persian Empire. 



PERSIANS. 

Ochus or Darius Nothus. 

Artaxerxes Mnemon. 

Artaxerxes Ochus. 

Arses. 

Darius Codomanus. 

Alexander the Great conquers 

Darius. 

End of the Persian Empire. 



KINGS OF EGYPT. 





From Misraim to Cambyses 


616 


Pharaoh Necho. 




1663 tears. 


600 


Psammis. 


2188 


Misraim. (?) 


594 


Pharaoh Hophra. 


2122 


Athotes. 


571 


Apries strangled. 


2111 


Busiris founds Thebes. 


571 


Amasis. 


2100 


Osymandyas. 


525 


Psammenitus. 


2085 


King Shepherds seize Egypt 


625 


Cambyses conquers Egypt. 




and reign 260 years. 




From the Revolt from Per- 


1920 


Pharaoh. 




sian Power to the Death of 


1891 


Syphoas. 




Alexander. 


1822 


Memnon invents letters. 


414 


Amyrtaeus. 


1821 


Amenophis I. 


408 


Psammeticus. 


1729 


Potiphar. 


396 


Nephereus. 


1080 


Hyksos, or shepherd kings, 


389 


Acoris. 




subjugate Egypt. 


376 


Psammuthis. 


1577 


Rameses Miamum. 


375 


Nectanebis. 


1491 


Pharaoh Amenophis. 


363 


Tachos. 


1491 


Sesostris. 


362 


Nectanebus. 


1457 


Pheron. 


350 


Conquered by Ochus, a Persian 


1376 


Sethos. 




king. 


978 


Sesac.(?) 




From *Ptolemy I. to Death 


825 


Petubastes. 




of Cleopatra. 


737 


Sebacon invades Egypt. 


323 


Ptolemy Soter. (?) 


725 


So. 


285 


Ptolemy Philadelphus. 


670 


Psammeticus. 


247 


Ptolemy Evergetes. 



^Ptolemy the astr9i)<>m«r fixes the reign of Ptolemy ou the year 305. 



10 CHRONOLOGICAL REGAL INDEX. 

KINGS OF EGYPT, (Continued.) 



B. C 




B. C. 


221 


Ptolemy Pbilopater. 


C5 


204 


Ptolemy Epiphancs. 


51 


180 


Ptolemy Pliilometcr. 




145 


Physcon or Evergetes II. 


47 


117 


Lathyrus Soter aud Cleopatra. 




107 


Alexander and Cleopatra. 


43 


89 


Lathyrus. 


30 


81 


Alexander. 





Ptolemy Auletcs. 
Ptolemy Dionysius and Cleo- 
patra. 

Ptolemy the younger and Cle- 
opatra. 

Cleopatra alone. 
Egypt becomes a Roman Prov- 
ince. 



*GREECE. 



2089 Sicyon founded by Egialus or 
Inachus. — (Eusebius. ) 

2042 Uranus arrives in Greece. 
(Lenglet.) 

1856 Inachus founded Argos. (Eu- 
sebius.) 

1764 Deluge of Ogyges. 

1711 City of Argos built by Argus. 

1710 (Enotrus emigrates to Italy. 

1641 Criasus succeeds Argus. 

1582 Chronology of the Arundelian 
marbles. 

1556 Cecrops founded Athens. 

1552 Triopas king of Argos. 

1520 Corinth built. 

1516 Lelex founded Sparta. 

1507 The Areopagus in Athens. 

1506 Crotopas king of Argos. 

1503 Deucalion. (Eusebius.) 

1493 Cadmus founded Thebes. 

1490 Lacedoemon fourth king of 
Sparta. 

1474 Danaus usurps the kingdom of 
Argos. 

1457 Perseus builds Mycene. 

1438 Pandion king of Athens. 

1397 Sisyphus king of Corinth. 

1383 Ceres in Attica. 

1283 jBgceus in Attica. 

1266 (Edipus king of Thebes. 

1263 Argonautic expedition. 

1263 Adrastus king of Argos. 

1213 Rape of Helen by Theseus. 

1204 Rape of Helen by Paris. 

1182 ^neas sails into Italy. 



1176 
1170 
1104 



1088 

1068 
935 
884 
814 

659 
594 
568 
560 
510 
491 
409 
404 
362 

336 
335 

284 
268 

191 

147 

146 



Teucer founded Salamis. 
Neoptolemus king of Epirus. 
Eurysthenes andProclcs kings 
of Lacedsemon. 

End of the Kingdom of My- 
cene. 

End of the Kingdom of Sic- 
yon. 

Codrus king of Athens. 
Bacchus king of Corinth. 
Laws of Lycurgus. 
Macedonia founded. (Vide 
Mac.) 

Cypselus king of Corinth. 
Solon Archon of Athens. 
Mycene in ruins. 
Pisistratus Master of Athens. 
Democracy at Athens. 
Leonidas king of Sparta. 
Abolition of the 400. 
Sparta ruling state in Greece. 
Theban supremacy ends in 
Greece, 

Alexander master of all Greece, 
Thrace annexed to Maccdon. 
Achpean League formed. 
Antigonus Gonatus master of 
Athens 12 years. 
Sparta joins the League. 
Achgean League totally de- 
feated. 

Corinth demolished. 
Gkeeoe becomes a Roman 
Province under name of 
Achaia. 



* Greece so called from Graecns, a very ancient kinp:. The years preceding the laws of Lycur- 
gus are not strictly historical, the events wliicli distinguish tlieni licing commemorated chiefly 
by tradition and jioetry. In the first periods of their liistory the Greeks were governed by mon- 
archs; and there were as many kings as there were cities. 

KINGS OF MACEDON. 



814 Caranus. 
786 Cocnus. 



774 Thurimas. 
729 Perdiccas I. 



CHRONOLOGICAL REGAL INDEX. 
KINGS OF MACEDON, (Continued.) 



11 



B. C. 

678 Argteus I. 

640 Philip I. 

602 iEropas. 

576 Alcefas or Alectas. 

547 Amyntas I. 

497 Alexander I. 

454 Perdiccas II. 

413 Archelaus. 

399 Amyntas 11. 

398 Pausanias. 

397 Amyntas II. 

390 Argajus. 

390 Amyntas II. 

371 Alexander II. 

370 Ptolemy Alorites. 

866 Perdiccas III. 

360 Philip II. 

336 Alexander III. called the Great. 



B. C. 

323 Philip Aridseus. 

317 Cassander. 

298 Alexander and Antipater. 

294 Demetrius Poliorcetes. 

287 Pyrrhus. 

286 Lysimachus. 

280 Ptolemy Ceraunus. 
Meleager 2 months. 

278 Sosthenes. 

277 Antigonus Gonatus- 

242 Demetrius. 

232 Antigonus Doson. 

220 Philip. 

179 Perseus. 

168 End of the Kingdom of Mao- 

EDON. 

148 Macedon becobies a Roman 
Province. 



KING-S OF SYRIA. 



312 Seleucus I. Nicator. 

281 Antiochus I. Soter. 

261 Antiochus II. Theus. 

246 Seleucus II. Callinicus. 

226 Seleucus III. Ceraunus. 

223 Antiochus III. the Great. 

187 Seleucus IV. Philopater. 

175 Antiochus IV. Epiphanes. 

164 Antiochus V. Eupator. 

162 Demetrius I. Soter. 

150 Alexander I. Balas. 

145 Demetrius II. Nicator. 

144 Antiochus VL Theus. 

143 Diodotus or Tryphon. 

139 Antiochus VII. Sidetes. 



130 Demetrius II. Nicator reestab- 
lished. 

126 Alexander II. Zebina. 

124 Seleucus V. 

123 Antiochus VIII. GrypDs. 

97 Seleucus VI. Nicator. 

93 Antiochus Eusebes. 

92 Antiochus IX. Grypus. 

91 Philip. 

90 Demetx'ius Euchares. 

85 Antiochus Dionysius. 

83 Tigranes. 

69 Antiochus Asiaticus. 

65 Syeia becomes a Roman Prov- 



PRINCES OF JUDEA. 
CALLED THE MACCABEES, OR ASMONEAN PRINCES. 



166 Judas Maccabeus, great-great- 
grandson of Asmoneus. 
161 Jonathan. 



143 Simon. 

135 John Hyrcanus. 



KINGS OF JUDEA. 



07 


Aristobulus. 


40 Antigonus. 


06 


Alexander Janneus, 


37 Herod the Great 


79 


Alexandra. 


3 Archelaus. 


70 


Hyrcanus. 


A. D. 


70 


Aristobulus. 


8 JuDEA BECOMES A 


63 


Hyrcanus restored. 


INCE. 



12 



CHRONOLOGICAL REGAL INDEX. 



KINGS OF ROME. 



B. C 


, 


B. C. 


753 


Romulus builds Rome. 


534 


716 


Interregnum of one year. 


509 


715 


Numa Porapilius. 




672 


Tullus Hostilius. 




640 


Ancus Martius. 




616 


Tarquinius Priscus. 




578 


Servius TuUius. 






EMPERORS OF 


B. C 




A. D. 


45 


*Julius Coesar. 


218 


44 


Slain in the Senate House. 


222 




Anarchy. 


235 


27 


Augustus Csesar. 


236 


A. D 




236 


14 


Tiberius. 


238 


37 


Caliguha. 


244 


41 


Claudius. 


249 


54 


Nero. 


251 


68 


Galba. 


253 


69 


Otho. 


254 


69 


Vitellius. 


260 


70 


Vespasian. 


268 


79 


Titus. 


270 


81 


Domitian. 


270 


96 


Nerva. 


275 


98 


Trajan. 


275 


117 


Adrian. 


276 


138 


Antoninus Pius. 


282 


161 


Marcus Aurelius Antoninus and 


283 




Lucius Verus. 


284 


170 


Marcus Aurelius alone. 


286 


180 


Commodus. 


304 


Decline of the Roman Empire. 


306 


198 


Pertinax. 


337 


193 


Julian, 66 days. 




193 


Septimius Severus. 


361 


211 


Caracalla and Geta. 


363 


217 


Macrinus. 


364 



Tarquinius Superbus. 
The Tarquins expelled. 
Consular Government begins, 
and continues independent 461 
years, till the battle of Pharsa- 
lia. 



Heliogabalus. 

Alexander Severus. 

Maximinus. 

Gordian the EUler and his son. 

Pupienus and Balbinus. 

Gordian the younger. 

Philip. 

Decius. 

Gallus. 

Emilianus 3 months. 

Valerian and Gallienus his son. 

Gallienus alone. 

Claudius II. 

Quintilius 17 days. 

Aurelian. 

Tacitus 6 months. 

Florianus 2 months. 

Probus. 

Carus. 

Carinus and Numerianus. 

Diocletian. 

Diocletian and Maximian. 

Constantius and Galerius. 

Constantino the Great. 

Constantino II., Constantius IL 

and Constans. 

Julian. 

Jovian, at whose death the 

Empire is Divided. 

''Julius Cajsar being made perpetual Dictator, the Empire of the Csesars commences. 

ROMAN EMPERORS OF THE WEST. 



A. D 






A. D 


364 


Valentinian. 




455 


367 


Valentinian and Gratian. 




456 


375 


Valentinian 11. and Gratian 




461 


383 


Valentinian II. alone. 




467 


392 


Eugepius. 




472 


394 


Theodosius master of the whole 


473 




Roman Empire, wliich was 


di- 


474 




vided between his sons at 


his 


476 




death, Jan. 17, 395. 




476 


895 


Honorius. 






423 


Valentinian III. 






454 


Petronius Maximus. 






4^4 


Avitus. 







Interregnum. 

Majorian. 

Severus. 

Anthemius. 

Olybius. 

Glycerius. 

Julius Nepos. 

Augustulus. 

Rome taken by Odoacer, at 

which event the 

Western Empire ends, and the 

Kingdom of Italy begins. 



CHRONOLOGICAL REGAL INDEX. 
ROMAN EMPERORS OF THE EAST. 



13 



A. D. 


A. D 


364 


Valcns. 


959 


378 


Interregnum 5 months. 


963 


379 


Theodosius the Great. 


969 


395 


Arcadius. 


975 


408 


Theodosius II. 


1025 


450 


Marcianus. 


1028 


457 


Leo the Great. 


1034 


474 


Loo IL 


1041 


474 


Zeno. 


1042 


491 


Ana statins I. 


1042 


518 


Justin I. 


1054 


527 


Justinian I. 


1056 


565 


Justin II. 


1057 


578 


Tiberius II. 


1059 


582 


Rlaurice. 


1067 


602 


Phocas. 


1067 


610 


Heraclius. 


1071 


641 


Constantine III. 




641 


Constans II. 


1078 


668 


Constantine IV. 


1081 


685 


Justinian II. 


1118 


095 


Leontinus. 


1143 


698 


Tiberius IIL 


1180 


705 


Justinian II. restored. 


1183 


711 


Philip Bardanes. 


1185 


713 


Anastatius II. 


1195 


716 


Theodosius III. 


1203 


718 


Leo III., the Isaurian. 




741 


Constantine V., Copronymus. 


1204 


775 


Leo IV. 


1204 


780 


Constantine VI. and Irene. 


1206 


797 


Irene alone. 


1217 


802 


Nicephorus I. 


1220 


811 


Stauracius. 


1228 


811 


Michael I. 




813 


Leo V. 


1237 


821 


Michael II. , the Stammerer. 


1261 


829 


Theophihis. 


1283 


842 


Michael III. 


1328 


867 


Basil I., the Macedonian, 


1341 


886 


Leo VI., the Philosopher. 


1355 


911 


Alexander and Constantine 


1391 




VII., Porphyrogenitus. 


1425 


919 


Romanus I., Lecapenus, Chris- 


1448 




topher, Stephen and Constan- 


1453 




tine VIII. 




945 


Restoration of Constantine VII. 





Romanus II. 
Nicephorus, Phocas II. 
John Zimisces. 
Basil II. and Constantine IX. 
Constantine alone 
Romanus III., Argyrus. 
Michael IV. the Paphlagonian. 
Michael V., Calapliates. 
Zoe and Theodora. 
Constantine X., Monomachus. 
Theodora, resiored. 
Michael VI., Stratioticus. 
Isaac, Comnenus I. 
Constantine XL, Ducas. 
Eudocia. 

Romanus III., Diogenes. 
Michael VII., Parapinaces, An- 
dronicus I., Constantine XII. 
Nicephorus Botaniates III. 
Alexius Comnenus I. 
John Comnenus I. 
Manuel Comnenus. 
Alexius Comnenus II. 
Andronicus. 
Isaac Angelus. 
Alexius Angelus. 
Isaac Angelus restored, and 
his son Alexius. 
Alexius Mourzoufle. 
Baldwin I. 
Henry. 

Peter de Courtenay. 
Robert de Courtenay. 
John of Brienne and 
Baldwin II. 
Baldwin alone. 
Michael Palncologus. 
Andronicus II. 
Andronicus III. 
John Cantacuzene. 
John Palaeologus. 
Manuel. 

John Palffiologus II. 
Constantine XIII. 
Constantinople taken by Ma- 
homet II. End of the East- 
ern Ebipiee. 



KINGS OF ITALY. 



A. D. 


A. D. 


476 Odoacer. 


541 Totila. 


493 Theodoric. 


552 Interregnum. 


526 »Amalasontha and Athalaric. 


553 Tejas. 


534 Theodotus. 


End of the Gothic kingdom in 


536 Vitiges. 


Italy. 


540 Interregnum. 





14 



CHRONOLOGICAL EEGAL INDEX. 
KINGS OF ENGLAND. 



E.VGIiANT) tlNDKR THE ROMANS FROM 

55 13. C. TO 449 A. D. 

E.g. 

55 Julius Coesar invades Britain. 
4 Cymbeline king of Britain. 
A. D. 

43 Claudius Caesar in Britain. 
49 London founded. 
51 Caractacus carried to Rome. 
61 Boadicea defeated. 
61 Suetonius Paulinus. 
85 Julius Agricola. 
179 St. Lucius. 
209 Severus. 

306 Constantius dies at York. 
449 Vortigern king. 
England under the Saxons from 
449 TO 827. 
457 Saxon Heptarchy. 
457 Hengist founded Kent. 
490 Ella founded Sussex. 
508 Prince Arthur. 
519 Cerdic founded Wessex. 
527 Ercenwin founded Essex. 
547 Ida founded Northumbria. 
575 Uifa founded East Anglia. 
586 Cridda founded Mercia. 
678 Cadwallader. 
688 Ina, king of Wessex. 
758 OfFa, king of Mercia. 
827 Saxon Heptarchy ends. 

The seven kingdoms united 
into one by the conquests of 
Egbert under the name of 
England. 
England under the Anglo-Saxons 
FROM 827 to 1013. 
827 Egbert. 
838 Ethelwolf. 
854 Ethelbald. 
860 Ethelbert. 
866 Ethelred I. 
872 Alfred. 
901 Edward the Elder. 
925 Athelstan. 
940 Edmund L 
946 Edred. 
955 Edwy. 
959 Edgar. 

975 Edward 11. the Martyr. 
978 Ethelred II. 
1016 Edmund II. Ironside. 
Under the Danes from 1013 to 1041. 
1013 Swcyn. 
1016 Canute. 
1035 Harold I. Harefoot. 
1039 Hardicanute. 
Under the Saxons from 1041 to 
1066. 



A. D. 

1041 Edward III. the Confessor. 

1066 Harold II. 

The Norman Monarchs. 
1066 William I. the Conqueror. 
1087 William II. Rufus. 
1100 Henry I. the Scholar. 
1135 Stephen (House of Blois.) 
1141 Matilda, or Maud, four mos. 
1141 Stephen restored. 
House of Plantagenet or Anjou. 
1154 Henry II. Plantagenet. 
1189 Richard I. the Lion-hearted. 
1199 John Lackland. 
1216 Henry IIL 
1272 Edward I. 
1307 Edward II. 
1327 Edward IIL 
1377 Richard II. 
House of Lancaster, called the 

Red Rose. 
1399 Henry IV. Duke of Lancaster. 
1413 Henry V. 
1422 Henry VI. 
House of York, called the White 

Rose. 
1461 Edward IV. 
1483 Edward V. 
1483 Richard IIL 
1485 Union of the two Roses. 

House of Tudor. 
1485 Henry VII. Tudor. 
1509 Henry VIII. 
1547 Edward VI. the Pius. 

1553 Mary I. the Bloody. 

1554 Philip and Mary. 
1558 Elizabeth. 

House op Stuart. 
1603 James I. Stuart. 
1625 Charles I. 
1649 Commonwealth. 
1653 Oliver Cromwell, Protector. 

1658 Richard Cromwell. Protector. 

1659 Restitution of Monarchy. 

1660 Charles IL 
1685 James II. 

House of Orange and Nassau. 
1689 William III. and Mary II. 
1694 William alone. 

House of Stuart. 
1702 Anne. 

House of Brunswick, or the Hano- 
verian Dynasty. 
1714 George I. 
1727 George IL 
1760 George IIL 
1820 George IV. • 

1830 William IV. 
1837 Victoria. 



CHRONOLOGICAL REGAL INDEX. 
*KINGS OF SCOTLAND. 



15 



A. D. 




A. D. 




503 


Fergus. 


1153 


Malcolm IV, 


843 


Kenneth Mac Alpine. 


1165 


"William. 


943 


Malcolm I. 


1214 


Alexander II. 


953 


Indulf. 


1249 


Alexander III. 


959 


Duff. 


1286 


Margaret. 


903 


Culen. 


1292 


John Baliol. 


970 


Kenneth II. 


1306 


Robert I. 


987 


Constantino III. 


1329 


David IL 


995 


Kenneth III. 


1371 


Robert II. 


1002 


Malcolm 11. 


1390 


Robert IIL 


1033 


Duncan I. 


1406 


James I. 


1039 


Macbeth. 


1437 


James II. 


1057 


Malcolm IIL 


1460 


James III. 


1093 


Donald III. 


1488 


James IV. 


1094 


Duncan 11. 


1513 


James V. 


1098 


Edgar. 


1542 


Mary. 


1107 


Alexander I. 


1567 


James VI. becomes 


1127 


David I. 


1603 


James I. of England 



The origin of the Scots is nncertain and the history of the country until the reign of Mal- 
li TIT- is ohsf!Ure_ 



colm III. is obscure 



KINGS OF FRANCE. 





I. Merovingian Race. 




II. Caelotingian Race. 


481 


Clovis, grandson of Merovius. 


752 


Pepin the Short, son of Charles 


511 


Thierry, Childeburt, Clodomer 




Martel. 




and Clotaire I. 


768 


Charlemagne and Carloman. 


558 


Clotaire alone. 


814 


Louis the Gentle. 


661 


Charibert, Gontran, Sigebert 


840 


Charles II. the Bald. 




and Chilperic. 


877 


Louis II. the Stammerer. 


583 


Clotaire II. king of Soissons. 


879 


Louis III. and Carloman. 


696 


Thierry II. and Theodobert II. 


884 


Charles the Gross. 




kings of Paris, Burgundy and 


888 


Eudes. 




Austrasia. 


898 


Charles III. the Simple. 


613 


Clotaire II. alone. 


922 


Robert, Usurper. 


614 


Interregnum. 


923 


Rodolph. 


628 


Dagobert and Charibert. 


936 


Louis IV. the Stranger. 


638 


Sigebert II. and Clovis II. 


954 


Lothaire. 


655 


Clotaire II. 


986 


Louis V. the Lazy. 


660 


Childeric II. 




III. The Capets. 


079 


Thierry III. 


987 


Hugh Capet, Usurper. 


690 


*Pepin Heristel, Mayer of the 


996 


Robert. 




Palace, governs France 24 


1031 


Henry I. 




years. 


1060 


Philip L 


692 


Clovis III. 


1108 


Louis VI. the Gross. 


695 


Childebert IIL 


1137 


Louis VII. 


711 


Dagobert III. 


1180 


Philip II. Augustus. 


714 


*Charles Mart el, son of Pepin, 


1223 


Louis VIII. the Lion, 




Mayer of the Palace and Duke 


1226 


Louis IX. St. Louis. 




of France, governs France 


1270 


Philip III. the Bold. 




about 26 years. 


1285 


Philip IV. the Fair. 


715 


Childeric II. 


1314 


Louis X. Hutin. 


720 


Thierry IV. 


1316 


John I., eight days. 


742 


Childeric III. 


1316 


Philip V. the Long. 



* Pepin and his eons were not styled kings, though they exercised Bupreme authority; nop 
were they of the Merovingian race. 



16 CHRONOLOGICAL REGAL INDEX. 

KINGS OF FRANCE, (Continued.) 



A. D. 




A. D 


1322 


Charles IV. the Fair. 


1643 




IV. House of Valois. 


1715 


1328 


Philip VI. of Valois. 


1774 


1350 


John II. the Good. 


1792 


13G4 


Charles V. the AVise. 


1793 


1380 


Charles VI. the Beloved. 




1422 


Charles VII. the Victorious. 


1804 


1461 


Louis XI. 




1483 


Charles VIII. 


1814 


1498 


Louis XII. Father of the Peo- 
ple. 


1824 


1515 


Francis I. the Gentleman. 


1830 


1547 


Henry II. 




1559 


Francis II. 


1848 


1560 


Charles IX. the Bloody. 




1574 


Henry III. 






V. House of Bourbon. 


1852 


1589 


Henry IV. the Great. 




1610 


Louis XIII. the Just, 





Louis XIV. the Great. 
Louis XV. 
Louis XVI. 
Louis XVI. deposed. 
Louis XVI. executed. 
French Empire. 
Napoleon Bonaparte Emperor. 
Bourbons Restored. 
Louis XVIII. 
Charles X. 

House of Orleans. 
Louis Philippe. 

French Republic. 
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte 
elected President. 
Empire Re-established. 
Napoleon III. Emperor of the 
French, 



EMPERORS OF GERMANY. 



800 


Charlemagne, or Charles the 


1291 




Great. 


1298 


814 


Louis the Gentle. 


1308 


840 


Lothaire I. 


1314 


855 


Louis II. 


1347 


875 


Charles II. the Bald. 


1378 


877 


Interregnum. 


1400 


878 


Louis III. 


1410 


879 


Charles III. the Fat. 


1488 


887 


Arnould. 


1440 


899 


Louis IV. 


1493 


912 


Conrad I. 


1519 


919 


Henry I. the Fowler. 


1556 


936 


Otho I. the Great. 


1564 


973 


Otho II. the Bloody, 


1576 


983 


Otho III. poisoned. 


1612 


1002 


Henry II. the Lame. 


1619 


1024 


Conrad II. 


1637 


1039 


Henry III. 


1658 


1055 


Henry IV. deposed. 


1705 


1077 


Rodolphus killed in battle. 


1711 


1080 


Henry IV. reinstated. 


1742 


1106 


Henry V. 


1745 


1125 


Lothaire II. 


1765 


1138 


Conrad III. 


1790 


1152 


Frederic I. Barbarossa. 


1792 


1190 


Henry VI. 


1806 


1198 


Philip. 




1208 


Otho IV. 




1212 


Frederic II. 


1815 


1250 


Conrad IV. 


1835 


1273 


Rodolph of Hapsburg. 


1848 



Adolphus of Nassau. 

Albert of Austria. 

Henry VII. of Luxemburg. 

Louis V. 

Charles IV. 

Wenceslaus. 

Robert, Count Palatine. 

Sigismund. 

Albert II. of Austria, 

Frederic III. 

Maximilian I. 

Charles V. 

Ferdinand I, 

Maximilian II. 

Rodolph II, 

Matthias. 

Ferdinand IT, 

Ferdinand III. 

Leopold I. 

Joseph I. 

Charles VI. 

Charles VIL 

Francis I. Duke of Lorraine. 

Joseph II. 

Leopold II. 

Francis II. till 1806. 

Confederation of the Rhine. 

Francis II. takes the title of 

Emperor of Austria. 

Germanic Confederation. 

Ferdinand I. of Austria. 

Francis Joseph, 



CHRONOLOGICAL REGAL INDEX. 



17 



KINGS OF SPAIN. 



A, D. 




A. D. 




400 


Alaric, king of the Goths. 


923 


Froila II. 


411 


Athalsus. 


924 


Alphonsus IV. 


415 


Wallia. 


931 


Ramiro II. 


420 


T^codoric I. 
Tarrismuncl, 


950 


Ordogno III. 


400 


955 


Ordogno IV. 


4-52 


Theodoric II. 


950 


Sancho I. 


408 


Euric. 


967 


Ramiro III. 


484 


Alaric II. 


982 


Veremund II. 


507 


Gesalric. 


999 


Alphonsus V. 


611 


Amalaric. 


1028 


Veremund III. 


531 


Thcodat. 


1035 


Ferdinand the Great, 


548 


Theodisele. 


1065 


Sancho II. 


649 


Agila. 


1072 


Alphonsus VI. 


654 


Athanagild I. 


1109 


Alphonsys VII. 


567 


Liuva I. 


1122 


Alphonsus VIII. 


570 


Leovigild. 


1157 


Sancho III. 


587 


Rccaied I. 


1158 


Alphonsus IX. 


601 


Liuva II. 


1214 


Henry I. 


603 


Wittcric. 


1236 


Ferdinand III. 


010 


Gundemar. 


1252 


Alplionsus X. 


612 


Sisebert. 


1284 


Sancho IV. 


612 


Recared 11. , three months. 


1295 


Ferdinand IV. 


621 


Swintila. 


1312 


Alphonsus XI. 


631 


Sisenand. 


1350 


Peter the Cruel. 


030 


Chiutila. 


13G8 


Henry II. 


040 


Tulga. 


1379 


Jolin I. 


642 


Chindaswind. 


1390 


Henry IIL 


649 


Receswind. 


1406 


John'll. 


672 


Wamba. 


1454 


Henry IV. 


680 


Ervigor. 


1474 


Ferdinand V. and Isabella. 


687 


Egica or Egiza. 


1504 


Philip I. 


097 


Vitizza. 


1506 


Joan. 


710 


Roderic. 


1510 


Charles L 


718 


Pelagius. 


1555 


Philip Ii; 


737 


Favila. 


1598 


Philip IIL 


738 


Alphonsus I. 


1621 


Philip IV. 


757 


Froila I. 


1665 


Charles IL 


708 


Aurelius. 


1700 


Philip V. 


774 


Silo. 


1724 


Lewis. 


783 


Mauregat. 


1724 


Philip V. again. 


789 


Vercmond. 


1745 


Ferdinand VI. 


791 


Alphonsus IT. 


1759 


Charles III. 


824 


Ramiro I. 


1788 


Charles IV. 


800 


Ordogno I. 


1808 


Ferdinand VII. 


802 


Alphonsus III. 




(See Synchronology 1808.) 


910 


Garcias. 


1833 


Isabella II. 


9i4 


Ordogno II. 


1868 


Isabella II. deposed. 



KINGS OF PORTUGAL. 



1098 King of Lorraine, Count of 

Portugal. 

1139 Alphonsus I. proclaimed king. 

1185 Sancho L 

1212 Alphonsus IL 

1224 Sancho IL 

1247 Alphonsus III. 

2 



1279 
1325 
1357 
1307 
1385 
1433 
1438 



Dennis. 
Alphonsus IV. 
Peter the Severe. 
Ferdinand I. 
John I. 
Edward. 
Alphonsus V. 



18 



CHRONOLOGICAL REGAL INDEX. 



KINGS OF PORTUG-AL, (Continued.) 



A. D. 




1481 


John II. 


1495 


Emanuel. 


1521 


John IIL 


1557 


Sebastian. 


1578 


Henry. 


1580 


Anthony. 


1G40 


John IV. 


1G5G 


Alphonsus VI 


1GG8 


Peter II. 


1707 


John V. 


1750 


Joseph. 



A. D. 

1777 

1799 
182G 
182G 
1828 
1834 
1853 



1861 



Mary Frances Isabella, 

John VL 

Don Pedro. 

Maria de Gloria. 

Don Miguel. 

Maria II. 

Nov. 15. Death of Maria II. 

Peter V. (Don Pedro) king. 

Dec. 19. King-consort, regent. 

Louis Philip. 



KINGS OF SWEDEN. 



825 


Regnard Lobrock. 


1411 


Eric Xin. 


*•;« 


Reigns uncertain. 


1441 


Christopher. 


9GG 


Eric the Victor. 


1448 


Charles VIIL 


994 


Olaf. 


1458 


Christian I. 


1026 


Edmund Jacobson. 


1497 


John II. 


1035 


Edmund or Amand HI. 


1520 


Christian II. 


1041 


Haquin. 


1528 


Gustavus I. Vasa. 


1056 


Stenkell. 


1556 


Eric XIV. 


lOGO 


Ingo I. 


1569 


John III. 


10G4 


Halstan. 


1592 


Sigismond I. 


1080 


Philip. 


1606 


Charles IX. 


1100 


Ingo II. 


1611 


Gustavus Adolphus II. 


1130 


Ragwald. 


1632 


Christina. 


1133 


Magnus I 


1654 


Charles X. 


1144 


Suercher II. 


1660 


Charles XL 


1150 


Eric X. 


1697 


Charles XII. 


1162 


Charles VIL 


1718 


Uh-ica Eleanora. 


11G8 


Canute. 


1720 


Frederic. 


1192 


Suercher HI. 


1751 


Adolphus Frederic. 


1211 


Eric XL 


1771 


Gustavus Adolphus HI. 


1220 


John I. 


1792 


Gustavus Adolphus IV. 


1223 


Eric XIL 


1809 


Charles XIII. 


1250 


Waldemar. 


1818 


Charles John XIV. 


1276 


Magnus II. 


1844 


Oscar Frederic. 


1290 


Birger II. 


1859 


Charles XV. 


1318 


Magnus IIL 


1851 


Oct. 31. Princess Louisa 


1365 


Albert. 




(Heiress) born. 


1397 


Margaret. 







KINGS OF DENMARK. 



714 


Gormo I. 


858 


Eric IL 


750 


Ragnor Lodbrog. 


863 


Gormo the Old 


770 


Sigefrid. 


873 


Canute I. 


801 


Godefrid. 


915 


Frothon. 


809 


Olaus I. 


920 


Gormo IL 


811 


Hemming. 


925 


Harold. 


812 


Siward and Ringon. 


928 


Hardicanute. 


814 


Harold and Regner. 


930 


Gormo III. 


849 


Siward II. 


985 


Harold IIL 


856 


Eric. 


980 


Suenon. 



CHRONOLOGICAL REGAL INDEX. 



19 



KINGS OF DENMARK, (Continued.) 



Canute II. the Great. 
Hardicanute. 
Magnus I. 
Suenon II. 
Harold IV. 
Canute III. 
Glaus II. 
Eric III. 
Nicholas. 
Eric IV. 
Eric V. 
Suenon III. 
Waldemar the Great. 
Canute V. 
Waldemar II. 
Eric VI. 
Abel I. 

Christopher I. 
Eric Vn. 
Eric VIII. 
Christopher II. 
Waldemar III. 



A. D. 






1375 


Olaus III. 




1375 


Margaret I. Queen of 
mark and Norway. 


Den- 


1411 


Eric IX. 




1439 


Christopher III. 




1448 


Christian I. 




1481 


John. 




1513 


Christian II. 




1523 


Frederic I. 




1534 


Christian III. 




1559 


Frederic II. 




1588 


Christian IV. 




1648 


Frederic III. 




1670 


Christian V. 




1699 


Frederic IV. 




1730 


Christian VI. 




1746 


Frederic V. 




1766 


Christian VIL 




1808 


Frederic VI. 




1839 


Christian VIII. 




1849 


Frederic VII. 




1863 


Christian IX. 





SOVEREIGNS OF RUSSIA. 



Grand Dukes. 


1689 


Peter I. the Great. 


Rurick. 


1725 


Catharine I. 


Olga. 


1727 


Peter II. 


AVoladimir. 


1730 


Anne. 


Jurie, or George I. 


1740 


Ivan VI. 


Andrew. 


1741 


Elizabeth. 


Tartar Invasion. 




Family of Holstein. 


Ivan or John III. 


1762 


Peter III. 


Czars or Kings. 


1762 


Catharine II. 


Ivan IV. 


1796 


Paul. 


House of Romanoff, 


1801 


Alexander. 


Michael Theodore RomanoflF. 


1825 


Nicholas. 


Alexis. 


1855 


Alexander II. 


Theodore. 


1843 


Sept. 20. His son Nicholas, 


Ivan V. 




(Heir) born. 



TURKISH OR OTTOMAN EMPERORS. 



Ossman or Othoman I. 


1512 


Selim I: 


Orcham. 


1520 


Solyman II. 


Amurath L 


1566 


Selim II. 


Bajazet I. 


1574 


Amurath III. 


Isa Belis. 


1595 


Mahomet III. 


Solyman. 


1604 


Achmet. 


Musa. 


1617 


Mustapha I. 


Mahomet I. 


1617 


Osman I. 


Amurath II. 


1622 


Mustapha I. restored 


Mahomet II. 


1623 


Amurath IV. 


Cortacus. 


1640 


Ibrahim. 


Xemin. 


1655 


Mahomet IV. 


Bajazet. 







20 CHRONOLOGICAL REGAL INDEX. 

TURKISH OR OTTOMAN EMPERORS, (ContimiedJ 



A. D. 

1087 
1G91 
1G95 
1703 
1730 
1754 
1757 



Solyman III. 
Aclimet II. 
Mustapha II. 
Achmet III. 
Malioinet V. 
Osman II. 
Mustaplia III. 



A. D. 

1774 

1789 
1807 
1808 
1839 
18G1 



Abfllianict or Achmet IV. 
Selim III. 
Mustapha IV. 
Mahnioud II. 
Abdul-Medjid. 
Abdul-Azis. 



MARGRAVES AND ELECTORS OF BRANDEN- 
BURG-, AND KINGS OF PRUSSIA. 



George William. 
Frederick William the Great. 
Frederick, who was made kinj 
of Prussia in 1701. 

Kings of Prussia. 
Frederick I. 
Frederick AVilliam I. 
Frederick II. the Great. 
Frederick William II. 
Frederick AVilliam III. 
Frederick AVilliam IV. 
AVilliam I. 



927 


Sifroi, margrave of Branden- 


1019 




burg. 


1040 


*** 


Geron of Lusatia. 


1088 


1416 


Frederick IV. of Nurcmburg 




1417 


Made elector of Brandenburg. 




1440 


Frederick II. 


1701 


1470 


Albert I. 


1713 


1476 


John. 


1740 


1499 


Joachim I. 


178G 


1535 


Joachim II. 


1797 


1571 


John George. 


1840 


1598 


Joachim Frederick. 


1801 


1608 


John Sigismund. 





KINGS OF HUNGARY. 



997 Stephen, duke, receives the 
title of king. 

1038 Peter I. deposed. 

1041 Otto. 

1044 Peter restored. 

1047 Andrew. 

1059 Bela. 

1003 Solomon. 

1073 Geiga L 

1076 St. Ladislaus. 

1095 Coloman. 

1114 Stephen IL 

1131 Bela II. 

1141 Geiga IL 

1161 Stephen III. 

1173 BelallL 

1191 Emeric. 

1200 Ladislaus IL 

1201 Andrew II. 
1235 Bela IV. 
1275 Stephen IV. 
1278 Ladislaus IIL 
1291 Andrew III. 
1301 Wenceslaus. 
1304 Otho. 

1309 Charles Kobert. 



1342 Louis I. the Great. 

1383 Mary. 

1389 Mary and her husband Sigis- 
mund. 

1437 Albert. 

1440 Ladislaus IV. 

1444 Ladislaus V. 

1458 Matthias I. 

1490 Ladislaus VL 

1516 Louis II. 

1526 John Sepusius deposed. 

1527 Ferdinand, king of Bohemia. 
1534 John Sepusius again. 

1539 John II. 

1561 Maximilian. 

1573 Rodolphus. 

1609 Matthias IL 

1618 Ferdinand II. 

1625 Ferdinand III. 

1647 Ferdinand IV. 

1656 Leopold, 

1687 Joseph. 

1711 Charles VL 

1740 Maria Theresa. 

1780 Joseph, her son, emperor of 
Germany. 



CHRONOLOGICAL REGAL INDEX. " 21 

PRESIDENTS AND VICE PRESIDENTS OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 

FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 1789-97; — 8 YEARS. 
1789 George Washington, Virginia, President. 

John Adams, Massachusetts, Vice President. 

SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 1797-1801; — 4 YEARS. 
1797 John Adams, Massadiusetts, President. 

Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, Vice President. 

THIRD ADMINISTRATION. 1801-09; — 8 YEARS. 
1801 Thomas Jefferson, Virginia, President. 

Aaron Burr, New York, Vice President. 
1805 George Clinton, New York, Vice President. 

FOURTH ADMINISTRATION. 1809-17;- 8 YEARS, 
1809 James Madison, Virginia, President. 

George Clinton, New Yoi-k, Vice President. 
1813 Elbridge Gerry, Massachusetts, Vice President. 

FIFTH ADMINISTRATION. 1817-25;- 8 YEARS. 
1817 James Monroe, Virginia, President. 

Daniel D. Tompkins, New York, Vice President. 

SIXTH ADMINISTRATION. 1825-29; — 4 YEARS. 
1825 John Q. Adams, Massachusetts, President. 

John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, Vice President. 

SEVENTH ADMINISTRATION. 1829-37; — 8 YEARS. 
1829 Andrew Jackson, Tennessee, President. 

John C. Calhoun, South Carolina, Vice President. 
1833 Martin Van Bur en, New York, Vice President. 

EIGHTH ADMINISTRATION. 1837'-41;— 4 YEARS. 
1837 Martin Van Buren, New York, President. 

Richard M. Johnson, Kentucky, Vice President. 

NINTH ADMINISTRATION. 1841-45; — 4 YEARS. 
1841 William H. Harrison, Ohio, President. 

John Tyler, Virginia, Vice President, became President. 
TENTH ADMINISTRATION. 1845-49;— 4 YEARS. 
1845 James K. Polk, Tennessee, President. 

George M. Dallas, Pennsylvania, Vice President. 

ELEVENTH ADMINISTRATION. 1849-53;— 4 YEARS. 

1849 Zachary Taylor, Louisiana, President. 

1850 Millard Fillmore, New York, Vice President, became President. 

TWELFTH ADMINISTRATION. 1853-57;- 4 YEARS. 
1853 Franklin Pierce, New Hampshire, President. 

William R. King, Alabama, Vice President. (Died April 18.) 

THIRTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 1857-61; — 4 YEARS. 
1857 James Buchanan, Pennsylvania, President. 

John C. Breckenridge, Kentucky, Vice President. 

FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 1861-69;— 8 YEARS. 
1861 Abraham Lincoln, Illinois, President. Assassinated 1865. 

Hannibal Hamlin, Maine, Vice President. 
1805 Andrew Johnson, Tennessee, Vice President, became President. 

FIFTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 
1869 Ulysses S. Grant, President \ gi t 

Schuyler Colfax, Vice President J 



SYNCHRONOLOGY 

OP THE 

PRINCIPAL EVENTS, FROM THE CREATION OF MAN TO THE 
PRESENT TIME. 

PAKT I.— ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

First Period, 
from the creation to the deluge — 1656 years. 

B. C. 

4004 Creation of the world, according to Archbishop Usher, who fol- 
lows the Hebrew Pentateuch, and is here adopted as the most 
generally received standard. The Samaritan Pentateuch 
places the Creation 4700, B. C ; the Septuagint, 5872 ; Jo- 
sephus, 46£k8; the Talmudists, 5344; and Dr. Hales 5411. 
Plato fixes this epoch much earlier; and the Chinese carry it 
back hundreds of thousands of years, while the ancient Chal- 
dean astronomers place the origin of society at no less than 
473,000 years. Kennedy affirms that there are as many as 
300 different opinions respecting the length of time which 
elapsed between the creation of the world and the birth of 
Christ. It must be observed that by Creation op the 
WORLD nothing more can be understood now than the intro- 
duction OP THE HUMAN RACE INTO IT ; the Science of geol- 
ogy having demonstrated that it is utterly impossible to as- 
sign a date to its creation. 
The fall of man and the promise of a Saviour. 

4003 The birth of Cain, the first-born of woman, — a husbandman. 

4002 The birth of Abel, Adam's second son. 

3875 Abel murdered by Cain, his brother. 

3874 Seth is born, when Adam, his father, is 130 years old. 

3769 Enos is born, Seth being 105 years old. 

3679 Cainan born, Enos being 90 years old. 

3609 Mahalaleel born, Cainan being 70, 

3544 Jared born, Mahalaleel being 65. 



24 ' ANCIENT STNCHRONOLOGT. 

B.C. 

3382 Enoch born, Jared being 1G2. 

3317 Methuselah born, Enoch being G5. 

3130 Lamech born, Methusehih being 187. 

3074 Adam dies, aged 930. 

3017 Enoch translated ; he had lived 365 years. 

2962 Seth dies, aged 912. 

2948 Noah born, Lamech being 182. 

2864 Enos dies, aged 905. 

2769 Cainan dies, aged 910. 

2714 Mahalaleel dies, aged 895. 

2582 Jared dies, aged 962. 

2468 God denounces the flood, and commands Noah to build the ark. 

2448 Japheth born, the eldest son of Noah. (?) 

2445 Shem born, youngest son of Noah. 

2353 Lamech dies, aged 777, being the first who is recorded to have 

died a natural death before his father. 

2348 Methuselah dies, aged 969. 

" The Deluge. 



Second Period. 

FROM the deluge TO THE CALL OF ABRAHAM—- 427 YEARS. 

2347 Noah, being now 601 years old, takes off the roof of the ark, on 
the first day of the first month ; and on the twenty-seventh 
day of the second month Noah quits the ark. He offers sac- 
rifices of thanksgiving. God appoints the rainbow as a pledge 
that he will send no more a universal deluge. 
The descendants of Noah dispersed through the earth ; those 
of Shem probably in Asia, of Ham in Africa, and of Japheth 
in Europe. 
The curse pronounced upon the descendants of Ham. 
Wine made by Noah from the grape. 
2346 Arphaxad born, son of Shem. 
2311 Salah born, son of Arphaxad. 
2281 Eber born, son of Salah. 
2247 Peleg born, son of Eber. 

Bricks made, and cement used to unite them. The building of 
the tower of Babel, the confusion of languages and disper- 
sion of the nations. 
2245 Babylon founded by Nimrod, son of Cush and grandson of 
Ham. 
Nineveh founded by Ashur, son of Shem. 
2234 Astronomical observations are first made at Babylon. 
2217 Reu born, son of Peleg. 

2207 Fohi, (perhaps Noah) is mentioned as the first Chinese mon- 
arch. 



SECOND PERIOD — 2348-1921. 25 

c 

B. C. 

21S8 Tlie kingdom of Egypt is supposed to have begun under Mis- 
raim, the sou of Ham, and to have continued 1C63 years, to 
the conquest of Cambyses. 

2185 Serug born, son of Reu. 

2155 Nahor born, son of Serug. 

2126 Terah born, son of Nahor. 

212-1 Belus reigns in Babylon ; supposed by some to be the Nimrod 
of scripture. Chronologists differ on the origin of Babylon, 
Nineveh and the Assyrian Empire. 

2122 Athotes, son of Misraim (Menes) invents hieroglyphics. 

2111 Thebes, in Egypt, founded by Busiris. 

2100 Osymandyas, of Egypt, the first warlike king, passes into Asia 
and conquers Bactria. Sculpture and painting employed to 
commemorate his exploits. 

2095 Pyramids and canals in Egypt. Tlje science of Geometry be- 
gins to be cultivated. 

2089 Sicyon, the first kingdom of Grreece. 

2085 The King-shepherds of Phenicia seize Lower Egypt. They 
reign 260 years. 

2069 Ninus, son of Belus, reigns in Nineveh. 

2059 He establishes the Assyrian Eivipire. 

2056 Haran born, the son of Terah. 

2048 A colony of Phenicians land in Ireland. 

2042 Uranus arrives in Greece. 

2017 Sfcmiramis enlarges and embellishes Babylon, and makes it the 
seat of empire.(?) 

1998 Ching Hong teaches the Chinese the art of husbandry, and 
the method of making bread from wheat^ and wine from rice. 
Noah dies, aged 950 years. 

1996 Abram born, the son of Terah. 

1986 Sarai born, wife of Abram. 

1975 Semiramis invades Lybia, Ethiopia and India. 

1938 Lake Moeris in Egypt constructed; about 220 miles in circum- 
ference, and intended as a reservoir for the superfluous wa- 
ters of the Nile, during its inundations. 

1921 Terah, Abram's father leaves Ur in Chaldea, and with Abram 
comes to Haran. 
The Call of Abram from Ur of the Chaldees to Haran in 
Mesopotamia, where his father died, aged 205 years. 



26 ancient stnchronologt. 

Third Period, 
from abraham to the exodus of the israelites — 430 years. 

B. C. 

1921 Abram comes into Canaan witli Sarai, his wife, and Lot, his 
nephew, and dwells at Siehem. 

1920 Abram goes into Egypt. Pharaoh takes his wife, but soon re- 
turns her again. 
Gold and silver first mentioned as money. 

1917 Lot leaves Abram and goes to dwell at or near Sodom. 

1912 Abram delivers Lot from captivity, and receives the blessing 
of Melchizedec. 

1911 Sarai gives her maid Hagar for a wife to her husband Abram. 

1910 Ishmael born, son of Abram and Hagar. Abram was 86 years 
old. 

1897 The new covenant of the Lord with Abram. 

God promises him a numerous posterity ; his name changed to 
Abraham, and that of Sarai to Sarah. Circumcision insti- 
tuted. Abraham entertains three angels under the appear- 
ance of travelers. They promise him Isaac. 
Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboim burnt by fii*e from 
heaven. Lot is preserved in answer to Abraham's interces- 
sions ; retires to Zoar. 

1896 Abraham departs from the plain of Mamre to Beer-sheba. 
Isaac, the child of promise, is born. 

1893 Isaac is weaned, and Ishmael, with Hagar his mother, is sent 
away by Abraham. 

1891 Letters first used in Egypt by Syphoas. 

1871 Abraham commanded to ofi'er Isaac in sacrifice. 

1859 Sarah dies, aged 127 years. 

1856 Isaac marries Rebekah. 

The kingdom of Argos established under Inachus. 

1847 Shem, the son of Noah, dies. 

1836 Jacob and Esau, twin sons of Isaac and Rebekah are born. 

1822 Memnon invents the Egyptian alphabet. 

1821 Abraham dies, aged 175. 

1817 Eber, the fifth from Noah, dies. 

Amenophis I. is acknowledged king of all Egypt. 

1804 Isaac covenants with Abimelech, king of Gerar. 

1800 The Pelasgians, under Inachus, settle in Peloponnesus about 
this time. 

1766 China, the Second Imperial dynasty, begins. 

1764 The deluge of Ogyges in Attica, which remains waste over 
200 years, till the coming of Cecrops. 

1760 Jacob fraudulently obtains the blessing from Isaac and with- 
draws into Mesopotamia to his uncle Laban. 

1753 After seven years' service, Jacob marries Leah and Rachel, 
Laban's daughters. 
Joseph's elder brethren all born during the second seven 
years of Jacob's serving Laban. 



THIRD PERIOD— 1921-1491. 27 

B. C. 

1(^1:5 Joseph bora, son of Jacob and Racbel. 

1739 Jacob's name changed to Israel. 

1732 The rape of Dinah. 

Benjamin born, son of Rachel who dies near Bethkhem, when 
Jacob went to pay his vows at Bethel. 

1729 Joseph sold into Egypt, and there sold as a slave to Potiphar. 

1722 Joseph, falsely accused by the wife of Potiphar, his master, is 
committed to prison. 

1716 Isaac dies, aged 180 years. 

1715 Pharez and Zerah are born of Tamar by Judah, her father-in- 
law. 
The beginning of the seven years of plenty foretold by Joseph. 
Joseph, interpreting Pharaoh's dream, is made lord of all the 
land of Egypt. 

1711 The city of Argos built by Argus, son of Niobe. 

1710 A colony of Arcadians emigrate into Italy under (Enotrus. 

1708 The beginning of the seven years' scarcity foretold by Joseph. 

1707 Jacob, pressed by famine, sends his ten sons to buy corn in 
Egypt, who meet with harsh treatment from Joseph, whom 
they did not know. 

1706 Jacob is prevailed on to send Benjamin with his other sons; 
and Joseph having at length made himself known to his 
brethren, Jacob with all his family go down into Egypt. 

1704 Joseph gets all the money of Egypt into the royal treasury. 

1703 Joseph gets all the cattle of Egypt for the king. 

1702 The Egyptians sell their lands and liberties to Pharaoh. 

1701 End of the seven years' famine. Joseph returns to the Egyp- 
tians their cattle and their lands. 

1700 The Pelasgians settle in Thessaly about this time. 

1689 Israel's last sickness; he adopts and blesses Ephraim and Man- 
asseh, foretells the characters of all his sons, and dies, aged 
147 years. 

1680 The Hyksos, or King-shepherds from Arabia or Phenicia, sub- 
jugate Egypt about this time. 

1641 Criasus succeeds his father Argus. 

1635 Joseph dies, aged 110, and the book of Genesis closes. 

1613 Levi, the grandfather of Moses and Aaron dies, aged 137. 

1588 Atlas, the Astronomer. 

1582 The Parian Chronicle in the Arundelian marbles, Oxford, be- 
gins this year, when it states that Cecrops settled in Attica. 

1580 The Cymbal used at the feasts' of Cybele. 

1577 A Revolution in Egypt. Rameses Miamum, the king, who 
knew neither Joseph nor his services, persecutes the Israel- 
ites. 
About this time, according to Calmet, lived Job, famous for 
his wisdom, patience and virtue. 

1574 Aaron born, son of Amram and Jochebed. 

1571 Moses born ; exposed on the banks of the Nile, and found by 
Pharaoh's daughter, who adopts him. 

1556 Athens founded by Cecrops. 



28 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

B. C. 

1552 Triopas, king of Argos. The kingdom divided, Polyca(||i 
reigning in Messenia. 

1546 Troy founded by Scamander. 

1537 Joshua born, son of Nun. 

1534 Dancing to music introduced by Curetes. 

1531 IMoses, having been brought up by Pharaoh's daughter, at the 
age of 40 attempts to deliver his people ; but meeting a re- 
pulse, having killed an Egyptian, he flees into Midian where 
he marries Jethro's daughter, and continues forty years as a 
shepherd. 

1530 Caleb born, son of Jephunneb. 

1520 Corinth founded. 

1516 Sparta founded, and the kingdom of Laconia, or Lacedaemon. 

1507 The Areopagus established at Athens. 

1506 Crotopas succeeds to the throne of Argos. 
The flute invented by Hyagnis, a Phrygian. 

1503 The Deluge of Deucalion, in Thessaly. 

1502 Teucer succeeds his father. 

1495 The Panathenaea first celebrated at Athens. 

1493 Thebes in Boeotia founded by Cadmus a Phenician, Tvho in- 
troduces the Alphabet into Greece. 

1491 God appears to Moses in a burning bush at Horeb, and sends 
him to Egypt to deliver the Israelites. 
The Ten Plagues in Egypt. 
Institution of the Passover. 
The Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. 



Fourth Period. 



FROM THE DEPARTURE OF THE ISRAELITES OUT OF EGYPT TO 
THEIR ENTRANCE INTO THE LAND OF CANAAN — 40 YEARS. 

1491 Pharaoh, (Amenophis) pursues the Israelites with his army, 
and overtakes them at Pi-hahiroth. The waters divided. 
Israel passes through on dry ground. The Egyptians 
drowned 21st of the first month. 
The Law given at Mount Sinai. 

Sesostris succeeds Amenophis (Pharaoh) his father. He di- 
vides Egypt into thirty nomes or districts, renders Ethiopia 
tributary, conquers Asia, and subjects the Scythians as far 
as the Tanais. On his return into Egypt he kills himself, 
after a reign of 33 years. 

1490 The tabernacle is set up and preparations made for Israel's im- 
mediately marching to possess Canaan ; but because of their 
unbelief and rebellion they are doomed to continue in the 
wilderness till 40 years are passed. 



rouRTH PERIOD — 1491-1451. 29 

B. C. 

1490 Lacedoemon, fourtt king of Sparta. 

1489 The Israelites continue a considerable time at Kadesh-barnea, 

whence they go toward tbe Red Sea. 
1487 Erichthonius, the fourth, king of Athens, introduces the first 

chariot. 
1480 Dardanus, king of Troy, builds Dardania. 
1474 Denaus, brother of Sesostris, leaves Egypt and retires into the 

Peloponnesus, where he makes himself master of Argos. 
1471 The sedition of Korah^ Dathan and Abiram is supposed to 

have happened at the encampment of Kadesh-barnea. 
1463 Damnonii invade Ireland. 
1457 Pheron succeeds Sesostris. 

The kingdom of Mycene begins under Perseus, late king of 
Argos. 
1453 Olympic games first celebrated at Elis. 

1452 After wandering in the deserts of Arabia, Petrea and Idumea 
thirty-seven years, the Israelites return to Mozeroth, near 
• Kadesh-barnea, in the thirty-ninth year after the Exodus. 
Moses sends embassadors to the king of Edom, who refuses a 

passage through his territories. 

The Israelites arrive at Kadesh. Miriam dies, aged 130 years. 

. The Israelites murmur for want of water. Moses brings it 

from the rock; but he, as well as Aaron, having, shown 

some distrust, God forbids their entrance into the land of 

promise. 

From Kadesh they go to Mount Hor, where Aaron dies, aged 

122 years. 
The king of Arad attacks Israel and takes several captives. 
From Mount Hor they come to Zalmonah, where Moses raises 
the brazen serpent. Others think this happened at Punon. 
1451 Sihon, king of the x\morites, refuses the Israelites a passage 
through his dominions. Moses attacks him and takes his 
country. Og, king of Bashan, attacks Israel, but is defeat- 
ed. Distribution of the countries of Sihon and Og to the 
tribes of Reuben and Gad, and to the half-tribe of Manasseh. 
Moses renews the covenant of Israel with the Lord. 
Joshua sends spies to Jericho. 
The whole book of Deuteronomy ending with the death of 

Moses bears this dat«. 
The books of Moses contain the history of 2553 years, closing 
with the Entrance of the Israelites into the Land 
OF Canaan. 



30 ancient synchronology. 

Fifth Period. 

from the entrance of the israelites into canaan to 
the kingdom of saul — 356 years. 

B. C. 

1451 Israel under Joshua pass the river Jordan. Joshua restores 
circumcision. Manna ceases. The first passover after the 
passing of Jordan. Jericho taken. Gibeonitcs make a 
league with Joshua. War of the five kings against Gibeon, 
whom Joshua defeats ; the sun and moon stand still. 

1450 War of Joshua against the kings of Canaan. 

1449 Erichthonius reigns in Troy. 

1446 The conquest of Canaan is completed. 

Belochus, the last king of the race of Ninus. 

1445 Joshua divides the conquered country among Judah, Ephraim 
and the half-tribe of Manasseh. 

1444 The Tabernacle is set up at Shiloh ; the rest of the land is di- 
vided, and the Reubenites, etc., are dismissed to their pos- 
sessions eastward of the Jordan. 

1438 Pandion begins to reign at Athens. 

1433 Artossa Semiramis II. associate on the throne of Assyria. 

1427 Joshua dies, aged 110 years. 

1421 *-Belatores reigns in Assyria. 

1413 I. Servitude of the eastern Israelites under Cushanrishathaim, 
king of Mesopotamia, eight years. 

1410 The other tribes make war upon the Benjamites. 

1406 Minos flourishes in Crete, and iron is found by the Dactyli by 
the accidental burning of the woods of Ida in Crete. 

1405 Otlmiel delivers the Israelites and judges them 40 years. 

1400 Pelasgians and Tyrrhenians settle in Italy about this time. 

1397 Corinth becomes a kingdom under Sisyphus. 

1390 The tribe of Benjamin almost extinct. 

1383 Ceres arrives in Attica. 

1376 Sethos reigns in Egypt. 

1374 Erichthonius, son of Dardanus, king of Troy, died. 
Troas, king of Troy. 

1370 Bucklers used in single combat, invented by PrcBtus and Acri- 
sius of Argos. 

1356 The Elusynian mysteries introduced at Athens by Eumolpus. 

1343 II. Servitude of the eastern Israelites under Eglon king of 
Moab. 

1323 Ehud delivers them and judges Israel. 

1314 Ilus, son of Troas, founder of Ilium. 

1305 III. Servitude of the Israelites under the Philistines. Sham- 
gar delivers them and judges Israel. 

1285 IV. Servitude of the northern Israelites under Jabin, king of 
Hazor. Deborah and Barak deliver them after twenty 
years. 

1284 Orpheus and LinusiJ, sons of Apollo, skilled in music. 

1233 iSaceus rein-ns in Attica. 



FIFTH PERIOD — 1451-1095. 31 

B.C. 

12G6 (Edipus kiug of Thebes. 

1263 The Argonautic expedition. First naval expedition on record. 

The first Pythian games celebrated by Adrastus, king of Argos. 
1263 The Temple of Apollo at Delphi built by the council of Am- 

phictyous. 
1260 Laomedon king of Troy. 
1259 Phenicia j Tyre founded. 
1252 V. Servitude of the eastern and northern Israelites under the 

Midianites. 
1245 Gideon delivers Israel. He governs them nine years. 
1240 The axe, wedge, wimble and lever, also masts and sails invent- 
ed by Dc^dalus of Athens. 

Troy taken by the Argonauts. 
1239 Latinus reigns in Italy. 
1238 Abimelech, son of Gideon, procures himself to be made king 

of Shechem. 
1235 Theseus makes the government of Athens democratic. 
1233 Abimelech killed after three years. ' 

Carthage founded by the Tyrians. 
1232 Tola, judge of Israel after Abimelech, governs 23 years. 
1225 Hercules arrives in Phrygia. 
1224 Priam king of Troy. 

The game of backgammon invented by Palamedes of Greece. 
1222 Argon, a descendant of Hercules, first king of Lydia. 

Hercules celebrates the Olympic games. 
1216 Second Theban war, or war of the Epigonii. 
1213 Helen, carried ofi" by Theseus, is received by Castor and Pol- 
lux, and marries Menelaus. 
1210 Jair judges Israel, chiefly beyond Jordan; governs twenty- 
two years. 
1206 VI. Servitude under the Philistines and Ammonites. 
1204 Helen elopes with Paris. 

1188 Jephthah delivers the Israelites beyond Jordan. 
1184 Troy taken after a siege of ten years, ^neas sails to Italy. 
1183 Teutieus king of Assyria. 
1182 Jephthah dies and is succeeded by Ibzan. 
1177 ^neas lands in Italy. 
1176 Salamis founded by Teucer about this time; 
1175 Epirus. Pyrrhus Neoptolimus. Elon judges Israel. 
1165 Elon dies. Abdon succeeds him. 
1161 Israel enslaved by the Philistines and Ammonites. 
1157 Abdon dies. Eli judges Israel. 
1155 Samson born. 

Samuel born. 
1152 Alba Longa built by Ascanius. 
1141 Temple of Ephesus burnt by the Amazons. 
1139 Thinaeus king of Assyria. 
1137 Samson marries at Timnath. 
1136 Samson burns the ripe corn of the Philistines. 
1124 iEolian migration. 



32 ANCIENT STNCHRONOLOGT. 

B. C. 

1122 Cliina, third dynasty. Tchcoo. 

IIIG War between the Philistines and the Israelites. The ark taken 
by the Philistines. Death of the high priest Eli. He gov- 
erned Israel forty years. 
The Philistines send back the ark, with presents. It is depos- 
ited at Kirjath-jearim. Samuel the last judge of Israel. 
Victory of the Israelites over the Philistines. 

1115 Mariner's compass said to be known in China. 

1104 The return of the Heraclidai into Peloponnesus eighty years af- 
ter the taking of Troy. Two years after they divide the 
Peloponnesus among themselves, and here begins the king- 
dom of Lacedasmon under Eurysthenes and Procles. 
End of the kingdom of Mycene. 

1100 A standard Dictionary of the Chinese, containing 40,000 
characters, completed by Pa-out-she. (?) 

1095 Samuel, when old, employs his sons as judges under him ; but 
their misconduct gives Israel the occasion of desiring a king ; 
• and Saul, whom God had selected and commanded Samuel 
to anoint, having delivered Jabesh-gilead in extreme dis- 
tress, is anointed king. 
Establishment of the Hebrew Monarchy. 



Sixth Period. 

from the kingdom of saul to the building of sol- 
omon's temple — 91 years. 

1093 War of the Philistines against Saul, who, having disobeyed 

Samuel's orders, is rejected by God. 
Jonathan's victory over the Philistines. 
1088 End of the kingdom of Sicyon. 
1085 David born. 
1068 Codrus, king of Athens, falls into a war with the Dorians. 

Monarchy ceases at Athens. The government of the decen- 
nial archons begins. 
1067 God, having rejected Saul for disobedience, sends Samuel to 

Bethlehem to anoint David as the king of Israel. 
1062 War of the Philistines against the Israelites. 

David kills Goliath. 
1061 Saul, urged by jealousy, endeavors to slay David. 
1060 to 1056 David flees to various places to avoid the jealousy of 

Saul. 
1055 War of the Philistines against -Saul. Saul causes the ghost of 

Samuel to be raised. He loses the battle, and kills himself. 
Ishbosheth, son of Saul, acknowledged king, reigns at Maha- 

naim beyond Jordan. 



SIXTH PERIOD— 1095-1004. 33 

B.C. 

1055 David consecrated kiug of Judali. Reigns at Hebron. 

1048 Abner quits Isbbosheth; resorts to David. Is treachTjrously 
slain by Joab. 
Ishbosheth being assassinated, David is acknowledged king over 
all Israel and consecrated the second time at Hebron. 

1047 David takes tbe city of Zion from the Jebusites, and makes 
Jerusalem tbe seat of bis government. 

1044 The Ionian emigrants settle in Asia Minor. 

1043 David brings the ark from Kirjath-jearim, and stations it in 
Zion. 

1042 David subdues the Philistines, Moabites and Syrians, and ex- 
tends his dominions to the Euphrates on the east, the lied 
Sea on the south, and Lebanon on the north. 

1037 David's war against the king of the Ammonites who had insult- 
ed his ambassadors. 

1035 David falls into most aggravated crimes in respect of Bathshe- 
ba and Uriah, but deeply repents. 

1033 Solomon is born. 

1030 Absalom, Amnion's brother, murders him, and flees into 
Geshur. 

1027 David is induced to permit Absalom to return from Geshur. 

1025 David is fully reconciled to him. 

1021 Absalom steals the hearts of the people and raises rebellion 
against his father, which terminates in his own miserable 
death, attended by many awful events. 

1020 A famine, sent on account of Saul's cruelty to the Gibeonites, 
is removed by delivering seven of his sons to them to be 
put to death. 

1017 David numbers Israel, and God gives him the choice of three 
plagues by which to be punished. 

1016 David prepares for the building of the temple on Mount Zion, 
in the threshing floor of Araunah. 
Rehoboam is born to Solomon by Naamah, an Ammonitess. 

1015 David dies, aged 70, and is succeeded by Solomon. 

1014 Solomon reigns alone, having reigned about six months in the 

lifetime of his father, David. He reigned in all forty years. 

Adonijah slain and Abiathar deprived of the office of high 

priest. Zadok in future enjoys it alone. 
Joab slain in the temple. 

1013 Solomon marries a daughter of the king of Egypt. 

1012 Hiram, king of Tyre, congratulates Solomon on his accession 
to the crown ; Solomon requires of him timber and workmen 
to assist him in building the temple. He lays the founda- 
tion of the temple. 
Alliance between Solomon and Pharaoh. 

1004 The Temple of Solomon finished, being seven years and a 
half in building. 
3 



34 ancient synchronologt. 

Seventh Period, 
from the building 0^ the temple to the babylonish 

CAPTIVTTV_416 YEARS. 

B.C. 

1004 Dedication of Solomon's Temple. 

1000 Solomon extends his commerce in connection with Hiram, king 
of Tyre, to India via Red Sna, and to the shores of the At- 
lantic, via Straits of Gibraltor; builds Tadmar (Palmyra) 
in the desert, Baalbec and other cities. 

992 Solomon finishes the building of his palace and that of his 
queen, the daughter of Pharaoh. 

986 Samos built. Utica built. 

985 Solomon is seduced into idolatry by his wives. 

978 Sesac (Shishak in Scripture) kin/r of Egypt. (?) 

976 Capys reigns in Alba Longa. 

975 Solomon, having reigned in great prosperity 40 years, dies. 

In the same year, Eehoboam, having answered the elders of 
Israel harshly, is rejected by ten tribes, over whom Jeroboam 
reigns ; so that only Judah and Benjamin adhere to the fam- 
ily of David. 

974 Jeroboam, having from carnal policy established the worship of 
the golden calves at Dan and Bethel, is reproved by a proph- 
et from Judah, who predicts Josiah by name 300 years be- 
fore his birth ; but disobeying God he is slain by a lion. 
At this time the priests and Levites and pious -Israelites leave 
their possessions in Jeroboam's dominions and are incorpo- 
rated into the kingdom of Judah. 

972 Rehoboam gives himself up to impiety. 

971 Shishak, king of Egypt, plunders Jerusalem and the temple. 

958 Eehoboam dies, having reigned 17 years, and is succeeded by 
Abijam or Alaijah, (called Abia, Matt. 1 : 7.) 

957 Abijah vanquishes Jeroboam, with the slaughter of 500,000 
Israelites. 

955 He dies, having reigned three years, and is succeeded by Asa. 

954 Jeroboam of Isx-ael dies, and is succeeded by his son, Nadab. 

953 Nadab is slain by Baasha, who usurps the kingdom and destroys 
all the family of Jeroboam. 

950 Homer and Hesiod flourish about this time, according to the 
marbles. 

945 Asa, having destroyed idolatry, and reformed and fortified his 
kingdom, is assaulted by Zerah, king of Ethiopia, with an in- 
numerable army } but trusting in God, he obtains a most de- 
cisive victory. 

940 Baasha builds Ramah to hinder Israel from going to Jerusalem. 
His territories invaded by Benhadad, king of Damascus. 

937 Breastplates invented by Jason. 

935 Bacchus king of Corinth. 

930 Baasha of Israel dies, having reigned almost 24 years, and is 
succeeded by his son Elah. 



SEVENTH PERIOD 1004-588. 35 

B.C. 

929 Elah killed by Zimri, who usurps the kingdom seven days, but ia 
speedily dethroned by Omri, and burns himself in the pal- 
ace. 

925 Omri prevails over Tibni. Reigns alone in the 31st year of 
Asa. 

924 Omri builds Samaria ; makes it the seat of his kingdom. 

917 Omri dies; succeeded by Ahab his son. 

Asa, troubled with lameness, (probably the gout) places his 
confidence in physicians rather than in God. 

916 Calpetus king of Alba. 

914 Asa of Judah, having reigned 41 years, dies, and is succeeded 
by his son Jehoshaphat. 

912 Jehoshaphat, having demolished the high places and groves, 
sends Levites with the princes to instruct the people in the 
law of God, and is remarkably prospered. 

910 Elijah foretells to Ahab a dreadful famine. 

907 Elijah having proved by fire from heaven consuming his sacri- 
fice that Jehovah is the true God, and having slain the 
prophets of Baal, rain is sent in answer to his prayers. 
Ahaziah born, son of Jehoram and Athaliah, and grandson of 
Jehoshaphat. 

903 Tiberinus, king of Alba. 

901 Benhadad, king of Syria, besieges Samaria; is forced to quit it. 

900 Returns the following year ; is defeated at Aphek. 

899 Ahab, by Jezebel's means, murders Naboth and seizes his vine- 
yard, for which he and Jezebel and his posterity are doomed 
to utter destruction, by the word of Elijah. 

898 Jehoshaphat assists Ahab. 

897 Jehoshaphat accompanies Ahab in his expedition against Ra- 
moth-gilead, where he narrowly escapes a great danger. Ahab 
wars against Ramoth-gilead ; is killed in disguise. Ahaziah 
succeeds him. 

896 Jehoshaphat equips a fleet for Ophir; Ahaziah, king of Israel, 

partaking of the design ; the fleet is destroyed by a tempest. 

Ahaziah falling from the lattice of his house is dangerously 

wounded, and dies. Jehoram, his- brother succeeds him, and 

makes war against Moab. 

895 Tiberinus drowned in the river Albula, which is thence called 
the Tiber. 
Elisha foretells victory to the army of Israel, and procures water 
in abundance. Elijah taken alive into heaven. 

892 Jehoshaphat, having been rebuked by a prophet for his alliance 
with Ahab, is assaulted by a large army of invaders ; but 
in answer to his prayer of faith they destroy each other, and 
Judah is enriched by the spoils* 

889 Jehoshaphat dies, and is succeeded by his son, Jehoram or Jo- 
ram (who had reigned four years along with his father), in 
the seventh year of Jehoram or Joram of Israel. 

888 Jehoram, at the importunity of his wife, Athaliah, introducea 
into Judah the worship of Baal. 



36 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

B. C. 

887 Jehoram smitten by God with an incurable distemper in bis 

bowels, 
886 Jehoram makes his son, Ahaziah, viceroy or assistant in his 
kingdom. Jehoram dies, having reigned four years. 
Homer's poems brought into Greece. 
885 Ahaziah reigns but one year. Joash or Jehoash born. 
884 Ahaziah accompanies Jehoram, king of Israel, to the siege of 
Ramoth-gilead. Ahaziah slain by Jehu. Athaliah kills all 
the royal family ; usurps the kingdom. Jehoash is preserved 
and kept secretly in the temple six years. 
Lycurgus, 42 years old, establishes his laws at Lacedaemon, 
and together with Iphitus and Cleosthenes restores the Olym- 
pic games at Elis, about 108 years before the era which is 
commonly called the first Olympiad. 
878 Jehoiada, the high priest, sets Jehoash- on the throne of Judah, 

and slays Athaliah. Jehoash reigns 40 years. 
869 Phidon, king of Argos, is supposed to have invented scales and 
measures, and coined silver at ^gina. 
Carthage built by Dido. 
864 Romulus king of Alba Longa. 
Amaziah, son of Joash, born. 
857 Jehoash repairs the temple. 

856 Jehu, king of Israel, dies, having reigned 28 years^ and is suc- 
ceeded by his son Jehoahaz. 
845 Jehoiada, the high priest dies, being 130 years of age, and for his 
eminent services is honored by a burial among the kings of 
Judah. 
Aventinus king of Alba. 
841 Jehoahaz dies. Joash or Jehoash, whom he had associated with 
himself on the throne, succeeds him. 
The death of Elisha. 
840 Jehoash and Judah revolt to idolatry, and the people stone Zech- 
ariah the prophet, the son of Jehoiada, by the king's command, 
in the court of the temple, for his faithful reproof. 
Jonah preaches to the Ninevites. . 
Hazael, king of Syria, wars against Jehoash. 
Sardanapalus, the last king of the first empire of the Assyri- 
ans. After a reign of twenty years he burned himself in his 
palace. • 

839 Jehoash, after great calamities and dire diseases, is murdered by 
his servants, after having reigned 40 years, and is succeeded 
by his son, Amaziah. 
836 Hazael, king of Syria, dies, and Benhadad succeeds him. 

Jehoash wars against Benhadad. 
827 Amaziah of Judah wars against Idumsea. 

S26 Amaziah, elated by a victory over the Edomites, challenges Je- 
hoash of Israel, who overcomes him, takes him prisoner and 
breaks down the walls of Jerusalem. 
Jehoash, king of Israel, dies. Jeroboam II. succeeds him ; 
reigns 41 years. 



SEVENTH PERIOD — 1004-588. 37 

B.C. 

825 The dynasty of the Tauites in Egypt begins under Petubastes. 
823 Arbaces, governor of Media, and Belesis, governor of Babylonia, 

besiege Sardanapalus king of Assyria, in Nineveh. (?) 
820 After a siege of three years Sardanapalus burns himself in his 
palace, with all his riches. The first empire of the Assyrians, 
which ended at the death of Sardanapalus, had existed more 
than 1200 years. Out of its ruins three others were formed; 
that of the Assyrians of Babylon, the Assyrians of Nineveh 
and that of the Medes. 
814 The kingdom of Macedon begins, founded by Caranus, and 

continues 646 years, till the battle of Pydna. 
810 Amaziah dies. Uzziah or Azariah succeeds him; reigns 52 

years. 
808 God grants success to Jeroboam of Israel, according to the word 
of Jonah, of Gath-hepher, in Galilee. 
Procas king of Alba. 
800 Carpets in use for tents. 
797 The kingdom of Lydia begins under Ardysus, and continues 

249 years. 
794 Numitor king of Alba. 
Amulius king of Alba. 
790 The second Assyrian monarchy founded by Pul about this time. 
786 Coenus ascended the throne of Macedon. 

The Corinthians employ triremes or vessels with three banks of 
oars. 
784 Jeroboam of Israel, having reigned 41 years, dies, and an inter- 
regnum of eleven or twelve years follows. 
781 The dynasties of the Saites in Egypt. 

776 The era of the Olympiads begins on July 23, when the victors 
at Olympia were first registered ; ' Coroebus being the first vic- 
tor enrolled. 
774 Thurimas became king of Macedon. 

773 Zachariah, son of Jeroboam and great-grandson of Jehu, and 
the last of his race, is made king in the 3Sth year of Azariah 
of Judah. 
772 Shallum, at the end of the year, dethrones, murders and suc- 
ceeds him ; but is soon murdered and succeeded by Menahem. 
Sculpture first mentioned in profane history, an Egyptian art. 
Placed by some in the seventh century. 
771 Pul, the king of Nineveh, who repented at Jonah's preaching, 

invades Israel and renders Menaham tributary. 
761 Menahem, having perpetrated dire cruelties and enormous wick- 
edness dies, and is succeeded by his son Pekahiah. 
Alyattes king of Lydia. 
759 Pekah, one of Pekahiah's captains, murders and succeeds him. 
758 Azariah or Uzziah of Judah, having reigned very prosperously, 
but at length having been smitten with leprosy for presuming 
to burn incense in the temple, dies, after reigning 52 3^ears, 
and is succeeded by his son Jotham. 
Isaiah and Hosea continue to prophesy. 



38 ANCIENT STNCHRONOLOGY. 

B.C. 

753 Kome built on the 20th of April, according to Varro, in the 
year 3961 of the Julian period. 

747 Belesis, otherwise Baladan or Nabonassar, founds the Babylonian 
empire. This famous epoch of Nabonassar falls 747 years 
B. C Tiglath-pileser continues the Assyrian empire, but is 
reduced into very narrow limits. Reigned 19 years; accord- 
ing to some 30 years. 
Union of the Romans and Sabines. 

743 Rezin king of Syria, and Pekah king of Israel invade Judah. 
The first war between Messenia and Sparta begins. 

742 Jotham having reigned 16 years, dies, and is succeeded by his 
son Ahaz. 

741 Rezin, king of Syria, and Pekah of Israel, confederate against 
Ahaz to dethrone him, to set aside the family of David and 
to appoint a king over Judah of another race ; but God, by 
Isaiah, assures Ahaz that this design shall not succeed, because 
Immanuel, the son of a virgin should yet spring from the stock 
of David. 

740 Nevertheless, for the wickedness of Ahaz and Judah, God gives 
Pekah a great victory in which 120,000 men of Judah were 
slain. 
Tiglath-pileser defeats and slays Rezin king of Damascus ; en- 
ters the land of Israel and takes many cities and captives, 
chiefly from Reuben, Gad and and the half of Manasseh. The 
first captivity of Israel. 

739 In the days of Pekah, probably towards the close of his reign, 
Tiglath-pileser, king of Assyria, carried captive the inhabit- 
ants of the western and northern regions of the land. 
Hoshea, son of Elah, slays Pekah and usurps the kingdom, 

737 S'ebacon invades Egypt. 

735 Candaules king of Lydia. 

734 Merodac Baladan. Nothing is known of the succeeding kings 
of Babylon. 

732 Syracuse built by a Corinthian colony. 

730 Hoshea, probably about nine years after he had murdered Pekah, 
is established as king of Israel. 

729 Perdiccas I. king of Macedon. 

728 Shalmanezer succeeds Tiglath-pileser king of Nineveh. 

727 Ahaz, king of Judah, dies. 

726 Hezekiah restores the worship of the Lord in Judea, which Ahaz 
had subverted. 

725 Habakkuk and Nahum prophesy about this time. 

Hoshea makes an alliance with So, king of Egypt, and endeav- 
ors to shake off the yoke of Shalmanezer. 

724 Shalmanezer besieges Samaria; 

721 Takes it after three years' siege, and carries beyond the Euphra- 
tes the tribes that Tiglath-pileser had not already carried into 
captivity, in tha ninth year of Hoshea and sixth of Hezekiah. 
The first eclipse of the moon observed by the Chaldeans at 
Babylon. 



SEVENTH PERIOD — 1004-588. 39 

B.C. 

718 Gyges murders Candaules and succeeds to tlie Lydlan throne. 

717 Sennacherib king of Assyria. 

716 Eomuhis murdered by the senators, 

715 Numa Pompilius king of Rome. 

713 Sennacherib, king of Assyria invades Judah, but appeased by a 
tribute, recedes. About the same time Hezekiah is sick nigh 
to death, but he is restored by a miracle, and deliverance from 
the Assyi'ians is promised him. 
Gela in Sicily founded. 

712 Sennacherib again invades Judah, takes many cities, prepares to 
besiege Jerusalem, and sends menacing and blasphemous mes- 
sages and letters to Hezekiah ; but in answer to the prayers 
of Hezekiah and Isaiah, and the remnant of the pious Jews, 
his army is cut off by an angel and soon after he is murdered 
at Nineveh in the temple of his idol, by his own sons. 
Esar-haddon succeeds Sennacherib. 

711 Tartan sent by Esar-haddon against the Philistines, the Idumse- 
ans and the Egyptians. 

710 Roman calendar reformed. The year divided into twelve months 
instead of ten as before. 

709 Media becomes a kingdom under Dejoces. 
Ecbatana founded by Dejoces. 

707 Tarentum built by the Parthenians. 

703 Corcyi-a built by the Corinthians. 

698 Hezekiah dies, and is succeeded by his son Manasseh, aged only 
12 years. 

685 The second war between Messenia and Sparta begins. 

Twelve of the principal lords of Egypt seize the kingdom, of which 

each governs a part with equal authority. 
Iambic verse introduced by Archilochus. 
Tyrtaeus and Evander, poets. 
Second Messenian war. 

680 Babylon and Nineveh united under Esar-haddon. Thus ended 
the second Assyrian Empire and commenced the Babylonian 
Empire. 
Chess invented. 

678 Argaeus, fii-st king of Macedon. 

676 Manasseh reigns most wickedly, beyond all who preceded him ; 
till he is carried captive to Babylon. 
Holofernes, Assyrian general. 

672 Tullus Hostilius, king of Rome. 

670 Psammeticus, one of the twelve kings, defeats the other eleven, 
and remains sole master of Egypt. He takes Azotus after a 
siege of twenty years. 

668 Messina, in Sicily, founded. 

667 Saosduchinus or Nebuchodonosor, king of Babylon. 

665 Alba destroyed. 

660 Memphis becomes capital of Egypt. 

659 Cypselus usurps the government of Corinth and keeps it for 30 
years. 



40 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

B. C. 

658 Byzantium founded by a colony of Megara under Byzas. 
657 Phraortes, king of Media. 

The war of Holofernes, who is slain in Judea by Judith. 
Attempt to discover the primitive language of mankind. Inter- 
preters instituted by Psammeticus. Children educated in the 
language and manners of Greece. 
647 Saracus king of Babylon and Nineveh. 

Phraortes conquers Persia, Armenia, etc. 
643 Manasseh, having deeply repented, and being restored to his 
kingdom, supports the worship of God till his death, having 
reigned in all 52 years. 
641 His son Amnion, who succeeded him, aged 22 years, persisting 
in wickedness, is slain (after reigning two years) by his ser- 
vants, and succeeded by his own son, Josiah, being only eight 
years old. 
640 Ancus Martins, king of Rome. The port of Ostia built. 
The Latins conquered by the Romans. 
Philip I. king of Macedon. 
634 Cyaxares king of Media. 
631 Sadyattes king of Lydia. 
630 Josiah begins to reform Judah and Israel. 
629 Jeremiah enters on his prophetical office, being then a young man. 

Periander encourages learning at Corinth. 
626 Nabopolassar's revolt against Saracus. He makes himself master 

of Babylon. 
624 The Scythians invade Asia Minor, of which they keep possession 
for 28 years. 
Josiah gives orders for repairing the temple at Jerusalem. Mon- 
ey collected for repairing the temple. 
The prophetess Huldah foretells the calamities that threaten Ju- 
dah, but not in Josiah's time. 
In the same year Josiah proceeds with and completes his refor- 
mation and fulfils the predictions delivered concerning him 
above 300 years before. 
623 Draco frames his bloody code of laws at Athens. 
622 Josiah celebrates the passover with extraordinary zeal and solem- 
nity. 
619 Alyattes II. king of Lydia. 
616 Tarquinius Priscus king of Rome. 

Pharaoh-necho king of Egypt. 
612 Destruction of Nineveh. From henceforth Babylon is the capi- 
tal of the Assyrian Empire. 
610 Josiah, being 37 years of age, and having reigned 31 years, is 
slain in battle against Pharaoh-necho, king of Egypt, and 
greatly lamented by Judah and Jeremiah. 
The people of the land make Jehoahaz, Josiah's second son, king 
in his stead. Zephaniah prophesied during the reign of Josiah. 
After three months Pharaoh-necho carries Jehoahaz captive into 
Egypt; makes Jehoiakimj Josiah's eldest son, king over 
Judah. 



SEVENTH PERIOD — 1004-588. 41 

B. C. 

(JlO The canal between the Mediterranean and the Red sea begun by 
Pharaoh-necho. The lives of 12,000 men lost in the attempt. 
He sends out a Phenician fleet, which, sailing through the straits 
of Babelmandel, returned the third year by the straits of Gib- 
raltar, thus circumnavigating Africa. 

607 Nebuchadnezzai^is associated with Nabopolassar his father, king 
of Babylon, in the kingdom. 

606 Nebuchadnezzar makes war on Jehoiakim and renders him trib- 
utary. At this time Daniel and his friends were led captive, 
and many of the sacred vessels of the temple were carried to 
Babylon ; and from this year the principal computation of the 
seventy years' captivity begins. 
Sappho, Alcaeus, Pittacus^ Bins, Chilo, Myson, Anacharsis, ^sop, 
Ilychis, Theognis, Stesichorus, Phocylides and Cadmus (of Mi- 
letus) flourish about this time. 

605 Nabopolassar dies, and Nebuchadnezzar succeeds to the whole 
authority. 

604 Solon. The seven sages of Greece lived about this time. 

603 Jehoiakim revolts from Nebuchadnezzar. 

In the same year Daniel reveals and interprets Nebuchadnezzar's 
dream of the image, as predicting the four great monarchies, 
the Chaldean, Medo-Persian, Grecian and Roman; and the 
stone cut out of the mountain without hands, which destroyed 
and dissipated the image, denoting the kingdom of Christ and 
its final, universal prevalence. Daniel and his friends are 
greatly preferred. 

602 ^ropas, king of Macedon, conquers Illyria. 

601 Astyages, the son of Cyaxares, gives his daughter in marriage to 
Cambyses, king of Persia. 

600 Psammis king of Egypt six years. 

Jehoiakim is slain and succeeded by his son Jehoiachin, or Jeco- 

niah, or Jeconias, or Coniah. 
The spherical form of the earth and the true cause of lunar 
eclipses taught by Thales, one of the seven wise men of Greece, 
who discovers the electricity of amber about this time. 

599 Cyrus born, son of Cambyses and Mandane. 

598 Jehoiachin revolts against Nebuchadnezzar; is taken, put to 
death, and cast to the fowls of the air. Is succeeded by Zed- 
ekiah. 

596 The Scythians expelled from Asia Minor by Cyaxares. 

595 Astyages king of Media. 

594 Pharaoh Hophra king of Egypt. 

Solon's legislation in Athens supersedes that of Draco. 

591 The Pythian games at Delphi. 

588 Jerusalem taken on the ninth day of the fourth month, (June) 
after 18 months' siege, the 11th year of Zedekiah. Zcdekiah, 
endeavoring to flee by night, is taken and brought to Iliblah, 
to Nebuchadnezzar. His sons are slain in his presence, his 
eyes are put out, and he is carried to Babylon. 
Jerusalem and the temple burned seventh day of the fourth 



42 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

B.C. 

month. The Jews of Jerusalem and Judea carried captive be- 
yond the Euphrates. The poorer classes only left in the land. 
588 Thus ends the kingdom of Judea, after it had subsisted four hun- 
dred and sixty years, from the beginning of the reign of David; 
and three hundred and eighty-seven years from the separation 
of Judah and the ten tribes ; and one hundred and thirty-threo 
years after the ruin of the kingdom of Israel. 
About this time Obadiah prophesied against the insulting Edom- 
ites. The 137th Psalm was probably written about this time. 



Eighth Period, 
from the captivity to alexander the great — 258 years. 

588 Gedaliah made governor of the remains of the people. He is 

slain. 
587 Jeremiah carried into Egypt by the Jews, after the death of 
Gedaliah ; prophesies in Egypt, 
Ezekiel in Chaldea prophesies against the captives of Judah. 
585 The siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar; lasted thirteen years. 
During the interval Nebuchadnezzar wars against the Idumasans, 
the Ammonites and Moabites. Obadiah prophesies against 
Idumsea. 
Death of Periander, tyrant of Corinth. 
584 Nebuzaradan carries captive the scattered remnant of the Jews. 
583 Nebuchadnezzar requires all his officers to worship a golden 
image which he had set up, but Shadrach, Meshach and Abed- 
nego magnanimously refuse. They are cast into the fiery fur- 
nace and are miraculously preserved. 
582 Nebuchadnezzar invades Elam, takes Susa. 

The Idumaean games restored, and celebrated every first and 

third year of the Olympiads. 
Corinth becomes a republic. 
578 Servius Tullius sixth king of Rome. 
576 Alcetas or Aleetas ascended the throne of Macedon. 
He coins money at Rome. 
Solon's laws observed at Athens. 
The establishment of the Centuries at Rome. 
572 Nebuchadnezzar takes Tyre after a siege of thirteen years, and 
the spoil of Egypt, which he next invaded, is promised to him 
as his wages. 
571 Nebuchadnezzar wars against Egypt, and returns to Babylon. 

Apries, king of Egypt, is strangled in his palace. Amasis suc- 
ceeds him. 
569 Nebuchadnezzar, being rendered insolent by prosperity, is 
warned by a dream of a dire calamity which was coming upon 
him, which dream Daniel interprets. 



EIGHTH PERIOD — 588-330. 43 

B.C. 

569 Amasis reigns after him in peace. Connection between Greece 
and Egypt. 
Nebuchadnezzar's dream is fulfilled in his most extraordinary in- 
sanity. 
568 Dipoenus and Scyllis open a school of statuary at Sicyon. 
Egypt possesses 20,000 inhabited cities. 
The Nemean games restored. 
567 Conquest of the Etrurians by Rome. 

First census of Rome, 84,700 citizens. 
562 Croesus king of Lydia. Solon and ^sop at his court. 

First comedy acted at Rome on a cart by Susarion and Dolon. 
Dials invented by Anaximander of Miletus. 
Anaximenes, Cleobulus. 
561 Nebuchadnezzar recovers his senses at the end of seven years, is 
restored to his authority, and adores and honors the God of 
heaven. 
He dies, and is succeeded by Evil-Merodach, who releases Je- 
hoiachia in the 37 th year of his captivity, and treats him with 
kindness. 
560 Pisistratus first usurped the sovereignty at Athens. 
559 Cyaxares II. or Darius, king of Media. 

The empire of Persia, or the Persian monarchy, was first found- 
ed by Cyrus the Great, about 559 years before the Christian 
era; and under the succeeding monarchs it became one of 
the most considerable and powerful kingdoms of the earth. 
Evil-merodach is slain and succeeded by Neriglissar, his brother- 
in-law. 
In the same year Cyrus the Persian joins Cyaxaras the Mede 
against Babylon, being about 41 years of age. 
556 Cyrus, as commander of the Modes and Persians, slays in battle 

Neriglissar, and soon after his successor Laborosoarchod. 
555 Belshazzar, the son of Evil-Merodach, succeeds to the throne of 
Babylon, and in the same year Daniel has his vision of the 
four beasts, as emblematic of the four great empires subvert- 
ed and succeeded by the kingdom of Christ, according to 
Nebuchadnezzar's dream of the image. 
553 Daniel has the vision of the ram and the he-goat, etc., as em- 
blematic of the Medo-Persian empire, subverted by Alexan- 
der the Great, and the Grecian empire under his successors, 
and many subsequent events. 
549 The Temple of Apollo at Delphi burnt by the Pisistratidae. 
548 Sardis taken by Cyrus. Croesus taken prisoner. 

The Lydian Kingdom ended and became a Roman province. 
547 Amyntas I. king of 3Iacedonia. 

541 Cyrus, having conquered a great part of Asia, besieges Belshaz- 
zar in Babylon. 
540 The Corinthian order of architecture invented by Calimachus. 
539 Marseilles built by the Phocaeans. The age of Pythagoras, 

Simonides, Thespis, Xenophanes and Anacreon. 
538 While Belshazzar celebrates a licentious feast, and blasphemes 



4i ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

B.C. 

the God of Leaven, by profaning tlie sacred vessels in honor 
of his idols, a hand-writing on the wall terrifies him, which 
Daniel interprets to denounce his immediate ruin and the sub- 
version of his kingdom by the Medes and Persians ; and in 
that night Cyrus takes Babylon, slays Belshazzar, and trans- 
fers the kingdom to Cyaxares his uncle, called in scri2)ture 
Darius the Mede. 

538 Thus the Medo-Persian empire is established, being the breast 
and arms of silver in Nebuchadnezzar's image, and the bear 
in Daniel's vision. (Scott.) 
• 537 After the death of Cyaxares and Cambyses, Cyrus, who succeeded 
both in their dominions, united the empire of the Medes with 
those of the Babylonians and Persians, and of the three 
formed a fourth under the name of the Empire of the Per- 
sians^ which subsisted 206 years from the following date. 

536 Cyrus proclaims liberty to the captive Jews, permits and en- 
courages them to rebuild the temple and city and restores the 
sacred vessels. In consequence of this proclamation a remnant 
of Jews go to Jerusalem, being assisted by their brethren and 
by others. This terminates the seventy years' captivity from 
the third of Jehoiakim when Daniel was carried captive to 
Babylon. 
Pythagoras visits Egypt. 
Joshua high priest of Israel. 
Thespis performs the first tragedy at Athens. 

535 The remnant of Jews, having arrived at Jerusalem, set up an 
altar, begin to observe their solemn feasts and prepare to re- 
bilild the temple. 

534 They lay the foundation with, mingled tears and acclamations of 
praise. 
Tarquinius Superbus king of Rome. 
Gabii taken by stratagem. 

533 The Samaritans, bribing the courtiers of Cyrus, obstruct the 
work of the temple. 

530 Cadiz built by the Carthaginians near the ancient Tarshish. 

529 Cyrus dies on a tour which he makes into Persia at the age of 
70, after having reigned seven years alone and thirty from 
his setting out from Persia at the head of an army to aid 
Cyaxares. He is succeeded by his son Cambyses or Ahasue- 
rus. 

527 Pisistratus dies. 

526 Learning encouraged at Athens and a public library built. 

525 Psammenitus king of Egypt. He reigns only six months. 

522 Polycrates tyrant of Samos put to death. 

Cambyses, after subjecting Egypt, dies, and Smerdis the Ma- 
gian, called in scripture Artaxerxes, usurps the throne of 
Persia. He reigns only seven mouths. 

521 The Samaritans write to him against the Jews in rebuilding the 
temple, and obtain a decree forbidding them to proceed. 
In the same year Smerdis or Artaxerxes is slain and Darius 



EIGHTH PERIOD — 588-330. 45 

B. C. 

Hystaspes ascends tlie throue. About this time the Persian 
kings, making Susa their capital, neglect Babylon, which be- 
gins to decay. 
521 Confucius, the celebrated Chinese philosopher flourished at this 

time. 
520 Zerubbabel and Jeshua, excited by Haggai and Zechariah, set 
forward the building of the temple. 
Hecatseus the historian flourishes. 
518 The Samaritans and their associates again attempt to hinder the 
work, but are made to desist by a decree of Darius. 
About this time Haggai prophesies that the glory of this temph 
shall exceed that of the former temple. 
517 The Babylonians, having revolted from Darius, are reduced, am.'. 

the high walls of Babylon are demolished. 
514 Hipparchus, the tyrant, assassinated at Athens. 
Expedition of Darius against the Scythians. 
Miltiades goes to settle in the Chersonesus. 
510 The Pisistratidae expelled from Attica. Democracj established 
at Athens. 
Statues erected to Harmodius and Aristogiton, leaders in the 

revolution. 
Thrace ravaged by Scythians. 

Hippias the tyrant, brother of Hipparchus, expelled from Ath- 
ens. 
509 The consular government begins at Kome after the expulsion of 
the Tarquinii, and continues independent 461 years, till the bat- 
tle of Pharsalia. Brutus and Collatinus first consuls of Ptome. 
508 Darius penetrates into India and reduces all that great country 
into subjection. 
Conspiracy at Rome for the restoration of the Tarquinii. 
Death of Brutus. 
507 Second census of Rome, 130,909 citizens. 
The Capitol finished. 
War against the Tarquins and their ally Porsenna, king of Etru- 

ria. 
Heraclitus, Parmenides, Theano, Aristagoras, Protagoras, Anax- 
agoras, philosophers, Milo the wrestler, Corinna the poetess, 
flourish about this time. 
503 The Persians form the siege of the capital of Naxos, and are 

obliged to raise it in six months. 
500 Sardis taken by the Athenians and burnt, which became after- 
wards the cause of the invasion of Greece by the Persians. 
The Phenician letters carried to Ireland from Spain. 
Pythagoras teaches the doctrine of celestial motions. 
498 The struggle between the plebeians and the patricians commen- 
ces at Rome. 
Lartius the first dictator. 
497 The Persians defeat the lonians in a sea fight before the Island 
of Lados, and make themselves masters of Miletus. 
Alexander I. king of Macedon. 



46 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

B.C. 

497 ITippocrates tyrant of Gela. 

496 Posthumius dictator at Rome. 

494 Darius sends Gobryas, his son-in-laWj at tlie head of the army 

to attack Greece. 
493 The Roman populace retire to Mons Sacer. 

Tribunes of the people appointed. 
490 The grand Persian invasion of Greece by Datis and Artapher- 
nes. Battle of Marathon gained by Miltiades over the Per- 
sians, 
489 Unfortunate end of Miltiades. 

487 Exile of Coriolanus. Rome besieged by him. His retreat and 
death. 
Artabazes king of Pontus. 
486 Darius Hystaspes, after a prosperous reign, dies, and is succeeded 

by his sou, Xerxes the Great. 
485 Gelon tyrant of Syracuse. 
484 Birth of the historian Herodotus. 
483 Jehoiachim high priest of the Jews. 
Quaestors appointed at Rome. 

The Etrurians excel in music, the drama and architecture. 
480 Xerxes sots out to make war against the Greeks. Battle of 
Thermopylae. Leonidas, king of the Lacedsemons, is killed in 
it. Sea fight near Artemisium at the same time as the battle 
of Thermopylae. 
Birth of Euripides. 
Battle of Salamis, followed by the precipitate return of Xerxes 

into Persia. 
About this time flourished ^schylus, Pindar, Charon, Zeuxis, 

Aristides, etc. 
Hamilcar killed in battle. 

The family of Archeanactes from Mytilene settle in Bosphorus 
(now Circassia). 
479 Mardonius a second time takes Athens. 

Battle of Plataea. Sea fight the same day near Mycale, in which 
the Persians are defeated. 

473 Death of Confucius. China distracted by internal wars. Xerxes 

destroys the celebrated temple of Bel at Babylon, which fur- 
ther tends to the decay of that city. 
The Athenians rebuild the walls of their city, which had been 
demolished by Xerxes, notwithstanding the opposition of the 
Lacedaemonians. 
477 Athens begins to acquire the ascendancy among the states. 
The 300 Fabii killed at Cremera. 

Simonides of Cos, obtains the prize at Olympia for teaching a 
system of Mnemonics, which he had invented. 
476 The command of the armies of Greece, of which the Lacedas- 
mons had been in possession from the battle of Thermopylae 
is transferred to the Athenians. 

474 Pausanias, general of the Lacedaemonians, accused of holding 

secret intelligence with Xerxes is put to death. 



EIGHTH PERIOD — 588-330. 47 



Themistocles, the Atlienian general, is accused of having had a 
sliare in Pausanias' plot, and takes refuge with Admetus king 
of the Molossians. 

Sophocles and Euripides appear in Greece about this time. 

Empirics instituted by Acron of Agrigentum. 

Syracuse governed by Hiero. 

Cimon receives the command of the armies at Athens. The 
year following he defeats the Persians and takes their fleet 
near the mouth of the river Eurimedon. 

Birth of the historian Thucydides. 

Themistocles, accused of conspiracy, flees to Xerxes. 

Great earthquake at Sparta, in the reign of Archidamus, which 
makes way for a sedition of the Helots. 

Birth of Socrates. 

Pericles begins to distinguish himself. 

Phidias famous for his skill in architecture and sculpture. 

Themistocles puts an end to his life, at Magnesia, about this 
time. 

The third Messenian war begins, and continues ten years. 

Xerxes is killed by Artabanes the captain of his guards. 

Artaxerxes, surnamed Longimanus, succeeds him. 

Ahasuerus, being fully established on the throne, makes a great 
feast for his nobles, and divorces Vashti his queen for disobey- 
ing his orders. 

Thrasybulus succeeds Hiero at Syracuse, and is expelled for his 
cruelty. 

Egypt, under Inarus, revolts from Persia. 

Voyage of the Carthaginians to Britain for tin. 

Democracy at Syracuse. 

Defeat of the Persian army in Egypt. 

Athens assumes to be the head of Greece. 

Esther the Jewess pleases the king, and is made queen instead 
of Vashti. 

Ezra the priest, a learned scribe, obtains a commission from Ar- 
taxerxes to go as governor to Jerusalem, to reform and settle 
the state of the nation. From this decree the date of Daniel's 
seventy weeks is supposed to begin. 

About this time Mordecai discovers the treason of Bigtha and 
Teresh. 

Ezra, arriving at Jerusalem with priests, Levites and a large 
company and considerable treasure, separates the Jews from 
their heathen wives, whom they had married contrary to the 
law of Moses. 

The Egyptians and Athenians are defeated in their turn (see 459), 
in consequence of which all Egypt returns to its obedience to 
Artaxerxes, and the Athenians retire to Danarus, where they 
sustain a siege of a year. 

Battle of Tanagrea in Boeotia, where the Athenians beat the 
Spartans, who were come to the aid of the Thebans. 

Cimon recalled. Cincinnatus dictator. 



48 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

B.C. 

455 All Egypt reduced by Megabyzus, 

45-4 Mordccai refusing to bow in adoration to Haman, be in revenge 
plots the destruction of all tbe Jews throughout the whole 
kingdom of Persia. 
Perdiccas II. king of Macedon, 
452 Hainan's project of destroying all the Jews is defeated by Es- 
ther, and ends in the destruction of Haman and his family 
and of the enemies of the Jews; in Mordecai's advancement 
to the highest authority under the king, and in the great 
prosperity of the Jews ; in consequence of which the feast of 
Purim is instituted, which is observed by the Jews to this 
day. 
451 Decemvirs created at Rome. 

The laws of Twelve Tables compiled and established. 
450 The Britons inflict punishment of death by drowning in a quag- 
mire. 
Birth of Xenophon. 

Cimon reconciles the Athenians and Spartans and makes them 
conclude a truce of five years. 
449 End of the war between the Greeks and Persians, which had 
continued from the burning of Sardis by the Athenians, 51 
years. 
Death of Cimon. 
448 First sacred war between the Phocians and Thebans. 
447 The Athenians defeated at Chseronea by the Boeotians. 
446 The Lacedtemons conclude a truce for thirty years with the 

Athenians. The latter soon break it by new enterprises. 
445 Herodotus reads his history to the council of Athens, and re- 
ceives public honors in the 39th year of his age. 
About this time fl.ourished Empedocles, Aristippus and Antis- 
thenes, philosophers; Hellanicus, Herodicus, Artemones, Char- 
ondas, and Phidias, the finest sculptor of antiquity, Myron 
the finest sculptor of Athens. Euripides gains the first prize 
in tragedy. 
Nehemiah is sent governor to Jerusalem with extensive powers 
and a commission to build the walls of the city, which he im- 
mediately attempts and efiiects, notwithstanding great opposi- 
tion. 
444 A colony sent to Thurixrm by the Athenians. 

The first military tribunes appointed at Rome. 
441 The battering ram invented by Artemones. 
440 Pericles gives his name to the age by his splendid administra- 
tion of Athenian affairs. He makes war with the Samians, 
and takes the capital of their island after a siege of nine 
months. 
Theuxis the famous painter, disciple of Apollodorus. Parrha- 

sius, his rival, lived at the same time. 
Aristophanes the comic poet. 
Famine in Rome. 
438 Spartacus takes possession of the Bosphorus. 



EIGHTH PERIOD 588-330. 49 



437 Amphipolis planted by Atlacnians. 
The Veil defeated by the Romans. 
436 Birth of Isocrates. 

War between the Corinthians and the people of Corcyra. The 
Athenians engage in it in favor of the Corcyrians. The in- 
habitants of Potidaea declare on the side of Corinth against 
Athens. Alcibiades begins to appear in this war which occa- 
sions that of Peloponnesus. 
Scopas architect and sculptor. 
434 Romans at war with the Tuscans. 
433 The Temple of Apollo dedicated. 

432 Nehemiah goes to the Persian court, but returning found cor- 
ruptions had crept in, and to enforce reformation he banished 
the grandson of Eliashib the high priest, who had married 
the daughter of Sanballat the Heronite, who in consequence 
excited Sanballat and the Samaritans to build a temple on 
Mount Gerizim, in opposition to that of Jerusalem, which per- 
petuated the enmity between the Jews and Samaritans. (?) 
Meton begins here his 19 years' cycle of the moon. 
431 Beginning of the Peloponnesian war. It continues 27 years. 

The Equi and Volsci defeated by the Romans. 
430 A terrible plague rages in Attica, which lasts five years. The 
physician Hippocrates of Cos distinguishes himself by his ex- 
traordinary cure of the sick. 
Socrates the greatest of heathen moralists. 
Thucydides and Ctesias historians. 
Democritus the laughing philosopher. 

About this time flourished also Cratinus, Eupolis, Euctemon, 
Gorgias, and Malachi the last of the prophets. 
429 Pericles dies, having governed Athens 40 years. 
428 The Lacedaemonians besiege Platsea. 

Plato founder of the ancient Academy. He lived 80 years. 

425 Death of Artaxerxes. Xerxes his son succeeds him. He reigns 
only 45 days. 

Sogdianus puts Xerxes to death, and causes himself to be ac- 
knowledged king in his stead. His reign continues only six 
months. 

An earthquake separates the peninsula of Euboea from the main 
land. 
424 Ochus. known under the name of Darius Nothus, rids himself 
of Sogdianus and succeeds him. 

The Athenians, under Nicias, make themselves masters of Cy- 
thera. 

Thucydides is banished by the Athenians, whose army he com- 
mands, for having suflPered Amphipolis to be taken. 

Polygnotus, famed particularly for his painting in the portico at 
Athens, in which he represents the principal events of the 
Trojan war. 

Campaign of Brasidas in Thrace. 
421 Treaty of peace concluded by the application of Nicias, between 

4 



50 ANCIENT STNCHRONOLOGT. 

B. C. 

the Laccdfemonians and Athenians, in the tenth year from 
the beginning of the Lacedaemonian war. 

421 Alcibiades, by an imposture occasions its being broken off the 
following year. 

420 The 90th Olympiad. 

The banishment of Hyperbolus puts an end to the Ostracism, 

416 Alcibiades engages the Athenians to assist the people of Egesta 
against the Syracusans. 

415 Alcibiades, one of the generals sent to Sicily by the Athenians, 
is recalled to Athens^ to answer accusations against him. He 
flees to Sparta and is condemned for contumacy. 

414 Pisuthnes, governor of Syria, revolts against Darius. The 
Egyptians do the same, and choose Amyrtseus for their king. 

413 Archelaus king of Macedon. 

411 Alcibiades, to avoid the envy his great actions had drawn upon 
him at Sparta, throws himself into the arms of Tissaphernes 
one of the king of Persia's satraps. The Lacedaemonians by 
the help of Tissaphernes conclude a treaty of alliance with the 
king of Persia. 

410 Thucydides' history ends, and Xenophon's begins. 

409 Alcibiades is recalled to Athens. His return occasions the ab- 
olition of the Four Hundred, who had been invested with su- 
preme authority. 
Darius gives Cyrus, his youngest son, the government in chief 

of all the provinces of Asia Minor. 
The Carthaginians enter Sicily where they destroy Selinus and 

Himera, but they are repulsed by Hermocrates. 
Here the Old Testament closes, and there is no more scripture 
information till the time of Zecharias and Elizabeth, the par- 
ents of John the Baptist, the forerunner of the Saviour. 

408 Psammeticus ki«g of Egypt. 

406 Lysander is placed at the head of the Lacedaemonians. He de- 
feats the Athenians near Ephesus. In consequence of that 
defeat Alcibiades is deposed and ten generals are nominated 
to succeed him. 

405 Callicratidas is invested with the command of the army in the 
room of Lysander, from whom the Lacedaemonians had ta- 
ken it. 
He is killed in a sea fight near Arginusae. 
Lysander is restored to the command of the Lacedaemonian ar- 
my. He gains a famous victory over the Athenians at j3Egos- 
potamus. 
Conon, who commanded the Athenian forces, retires after his de- 
feat to Evagoras, king of Cyprus. 

404 Lysander makes himself master of Athens, changes the form of 
the government, and establishes thirty Archous, commonly 
called the thirty tyrants. 
Sparta becomes the ruling state in Greece. 
End of the Peloponnesian war. 
Death of Darius. Nothus kiu"; of Persia dies. 



EIGHTH PERIOD — 588-330. 51 

B.C. 

404 Arsaces his son succeeds liim, and takes the name of Artaxerxes 
Mnemon. 
Cyrus the younger intends to assassinate his brother Artaxerxes. 
His design being discovered, he is sent to the maritime i^rov- 
inces of which he was governor. 
403 Interview of Cyrus the younger and Lysander of Sardis. 

Thrasybulus expels the tyrants from Athens and establishes its 
liberty. 
402 Cyrus the younger prepares for war with his brother Artaxerxes. 
400 Socrates put to death at Athens. 

Lacedsemon declares war against Tissaphernes and Pharnabasus. 
Siege of Veii begun. 
399 Amyntas II. king of Macedon. 

Catapultse invented by Dionysius. 
398 Pausanias king of Macedon. 
397 Lake Alba drained. 

Amyntas II. of Macedon recovers his throne. 
Agesilaus is elected king of Sparta. 

The year following he goes to Attica to the aid of the Greeks 
settled there. 
396 Nephereus king of Egypt. 

Cynics, sect of philosophers established by Antisthenes. 
395 Lysander quarrels with Agesilaus and undertakes to change the 
order of the succession to the throne. 
The army of Tissaphernes is defeated by Agesilaus near Sardis. 
394 Thebes, Argos and Corinth enter into a league against Lacedaj- 
mon at the solicitation of the Persians. Athens enters into 
the same league soon after. 
Agesilaus recalled by the Ephori to the assistance of his country. 
The fleet of the Lacedaemonians is defeated near C nidus, by 
Pharnabasus and Conon the Athenian, who commanded that 
of the Persians and Greeks. 
Agesilaus defeats the Thebans almost at the same time, in the 

plains of Coronea. 
Conon rebuilds the walls of Athens. 
391 Camillus, dictator, takes Veii after a siege of ten years. 
390 Rome taken and burnt by the Gauls. Camillus defeats the Gauls 
and saves Rome. 
Argseas, brother of Pausanias, on the throne of Macedon. 
389 Acoris king of Egypt. 
388 Dionysius besieges Rhegium and takes it after 11 months. 

About this time flourish Philoxenus, Damon, Pythias, Iphiera- 
tes, etc. 
387 Peace of Antalcidaa. Persia obtains the sovereignty of the 

Asiatic Greeks. 
386 Artaxerxes attacks Evagoras, king of Cyprus, with all his forces 

and obtains a signal victory over him. 
385 It is followed by the siege of Salamin, which is terminated by a 

treaty of peace. 
384 M. Maulius Capitolinus thrown from the Tarpeian rock. 



52 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

B.C. 

38-4 Expedition of Artaxerxes against the Candusians. 

Birth of Aristotle founder of Peripatetics. 
383 Bithynia hecomes a kingdom. 
Mithridates I. king of Pontus. 

The Lacedaemonians declare war against the city of Olynthus. 
Birth of Philip, king of Macedon. 
382 Phoebidas, on his way to the siege of Olynthus, at the head of 
part of the army of the Lacedaemonians, makes himself mas- 
ter of the citadel of Thebes. 
Birth of Demosthenes. 
380 Treatise on conic sections by Aristaeus. 
379 The Carthaginians land in Italy. 

378 Pelopidas, at the head of the other exiles, kills the tyrant of 
Thebes, and retakes Cadmeia the citadel. 
The Licinian laws passed at Rome. 
377 Artaxerxes Mnemon undertakes to reduce Egypt which had 
thrown off his yoke for some years. He employs about two 
years in making preparations for that war. 
The Lacedaemonians defeated in a sea fight at Naxos by Cha- 

brias. 
At this time flourish Isocrates and Isseus orators. 
Diogenes the cynic. 
376 Psammuthis king of Egypt. 

Lucius Sextus first plebeian consul. 
Camillus the fifth time dictator. 
375 Nectanebis king of Egypt. 
374 Death of Evagoras king of Cyprus; 

Nicocles, his son, succeeds him. 
372 Ellice and Bula in the Peloponnesus, swallowed by an earthquake. 
371 Battle of Leuctra, in which the Thebans under Epaminondas 
and Pelopidas defeat the Lacedaemonians. 
Death of Amyntas king of Macedon. 
Alexander II., his eldest son, succeeds him. 
370 Ptolemy Alorites king of Macedon. 

369 Expedition of Pelopidas against Alexander, tyrant of Pherae. 
He goes to Macedonia to terminate the difference between Per- 
diccas and Ptolemy, son of Amyntas, concerning the crown. 
He carries Philip with him as a hostage to Thebes. 
368 A celestial globe brought into Greece from Egypt. 
366 Jeshua slain by Johannan in the inner court of the temple at Je- 
rusalem, by whom a heavy fine is laid on the daily sacrifices. 
Perdiccas III. king of Macedon. 
364 Pelopidas killed in battle. 
363 Tachos or Teos king of Egypt. 
362 Ariobarzanes king of Pontus. 

Kevolt of the Persian government in Asia Minor. Battle of 
Mantinea. Spartans defeated but Epaminondas slain. The- 
ban supremacy ends in Greece. Curtius leaps into a gulf in 
the Forum at Rome. The Lacedaemonians send Agesilaus to 
aid Tachos king of Egypt against Artaxerxes. He dethrones 



EIGHTH PERIOD — 588-330. 53 



B.C. 



Tachos and gives the crown to Nectanebus. He dies on his 
return from this expedition. 
361 Death of Artaxerxes Mnemon. Ochus his son succeeds him. 
360 Philip ascends the throne of Macedon. He makes peace with 
the Athenians. 
Philippics of Demosthenes. 

Commerce of Rhodes with Africa and Byzantium. 
Voyages of the Carthaginians under Hanno. 
Cappadocia becomes a kingdom under Ariarathes I. 
358 Philip takes Amphipolis and loses his right eye by an arrow from 

Astor. 
357 Dionysius the younger is expelled from Syracuse by Dion. 

The second sacred war begins, on the temple of Delphi's being 
attacked by the Phoceans. 
356 Philip conquers Thrace and Illyria. 

The Temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt. 

This temple was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. 
Alexander the Great born. 
355 Demosthenes appears in public for the first time, and encourages 
the Athenians who were alarmed by the preparations for war 
making for the king of Persia. 
35-4 Death of Mausolus king of Caria. His tomb was accounted one 
of the seven wonders of the world. 
Dion put to death and Syracuse governed seven years by tyrants. 
About this time floui'ished Eudoxus, Lycurgus, surnamed Ibis, 
Theopompus, Ephorus, Datames, Philomelus, etc. 
353 The Phoceans under Onomarchus are defeated in Thessaly by 

Philip. 
352 Artemisia, widow of Mausolus whom she had succeeded, takes 
Rhodes. 
Philip attempts to seize Thermopylae in vain. 
451 Successful expedition of Ochus against Phenicia, Cyprus, and 

afterwards Egypt. 
350 Nectanebus, the last king of Egypt of the Egyptian race, is 

obliged to flee into Ethiopia from whence he never returns. 
348 Plato the philosopher dies, aged 80. 

He is supposed to have seen and studied the Hebrew scriptures, 

and to have taken many things from them. 
The sacred war is finished by Philip taking all the cities of the 
Phoceans. 
347 Dionysius recovers the tyranny of Syracuse after ten years' ban- 
ishment. 
346 Philip seizes Thermopylae and part of Phocis. He causes him- 
self to be admitted into the number of Amphictyons. 
345 Duras buried by an earthquake. 

Twelve cities in Campania buried by an earthquake. 
War of the Romans against the Samnites begins. Timoleon ex- 
pels Dionysius again from Syracuse. 
Aristotle the logician and philosopher, founder of the Peripatet- 
ics. He is appointed tutor to Alexander. 



54 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

B.C. 

343 ^eschines orator, 

342 Oratioa of Demosthenes conceruing the Chersoneus in favor of 
Diopithus. 
The Lyceum built in Attica. 
341 Philip makes war upon Athens. 
340 Philip lays siege to Byzantium. 

Timoleon recovers Syracuse and defeats the Carthaginians at 

Agrigentum. 
P. Decius devotes himself to his country. 
All Campania is subdued. 
338 Philip is declared generali^imo of the Greeks in the council of 
Amphictyons. He makes himself master of Elatsea. 
Battle of Cherongea wherein Philip defeats the Athenians and 

the Thebans, who had entered into a league against him. 
Ochus, king of Persia, is poisoned by Bagoas his favorite. 
Arses his son succeeds him, and reigns only three years. 
337 Philip causes himself to be declared general of the Greeks againsl. 
the Persians. 
The same year he repudiates his wife Olympias. His son Alex- 
ander attends her into Epirus. 
336 Philip of Macedon killed by Pausanias. Alexander the Great, 
his son, twenty yeai-s of age, succeeds him. 
Arses, king of Persia, is assassinated by Bagoas. Darius Codo- 
manus succeeds him, the last king of the Medo-Persian empire. 
335 Thebes taken and destroyed by Alexander. He causes himself 
to be declared generalissimo of the Greeks against the Per- 
sians, in a diet assembled at Corinth. Alexander spares the 
house of Pindar the poet. 
Thrace annexed to the Macedonian empire. 
The revolution of eclipses first calculated by Calippus the Athe- 
nian. 
Encaustic painting, or the art of burning colors into wood or 
ivory, invented by Pausias a painter of Sicyon. 
334 Alexander the Great sets out for Persia. Battle of Granicus in 
Phrygia gained by Alexander over Darius May 22, followed 
by the conquest of almost all Asia Minor. 
333. Alexander is seized at Tarsus with a dangerous illness, from 
having bathed in the river Cydnus. He is cured in a few days. 
Battle of Issus gained by Alexander in October. 
Calisthenes the philosopher. 
332 Alexander makes himself master of Tyre after a siege of seven 
months. 
Apelles of Cos, one of the most famous painters of antiquity. 
Aristides and Protogenes were his cotemporaries. 
Alexander goes to Jerusalem. He makes himself master of Ga- 
za, and soon after of all Egypt. He went after the conquest 
to Jupiter Ammon, and at his return built the city of Alex- 
andria in Egypt. 
331 Battle of Arbela. It is followed by the taking of Arbela, Babylon, 
Susa and Persepolis. 



NINTH PERIOD — 330-146. 65 

B. C. 

330 Samaritan temple, on Mount Gerizim, built.about this time. 

The Lacedaemonians revolt against the Macedonians. Antipater 
defeats them in a battle wherein Agis their king is killed. 

Thalestris, queen of the Amazons, comes to see Alexander at 
Zadracarta, with a train of 300 women. 

Philotas and Parmenio, his father, suspected of having corfepired 
against Alexander, with others, are put to death. 

Darius is seized and laden with chains by Bessus, and soon after 
assassinated. His death puts an end to the Persian empire, 
which had subsisted 206 years from its foundation under 
Cyrus the Great, which is succeeded by the Grecian or Mac- 
edonian, as denoted by the bellj'^ and thighs of brass in Neb- 
uchadnezzar's dream, the leopard in Daniel's first vision, and 
the goat in his second. (Scott.) 



Ninth Period. 



FROM ALEXANDER THE GREAT TO THE OVERTHROW OF THE 
GRECIAN EMPIRE — 184 YEARS. 

329 Bessus is brought to Alexander, and soon after put to death. 

Embassy of the Scythians to Alexander, followed by a victory 

gained by him over that people. 
Lysippus of Sicyon, a famous sculptor, flourished about this time. 
328 Alexander makes himself master of the rocky eminence of Osus. 
Clitus is killed by Alexander at a feast in Maracanda. 
The death of Calisthenes happens soon after. 
Alexander marries Koxana, daughter of Oxyartes. 
327 Alexander's entrance into India. 

He gains a great victory over Porus in passing the Hydaspes. 
326 The voyage of Nearchus from the Indus to the Euphrates with 
Alexander's fleet. 
On the remonstrances of his army, Alexander determines to 

march back. 
The city of Oxadrycae taken. Alexander in great danger there. 
325 New war between the Romans a«d Samnites. 
Papirius Cursor dictator at Rome. 

Alexander's marriage with Statira, the eldest daughter of Darius. 
Revolt of Harpalus, whom Alexander had made governor of 

Babylon. 
Demosthenes is banished for having received presents, and suf- 
fers himself to be corrupted by Harpalus. 
32'i Death of Hephaestion at Ecbatana. 

Menander, the inventor of the new comedy, lived about this 
time. 
323 Alexander, on his return to Bybylon, dies there, April 21, at the 



56 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

B.C. 

age of thirty-two years and eight months; whose vast domin- 
ions and conquests, after many dreadful conflicts between his 
captains, form four kingdoms, Macedonia, Thrace, Syria and 
Egypt. 
323 Arida3us, Alexander's natural brother, is declared king in his 
stead. The regency of the kingdom is given to Perdiccas. 
After the death of Alexander, Ptolemy refounded the kingdom 
of Egypt, and began to reign. 
322 Antipater is besieged in Lamia by the Athenians, and is forced 
to surrender by capitulation. He soon seizes Athens, and 
puts a garrison into it. 
Death of Demosthenes. 
321 Alexander's magnificent funeral. 

Perdiccas puts Eumenes in possession of Cappadoeia. 

League of Ptolemy, Craterus, Antipater and Antigonus against 

Perdiccas' and Eumenes. 
Unfortunate end of Perdiccas in Egypt. Antipater succeeds 

him in the regency of the empire. 
The Roman army passes under the yoke at the Caudine Forks. 
320 Eumenes, defeated by Antigonus, shuts himself up in the castle 
of Nora, where he sustains a siege of a year. 
Ptolemy makes himself master of Jerusalem, and carries a great 
number of Jews into Egypt, where they form a colony at Al- 
exandria. 
The Samnites defeated at Luceria. Jaddua the high priest at 
Jerusalem dies ; succeeded by Onias. 
319 Death of Antipater. Polysperchon succeeds him. 
318 Phocion's condemnation and death at Athens; 
317 Cassander, the son of Antipater. seizes Athens and settles De- 
metrius Phalereus there to govern the republic. 
Olympias, the mother of Alexander, causes Aridaeus and Eury- 
dice his wife to be put to death, as she herself is soon after by 
order of Cassander, who succeeds Aridaeus in Macedonia. 
Syracuse and Sicily usurped by Agathocles. 
315 Cassander rebuilds Thebes and founds Cassandria. 

Eumenes is delivered up to Antigonus by his own soldiers and 
put to death. 
314 Antigonus retakes Judea from Ptolemy. 
312 The Romans begin the Etruscan war. 

Zeno institutes the sect of stoics at Athens. 

Ptolemy son of Lagus conquers Demetrius son of Antigonus 

near Gaza ; becomes again master of Judea. 
Judea returns to the jurisdiction of the kings of Syria ; the 

Jews pay them tribute some time. 
Peace concluded between Antigonus and all his enemies except 

Seleucus. 
Seleucus makes himself master of Babylon and the neighboring 

provinces. 
At this expedition of Seleucus against Babylon begins the famous 
era of the Seleucidae, called by the Jews the era of contracts. 



NINTH PERIOD — 330-146. 57 

B.C. 

312 Ptolemy retires into Egypt, carries a great number of the inhab- 
itants of Phenicia and Judea along with him. 
Cassander causes Roxana and her son Alexander to be put to 
death. 
310 The Carthaginians defeat Agathocles and besiege Syracuse. 

Aqueducts and baths in Rome. 
309 Polyspherchon puts Hercules the son of Alexander to death, to- 
gether with his mother Berenice. 
308 Ophelias governor of Libya revolts against Ptolemy. 
306 Demetrius Poliorcetes makes himself master of Athens, and re- 
. establishes the democratic government. The same year he 
makes himself master of Salamin and the whole island of Cy- 
prus. 
Demetrius Phalereus, who commanded at Athens, retires to 
Thebes. The Athenians throw down his statues and condemn 
him to death. 
Antigonus and his son Demetrius assume the title of kings. 
The other princes follow their example. 
305 War in India against Sandrocottus. 
304 Demetrius Poliorcetes forms the siege of Rhodes, which he is 

forced to raise the year after. 
302 The Rhodians employ the money raised by the sale of the ma- 
chines which Demetrius had used in the siege of their city, 
and had given them as a present, in erecting the famous Co- 
lossus of Rhodes, completed in 12 years. This is accounted 
one of the seven wonders of the world. 
Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander and Lysimaehus enter into a 
league against Antigonus and Demetrius his son. 
301 Battle of Ipsus wherein Antigonus is defeated and killed. It is 
followed by the division of the empire of Alexander among 
the four allied princes. 
The Jews had little concern except with the kingdom of Egypt 
and Syria. At this time they formed a part of Ptolemy's do- 
minion. 
Onias dies. 

Simon the Just made high priest. 
300 First plebeian high priest at Rome. 

Euclid of Alexandria, the celebrated mathematician. 
Pyrrho founder of the Skeptics, Epicurus of the Epicureans. 
Bion of Borysthenes, the philosopher, flourished about this time. 
Seleucus king of Syria builds Antioch. 
Athens refuses to receive Demetrius Poliorcetes. 
298 Death of Cassander king of Macedon. 

Antipater succeeds him. He reigns but one year, and is succeed- 
ed by Alexander his brother. 
About this time Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, espouses Antigone of 
the house of Ptolemy, and returns into his dominions, out of 
which he had been driven by the Molossi. 
295 Demetrius Poliorcetes retakes Athens. Lysimaehus and Ptole*- 
my almost at the same time deprive him of all he possessed. 



58 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

B. C. 

29-1 Demetrius puts to death Alexander king of Macedon, who had 
called him in to his aid, and seizes his dominions, where he 
reigns seven years. 
293 Seleucus, king of Syria, builds Seleucia on the Tigi-is, which 
tends greatly to depopulate Babylon. 
The first sun dial erected at Rome by Papirius Cursor, and the 
time first divided into hours. 
291 Seleucus about this time built about forty cities in Asia, which 

he peopled with difierent nations. 
290 Simon the Just dies, and is succeeded in the high-priesthood by 
his brother Eleazer. 
Fabius introduces painting at Rome. 
The Colossus built by Chares of Chares of Lindus, the fifth 

among the seven wonders of the world. 
End of the Samnite war with the Romans. 
287 Pyrrhus and Lysimachus take Macedonia from Demetrius. 
286 Demetrius dies miserably the next year in prison. 
Pyrrhus expelled from Macedon. 

Law of Hortensius, by which the decrees of the people had the 
force of those of the senate. 
285 The Scythians invade Bosphorus. 

Theocritus the father of pastoral poetry. 

Dionysius the astronomer at Alexandria, begins his era. He 
found the solar year to consist of 365 days, 5 hours and 49 
minutes. 
The light house or watch tower of Pharos near Alexandria, the 

seventh wonder of the world, is finished by Ptolemy Soter. 
Ptolemy Soter of Egypt resigns his throne to his son Ptolemy 

Philadelphus. 
Foundation of the kingdom of Pergamus, by Philetaerus patron 
of the arts. 
284 The Ach^an League formed by the inhabitants of the three 
Ionian cities, Patrae, Dyme and Pharse, and continued formid- 
able upwards of 130 years. 
283. Demetrius Phalereus is shut up in a fort by order of Phila- 
delphus and kills himself there. 
Lysimachia destroyed by an earthquake. 
The Gauls and Etrurians subdued. 
282 Seleucus Nicator king of* Syria, declares war against Lysimachus 

king of Macedon. 
281 Lysimachus is killed in a battle in Phrygia. Seleucus enters 
Macedon to take possession of the kingdom. He is assassina- 
ted by Ceraunus. Antiochus Soter his son, succeeds him in 
the kingdom of Syria. 
The Tarentine war. 
280 Ceraunus, to secure the kingdom of Macedon to himself, puts 
the two children of Lysimachus by Arsinoe to death, and ban- 
ishes her into Samothracia. 
The republic of the Achaeans resumes its ancient form, which it 
had lost under Philip and Alexander. 



NINTH PERIOD — 330-146. 69 

B. C. 

280 Pyrrhus king of Epirus, called in by tlie Tarentines, enters Italy 
to make war against the Romans. He gives them battle for 
the first time near Heraclea where the advantage is wholly on 
his side. He is again successful in a second battle fought the 
year following. 

A Roman legion seizes Rhegium by treachery. 
279 Irruption of Gauls into Macedon. 

Ceraunus gives them battle in which he is killed. Meleager his 
brother succeeds him. 
278 The Gauls under Brennus are cut to pieces near the temple of 
Delphi. 

About this time flourished Sostratus, Theocritus, Philo, Aratus, 
Lycophron, etc. 

Pyrrhus abandons Italy and goes to Sicily which he conquers. 

Sosthenes drives the Gauls out of Macedonia. He is made king 
there and reigns two years. 
277 Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt, causes the holy scriptures 
to be translated into Greek, called the Septuagint version of 
the Bible. 

72 translators were shut up in 36 cells ; each pair translated the 
whole, and on subsequent comparison the 36 copies did not 
vary by word or letter. (Justin Martyr.) 

A multitude of emigrated Gauls, after many defeats and disas- 
ters, pass over out of Greece into Asia Minor ; and there ob- 
tain a settlement in the country afterwards called Galatia. 

Death of Sosthenes. Antigonus Gonatus, son of Poliorcetes, 
who reigned afterwards during ten years in Greece, makes 
himself king of Macedon in his stead. Antiochus, king of 
Syria, disputes the posssession of it with him. Their differ- 
ence terminates by the marriage of Antigonus with Phila, the 
daughter of Stratonice and Seleucus. 

The Carthaginians send Mago with a fleet to aid the Romans 
against Pyrrhus. 
275 Alexandria the seat of learning and trade. 

Pyrrhus defeated in Italy by Curius Dentatus. 

Antiochus defeats the Gauls in a bloody battle, and delivers the 
country from their oppressions. By this victory he gained 
the name of Soter. 

Hiero and Artemidorus are made supreme magistrates by the 
Syracusan troops. 
272 Pyrrhus undertakes the siege of Sparta and cannot reduce it. 

He is killed the next year at the siege of Argos. 

The Samnites and Tarentines defeated by the Romans. 
269 The first coining of silver at Rome under the consulship of Fa- 

bius Pictor and Gulo. 
268 Antigonus Gonatus makes himself master 6f Athens, which had 

entered into a league with the Macedonians against him. 
267 Ptolemy makes a canal from the Nile to the Red sea. 
266 Sparta free. 

All lower Italy subdued by the Romans. 



60 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

B.C. 

2G5 Abantidas makes himself tyrant of Sieyon, after having put Cli- 
nias its governor to death. 
Magus, governor of Cyrenaica and Libya, revolts against Ptole- 
my Philadelphus. 
264 The first Punic war begins, and continues 23 years. 
The chronology of the Arundelian marbles composed. 
About this time flourished Lycon, Crates, Hermachus, Helenas 

and Aristotimus. 
Gladiators first exhibited at Rome. 
263 Death of Philetgerus, king and founder of Pergamus. 

Eumenes his nephew succeeds him. 
261 Antiochus Soter, king of Syria, causes his son Antiochus to be 
proclaimed king. 
Berosus of Babylon, the historian, lived about this time. 
The Romans win their first naval battle. 
260 The Carthaginians defeated at sea by Duilius, who had the first 
naval triumph in November. 
The sect of Sadducees derived its name from Sadok president 
of the Sanhedrim. 
259 Sea-fight between the Romans and Carthaginians near the coast 

of Myle. 
258 . Accommodation between Magus and Ptolemy Philadelphus. 
256 Regulus, the Roman general, is defeated and taken prisoner by 
the Carthaginians under Xanthippus. 
Athens is restored to liberty by Antigonus. 
The fourth imperial dynasty of China. 
255 War between Antiochus king of Syria and Philadelphus. 

Carthaginian sea fight near Ecnomos in Sicily. 
254 Palermo besieged by the Romans. 

About this time the Huns are first heard of governed by Teuman. 
252 Aratus the son of Clinias delivers Sieyon from tyranny and 
unites it with the Achaean League. 
Mithridates IV. king of Pontus is besieged in his capital by the 
Gauls. 
250 Arsaces revolts against Agathocles, governor for Antiochus in 
the country of the Parthians. 
Parthia disputed the empire of the world with the Romans, who 
had seen no country unconquered by their arms. It remained 
an empire till 229 A. D. when it became a Persian province. 
About the same time Theodorus, governor of Bactriana, revolts 
and causes himself to be declared king of that province. 
249 Treaty of peace between Antiochus and Ptolemy Philadelphus, 
which puts an end to the war. By one of the conditions of 
that treaty Antiochus repudiates Laodice and marries Bere- 
nice, Ptolemy's daughter. 
The Romans uiider Claudius Pulcher are totally defeated by the 

Carthaginians under Adherbal ofi" Drepanum, Sicily. 
Regulus is sent to Rome to propose the exchange of prisoners. 
At his return the Carthaginians put him to death with the most 
cruel torments. 



NINTH PERIOD 330-146. 61 

B. C. 

248 Agis, king of Sparta, endeavors to revive the ancient institutions 
of Lyeurgus. Leonidas his colleag-ue is deposed for refusing 
to consent to it. Cleombrotus his son-in-law reigns in his 
stead. 
Siege of Lilybaeum by the Romans. 
247 Death of Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt. Ptolemy Ev- 
ergetes his son succeeds him. 
Appollonius of Rhodes author of a poem upon the expedition of 
the Argonauts. 
246 Antiochus, surnamed Theos, king of Syria, is poisoned by his 
wife Laodice. 
She afterwards causes her son Seleucus Callinicus to be declared 

king. 
Berenice and her son by Antiochus are assa.ssinated by Laodice. 
Ptolemy Evergetes, Berenice's brother, undertakes to revenge 
her death. He makes himself master of a great part of Syria. 
244 The cities of Smyrna and Magnesia enter into an alliance to aid 
the king of Syria against Ptolemy Evergetes. 
Aratus makes himself master of the citadel of Corinth. 
Leonidas is restored at Sparta, Cleombrotus sent into banishment, 
and Agis put to death. 
242 Death of Antigonus Gonatus, king of Macedon. Demetrius his 
son succeeds him. 
Seleucus king of Syria, enters into a war with Antiochus Hierax 
his brother. The latter has the advantage in a battle near 
Ancyra in Galatia. 
241 The Carthaginians defeated by Lutatius the Roman general, at 
the Lsles of Agates, which finishes the first Punic war. 
Agis king of Sparta, is put to death for attempting to settle an 

Agrarian Law. 
Death of Eumenes king of Pergamus. Attains his cousin-ger- 
man succeeds him. 
240 Comedies first acted at Rome ; those of Livius Andronicus. 

Cleanthus the Stoic starves himself. 
239 Eratosthenes the Cyrenian, is made librarian to Ptolemy Ever- 
getes. 
238 End of the Libyan war. 
237 Hamilcar with Hannibal his son passes into Spain. 

The Carthaginians give up Sardinia to the Romans, and engage 
to pay them 1200 talents. 
235 The temple at Janus shut, and Rome at peace for the first time 

since Numa. 
234 The Sardinian war begins and continues three years. 
233 Joseph, nephew of the high priest Onias is sent embassador to 

Ptolemy Evergetes. 
232 Athens, freed from its Macedonian garrison, enters the League. 
Death of Demetrius king of Macedon. 

Antigonus, guardian of Philip son of Demetrius, succeeds him. 
Polycletus of Sicyon a famous sculptor. 
231 The first divorce known at Rome by Spurius Carvilius. 



62 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

B. C. 

230 Sardinia and Corsica conquered by the Romans. 

Seleucus king of Syria is defeated and taken prisoner by Arsa- 

ces king of the Parthians. 
228 Roman embassadors first appear at Athens and Corinth. 
The fortress of the Athenaeum built. 
Cleomenes king of Sparta gains a gTeat victory over the Achae- 

ans and Aratus. 
Hamilcar is killed in Spain. Asdrubal his son-in-law succeeds 

him in the command of the army. 
227 Carthagena in Spain built by Asdrubal. 
226 Seleucus Callinicus king of Sjrria dies among the Parthians, of 

a fall from a horse. Seleucus Ceraunus his eldest son succeeds 

him. 
Antiochus Hierax is assassinated by thieves on leaving Egypt. 
Aratus defeats Aristippus tyrant of Argos. 
He prevails upon Lysiades tyrant of Megalopolis to renounce 

the tyranny, and causes his city to enter into the Achjean 

League. 
225 The Romans send a famous embassy into Greece to impart to the 

Greeks the treaty they had lately concluded with the Illyrians. 
The Corinthians declare by public decree that they shall be ad- 
mitted to partake in the celebration of the Isthmian games. 
The Athenians also grant them the freedom of Athens. 
Antigonus king of Macedon, by the intrigues of Aratus, is 

called in to aid the Achseans against the Lacedaemonians. 
The Gauls enter Italy, but are defeated in Etruria by L. iEmili- 

us the Roman consul. 
224 The Colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake. The 

Romans first cross the Po pursuing the Gauls. 
Archimedes the mathematician ' demonstrates the properties of 

the lever. 
223 Cleomenes king of Megalopolis. 

Battle of Selasia, followed by the taking of Sparta by Antigonus. 
Death of Seleucus Ceraunus king of Syria. Antiochus, hig 

brother, surnamed the Great, succeeds him. 
221 Death of Ptolemy Evergetes king of Egypt. Ptolemy Philopa- 

ter succeeds him. 
The iEtolians gain a great Victory at Caphyas over the Achae- 

ans. 
220 Antiochus reduces Molon and Alexander, who had revolted 

against him two years before, the first in Media, the second 

in Persia. 
Death of Antigonus, king of Macedon. Philip the son of De- 
metrius succeeds him. 
Cleomenes king of Sparta dies in Egypt. The Lacedaemonians 

elect Agesipolis and Lycurgus to succeed him. 
War of the allies with the jS^tolians in favor of the Achaeans. 
Hermias, prime minister of Antiochus is put to death. 
After Asdrubal's death Hannibal is made general of the army 

in his stead. 



NINTH PERIOD — 330-146. 68 

B.C. 

219 Battle of Eaphia, between Ptolemy, king of Egypt, and Antio- 
chus, king of Syria. 
The art of surgery introduced. 
An eclipse of tUe moon observed in Asia Minor. 
218 The second Punic war begins with Hannibal's crossing the Alps, 
and continues 17 years. The Romans defeated at Ticinum 
and Trebia. 
217 The Romans defeated by Hannibal at the lake of Thrasymene. 
Ptolemy attempts to enter the temple at Jerusalem, but is pre- 
vented by the priests. He returns into Egypt and condemns 
the Jews in his dominions to be trodden to death by elephants. 
God delivers his people. 
216 Hannibal's alliance witn Philip, king of Macedon. 

The Romans under Fabius Cunctator totally defeated in the bat- 
tle of Cannae, in Apulia, by Hannibal, who retires to Capua. 
The Egyptians rebel against Ptolemy Philopater ; the Jews take 
his part. 
215 Philip receives a considerable blow from the Romans at the siege 

of ApoUonia. 
214 Carneades founder of a new academy. 

212 Antiochus attempts to reduce the province which had thrown off 
the yoke of the Syrian empire, and effects it in seven years. 
Syracuse taken by Marcellus, after a siege of three years. 
Archimedes slain. 
211 Alliance of the ^tolians with the Romans. 
Attalus, king of Pergamus, enters into it. 
The Lacedaemonians accede to it some time after. 
The two Scipios are killed in Spain. 
210 Sicily conquered by the Romans, and made a province. 
208 Famous battle between PTiilip king of Macedon and the ^toll- 

ans, near Elis. Philopoemen distinguishes himself in it. 
207 Ennius, of Calabria, a poet. Sotion, of Alexandria, a gramma- 
rian. 
About this time flourished Plautus, Archagathus, Evander, Tele- 
clus and Hermippus of Syracuse. 
206 Appollonius of Perga, mathematician. 
Zeno of Tarsus, the philosopher. 

Battle of Mantinea, wher&in Philopoemen defeats Machanidas, 
^tyrant of Sparta, who perished in it. Nabis is set in his place. 
Asdrubal enters Italy. He is defeated by the consul Livius, 
whom the other consul Nero had joined. 
204 Treaty of peace between Philip and the Romans. All the allies 
on both sides are included in it. 
Polybius is said to have been born this year. 
Death of Ptolemy Philopater king of Egypt. 
Ptolemy Epiphanes, at that time only five years old, succeeds 
him. 
203 League between Philip of Macedon and Antiochus king of Syria, 

against the younger king of Egypt. 
202 Philip, king of Macedon, is defeated by the Rhodians in a sea 



64 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

B.C. 

fight off the island of Chios, near the coast of Asia Minor. 
202 Hannibal is recalled to the aid of his country. 
The art of printing in China. 
The dynasty of Han in China. 
The battle of Zama in Africa where Hannibal is totally defeated 

by Scipio. 
Judea submits to Antiochus the Great. 
201 Philip besieges and takes Abydos. 

The Carthaginians have a peace granted them on very ignomini- 
ous terms, which finishes the second Punic war. Fifty-two 
years elapse before the third. 
200 Scipio carries Syphax in triumph to Rome. 

The first Macedonian war begins and continues nearly four years. 
Athens implores the aid of Rome against Macedonia. The Ro- 
mans declare war with Philip. P. Suljjitius is appointed to 
command in it. He gains a considerable victory near the 
town of Octolopha in Macedon. 
199 Villicus succeeds Sulpitius in the command of the army against 
Philip. The year following Flaminius is sent to succeed Vil- 
licus. 
198 Antiochus king of Syria subjects Palestine and Coelosyria. 
The Achasans declare for the Romans against Philip. 
Books with leaves of vellum introduced by Attains king of Per- 

gamus in lieu of rolls. 
The Jews assist Antiochus in expelling Scopas and the Egyptian 

troops from Jerusalem. 
First mention of a Senate or Sanhedrim. 
197 Interview of Philip and the consul Flaminius. 
Nabis tyrant of Sparta declares for the Romans. 
The Boeotians do the same. 

Death of Attains king of Pergamus. Eumenes succeeds him. 
Battle of Cynoscephalse where the Romans gain a complete vic- 
tory over Philip. 
196 Hannibal joins Antiochus who seizes the Thracian Cheronese. 

Treaty of peace between Philip and the Romans which puts anr 

end to the war. 
Embassy of the Romans to Antiochus the Great in order to be 
assured whether the complaints against him were justly founded. 
Conspiracy of Scopas the ^tolian against Ptolemy Epiphanes 
discovered and punished. 
195 Flaminius makes war against Nabis the tyrant of Sparta. 

Cato in Spain. 
194 Hannibal is made praetor of Carthage and reforms the courts of 
justice and the finances. 
After having exercised that office two years he retires to king 
Antiochus at Ephesus, whom he advises to carry the war 
into Italy. 
193 Masinissa harrasses the Carthaginians and injures their com- 
merce. 
192 Antiochus the Great gives his daughter Cleopatra in marriage 



NINTH PERIOD — 330-146. 65 

B. C. 

, to Ptolemy Eijiphanes, king of Egypt, and as a dowry Coelo- 

syria, Phenicia, Judea and Samaria. 
191 Philopcemen gains a considerable advantage over Nabis tlie ty- 
rant of Sparta. 
The ^tolians resolve to seize Demetrius, Chalcis, and Sparta by 
treachery and stratagem. Nabis is killed. Philopcemen 
makes the Lacedaemonians enter into the Achaean League. 
Antiochus goes to Greece to aid the ^tolians. 
The Romans declare war against him and soon after defeat him 

near the strait of Thermopylae. 
Interview of Ha*nnibal and Scipio at Ephesus. 
190 Battle of Magnesia, followed by a treaty of peace which puts an 
end to the war between the Romans and Antiochus, which 
had subsisted about two years. 
The philosopher Pansetius was born about this time. 
189 The Consul Fulvius forces the ^tolians to submit to the Romans. 
Manlius, his colleague, about the same time subjects all the Gauls 
in Asia. 
188 Philopcemen abrogates the laws of Lycurgus in Sparta. 

Hannibal takes refuge in the isle of Crete to avoid being deliv- 
ered up to the Romans. 
187 Antiochus the Great, king of Syria, is killed in the temple of 
Jupiter Belus, which he had entered in order to plunder it. 
Seleucus Philopater succeeds him. 
Scipio Africanus banished from Rome. 
186 The city of Artaxata (in Armenia) built. 
184 Hannibal abandons the island of Crete to take refuge with Pru- 

sias king of Bithynia. 
183 A comet visible 80 days. 

Philopcemen put to death by Dinocrates king of Messene. 
Hannibal dies at the court of Prusias of Bithynia. 
Scipio Africanus dies. Cato the elder, censor. 
181 Demetrius, son of Philip king of Macedon, is unjustly acccused 

by his brother Perseus king of Macedon, and put to death. 
180 Death of Ptolemy Epiphanes king of Egypt. 

Ptolemy Philometer succeeds him. 
179 Death of Philip king of Macedon. 
Perseus his son succeeds him. 
Numa's books found in a stone coflBn at Rome. 
178 Seleucus sends his son Demetrius to Rome to replace his brother 

Antiochus, who had been a hostage there 14 years. 
175 Seleucus Philopater king of Syria is poisoned by Heliodorus, 
.whom he had sent a little before to take Jerusalem. He is 
succeeded by Antiochus Epiphanes. 
t)nias high priest of Jerusalem deposed and succeeded by Judas. 
174 Cato's embassy to Carthage. 
172 Terrence flourishes. 

171 Ptolemy's generals defeated by Antiochus in a battle between 
Pelusium and Mount Casias. The second Macedonian war 
begins. 

5 



66 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

B. C. 

Onias the elder, brotlier of Jason and Menelaus, is put to death 
at Antiocli. 
170 . Menelaus oflfei'S 300 talents of silver for the high priesthood more 
than Jason had given for it ; he obtains a grant of it from 
Antiochus. 

Menelaus not paying his purchase money is deprived of the high 
priesthood. Lysimachus, his brother, is ordered to perform 
the functions of it. 

Menelaus, gaining Andronicus governor of Antioch, in the ab- 
sence of Antiochus Epiphanes, causes Onias III. the high 
priest to be killed. 

Lysimachus, thinking to plunder the treasury of the temple of 
Jerusalem, is put to death in the temple. 

A report that Antiochus Epiphanes vfas dead in Egypt; Jason 
attempts Jerusalem, but is repulsed. 

Antiochus being informed that some Jews had rejoiced at the 
false news of his death, plunders Jerusalem, and slays 80,000 
men. 

Antiochus Epiphanes makes himself master of all Egypt. 

An irriiption of Tartars into China. 

Paper invented in China. 
169 The Alexandrians, in the room of Philometer who had fallan in- 
to the hands of Antiochus, make Ptolemy Evergetes his 
younger brother king. • 

Philometer is set at liberty the same year, and unites with his 
brother. That union induces Antiochus to renew the war. 
168 An eclipse of the moon which was predicted by Q. S. Gallus. 

Paulus jEmilius is charged with the Macedonian war against 
Perseus. He gains a famous victory over that prince near 
Pydna which puts an end to the kingdom of Macedon. It 
was not, however, reduced into a province of the Roman Em- 
pire till twenty years after. 

The prjetor Auicius subjects Illyria in thirty days. 

Popilius, one of the embassadors sent by the Romans into Egypt, 
obliges Antiochus to quit it and come to an accommodation 
with the two brothers. 

Antiochus, exasperated at what had happened, turns his rage 
against the Jews, and sends Appollonius to Jerusalem. 

The same year he publishes a decree to oblige all nations in sub- 
jection to him to renounce their own religion and conform to 
his. This law occasions a cruel persecution among the Jews. 

Judas Maccabeus, with nine others, retires into the wilderness. 
167 Antiochus goes in person to Jerusalem to see his orders put in 
execution. ^ 

The sacrifices of the temple interrupted. The statue of Jupiter 
Olympias set up on the altar of burnt-sacrifices. 

The Martyrdom of Eleazar at Antioch ; of the seven brethren 

Maccabees and their mother. 
Mattathias and his seven sons retire into the mountains ; the As- 
sideans join them. 



NINTH PERIOD 330-146. 67 

B. C. 

167 About this time flourishes Jesus, the son of Sirach, author of 
the book of Ecclesiasticus. 

Paulus >^milius abandons the cities of Epirus to be plundered 
by his army for having taken part with Perseus. The Acha3- 
ans suspected of having favored that prince, are sent to Rome 
to give an account of their conduct. The senate banish there 
into different towns of Italy, from whence they are not suf- 
fered to return home till seventeen years after. Polybius was 
of this number. 

The first library opened in Rome, consisting of books plundered 
from Macedonia. 

Census of Rome, 327,032. 
166 Prusias king of Bithynia goes to Rome. Eumenes king of Per- 
gamus is not permitted to enter. 

Death of Mattathias. Judas Maccabeus his son succeeds him, and 
gains many victories over the generals of Antiochus. 
165 Romans enter Achaia. 

Judas vanquishes Lysias, Antiochus' deputy, recovers Jerusalem, 
and restores the daily sacrifice and the worship in the temple. 
164 Lysias coming into Judea with an army is beaten and forced to 
return to Antioch. 

Judas purifies the temple after three years' defilement by the 
Gentiles. The anniversary of this purification is called En- 
coenia. 

Timotheus and Bacchides, generals of the Syrian army, are beat- 
en by Judas. 

Antiochus Epiphanes dies in Persia; his son Antiochus Eupa- 
tor, aged nine years, succeeds him, under the regency of Ly- 
sias. 

Judas wars against the enemies of his nation in Idumaea and 
beyond Jordan. 

Timotheus a second time overcome by Judas. 
163 The people beyond Jordan and in Galilee conspire against- the 
Jews ; are suppressed by Judas and his brethren. 

Lysias, coming into Judea, is forced to make peace with Judas, 
and returns to x\ntioch. 

A letter of king Antiochus Eupator in favor of the Jews. 

The Roman legates write to the Jews and promise to support 
their interests with the king of Syria. 

The treachery of Joppa and Samaria chastised by Judas. 

Judas wars beyond Jordan, defeats a general of the Syrian 
troops called Timotheus, different from the former Timotheus. 

Judas attacks Gorgias in Idumaea; having defeated him finds 
Jews killed in the fight who had concealed gold under their 
clothes, which they had taken from an idol's temple at Jam- 
nia. 

Antiochus Eupator invades Judea in person ; besieges Bethshur 
and takes it ; besieges Jerusalem. 

Philip who had been appointed regent by Antiochus Epiphanes 
coming to Antioch, Lysias prevails with the king to make peace' 



68 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

B.C. 

with the Jews and return to Antioch ; but before he returns 
he enters Jerusalem and causes the wall to be demolished that 
Judas had built to secure the temple from the insults of the 
citadel. 
1G2 Hipparchus of Nice fixes the first degree of longitude and lati- 
tude at Ferro, whose most western point was made the first 
general meridian : lays the foundation of trigonometry. 

Difierence between Philometer king of Egypt and Physcon his 
brother, which does not terminate till after the expiration of 
five years. 

Octavius, embassador for the Komans in Syria, is assassinated. 

Menelaus the high priest dies ; is succeeded by Alcimus an in- 
truder. 

Onias IV., son of Onias III., lawful heir to the dignity of high 
priest, retires into Egypt where sometime after he built the 
temple Onion. 

Demetrius son of Seleucus sent to Rome as a hostage ; escapes 
from thence and comes into Syria, where he slays his nephew 
Eupator, also Lysias, regent of the kingdom, and is acknowl- 
edged king of Syria. 

Alcimus intercedes with Demetrius for the confirmation of the 
dignity of high priest, which he had received from Eupator. 
IGl Alcimus returns into Judea with Bacchides, and enters Jerusa- 
lem. 

Alcimus is driven thence and returns to Demetrius, who appoints 
Nicator, with troops to take him back to Judea. Nicator 
makes an accommodation with Judas, and lives for some time 
in good intelligence with him. 

Alcimus accuses Nicator of betraying the king's interest. De- 
metrius orders Nicator to bring Judas to him. 

Judas attacks Nicator and kills about 5,000 men. 

Death of Rhazis, a famous old man, who chooses rather to die 
by his own hand than to fall alive into the hands of Nicator. 

Judas obtains a complete victory, in which Nicator is killed. 

Bacchides and Alcimus again sent to Judea. Judas gives them 
battle ; dies like a hero on a heap of enemies slain by him. 

Jonathan Maccabeus chosen chief of his nation and high priest, 
in the place of Judas. 

The envoys return whom Judas had sent to Rome to make an 
alliance with the Romans. 

Bacchides pursues Jonathan ; he, after a slight combat, swims 
over the Jordan in sight of the enemy. 

Philosophers and Rhetoricians banished from Rome. 
160 Demetrius is acknowledged king of Syria by the Romans. 
159 Death of Eumeues king of Pergamus. Attains Philometer suc- 
ceeds him. 

Alcimus the high priest dies, and Bacchides leaving Jerusalem 
the Jews enjoy peace. 

The clepsydra or water clock invented by Scipio Nascia. 
158 Jonathan and Simon Maccabeus are besieged in Bethbesson, or 



NINTH PERIOD — 330-146. 69 



B.C. 



Bethagla. Jonathan goes out of the place, raises soldiers and 
defeats several bodies of the enemy. 
158 Simon his brother makes several sallies and opposes Bacchides. 
Jonathan makes proposals of peace to Bacchides, which are ac- 
cepted. 
Jonathan fixes his abode at Mikmash where he judges the people. 
157 Mithridates V. king of Poutus. 
156 War between Attains and Prusias. 
155 Embassy of Diogenes, Carniades and Critolaus to Rome. 

Romans unsuccessful in Spain. 
153 Alexander Balas pretends to be the son of Antiochus Epiphanes, 
and in that quality attempts to cause himself to be acknowl- 
edged king of Syria. 
Jonathan, the brother of Judas Maccabeus, is made high priest by 
Alexander Balas, who claimed the kingdom of Syria against 
Demetrius, and whom Jonathan greatly assisted. 
From this time the high priesthood continued in the Asmodean 
or Maccabean fiimily till the time of Herod the Great. 
152 Massinissa defeats the Carthaginians. 
151 Joint reign of Philometer and Physcon in Egypt. 

Defeat of Galba. 
150 Demetrius Soter is killed in a battle between him and Alexander 
Balas. His death leaves the latter in possession of the empire 
of Syria. 
A dispute betweeri the Jews and Samaritans of Alexandria oon- 
cerning their temples. The Samaritans are condemned by the 
king of Egypt, and the temple at Jerusalem preferred to that 
at Gerizim. 
Aristobulus, a Peripatetic Jew, flourishes in Egypt under Ptole- 
my Philometer. 
Demetrius Nicator, eldest son of Demetrius Soter, comes into 

Cilicia to recover the kingdom of his father. 
Appollonius, to whom Alexander Balas had intrusted his affairs, 

revolts to Demetrius Nicator. 
He mai-ches against Jonathan Maccabeus who continues in the 

interest of Alexander Balas. 
Appollonius put to flight. 
149 Onias the son of Onias, who had been high priest, builds a tem- 
ple in Egypt like that at Jerusalem. 
The third Punic war begins, and continues three years. Pru- 
sias king of Bithynia, is put to death by his son Nicomedes, 
surnamed Philopater. 
148 Carthage is besieged by the Romans. 

Macedon is reduced into a province of the Roman empire. 
147 Troubles in Achaia promoted by Diaeus and Critolaus. The 
commissioners sent thither by the Romans are insulted. 
Achfean League totally defeated. 
146 Ptolemy Philometer king of Egypt comes into Syria, pretending 
to assist Alexander Balas, but he really designs to dethrone 
him. 



70 ANCIENT STNCHRONOLOGY. 

B. C. 

14G Viriatlius is defeated by Lsclius in Spain. 

P. Scipio is made consul and receives the command of the army 
before Carthage, which he entirely destroys. 

Metellus goes to Achaia where he gains several advantages over 
the Achseans. Mummius succeeds him, and after a great bat- 
tle at Leucopetra takes Corinth and entirely demolishes it. 

L. Mummius brought the first fine painting to Rome from Cor- 
inth. 

Greece is reduced to a Roman province under the name of the 
province of Achaia. 



Tenth Period, 
from the overthrow of greece to the christian era — 

146 YEARS. 

145 Alexander Balas gives battle to Philometer and Demetrius Nica- 
tor ; he loses it, and flees to Zabdiel king of Arabia, who cuts 
off his head. 

Demetrius succeeds him. 

Ptolemy Philometer dies in Syria. Cleopatra his queen, gives 
the command of her army to Ouias, a Jew, son of Onias III. 

Onias restrains Ptolemy Physeon, sou of Philometer. 

Jonathan besieges the fortress of the Syrians at Jerusalem. 

Demetrius comes into Palestine ; Jonathan finds means to gain 
him by presents. 

Ptolemy Physeon becomes sole king of Egypt, by the death of 
Philometer. 
144 Demetrius Nicator attacked by the inhabitants of Antioch who 
had revolted. Jonathan sends him soldiers who deliver him. 

Tryphon brings young Antiochus, son of Alexander Balas, out 
of Arabia and has him acknowledged king of Syria. Jona- 
tha:n espouses his cause against Demetrius Nicator. 

Jonathan renews the alliance with the Romans and Lacedaemo- 
nians. 

He is treacherously taken by Tryphon, in Ptolemais, who some- 
time after puts him to death. 
143 Simon Maccabeus succeeds Jonathan. Tryphon slays the young 
king Antiochus Theos, and usurps the kingdom of Syria. 

Simon acknowledges Demetrius Nicator, who had been dispos- 
sessed of the kingdom of Syria, and obtains from him the entire 
freedom of the Jews. 

Hipparchus begins his new cycle of the moon. 
142 The sovereignty of Judea is confirmed to Simon and his posteri- 
ty by the unanimous consent of the Jews in a general assem- 
bly at Jerusalem, and he frees them from all tribute to any 



TENTH PERIOD — 146-A. D. . 71 



B.C. 



foreign prince, and effects iu many things a reformation among 
them. 
141 The Xumantian war begins, and continues eight years. 
140 The Picts from the north of England settle in the south of 
. Scotland. 

Death of Viriathus the Lusitanian chief. 
139 Antiochus Sidetes, the second son of Demetrius Soter, marries 
Cleopatra the wife of his brother Demetrius Nicator; and 
after having put Tryphon to death he is declared king himself. 
138 Death of Attains king of Pergamus. Attains his nephew, sur- 
named Philopater, succeeds him. He reigns five years. 
Antiochus Sidetes quarrels with Simon and sends Cendebeus in- 
to Palestine to ravage the country. 
The Roman army, under Manciuus ignominiously defeated by 
the Numaiitines. 
137 Learning and learned men liberally patronized by Ptolemy Phyd- 
con. 
Diodorus and Satyrus, peripatetics ; Nicander, physician and po- 
et ; Lucius Accius, tragic poet. 
136 Scipio Africanus with Sp. Mummius and Metellus made the fa- 
mous embassy into Egypt, Syria and Greece. 
The cruelties of Physcon at Alexandria oblige most of the inhab- 
itants to quit the place. 
135 The history of the Apochrypha ends. The servile war begins in 
Sicily and continues three years. 
Simon, prince of Judea, is murdered with two of his sons, by 
Ptolemy his son-in-law; and is succeeded by his son John, 
surnamed Hyrcanus. 
134 Antiochus Sidetes besieges Hyrcanus in Jerusalem. 

Hyrcanus obtains a truce of eight days to celebrate the feast of 

tabernacles ; makes peace with Antiochus. 
Hyrcanus finds money in David's tomb, or rather the hidden 
treasures of the kings of Judah. 
133 Numantia taken and destroyed by Scipio. 

The kingdom of Pergamus annexed to the Roman empire, ac- 
cording to the will of Attalas, its last king. 
Tiberius Gracchus slain in a tumult. 
Spain becomes a Roman province. 
Equestrian order, a distinct class. 
131 Antiochus Sidetes goes to war against the Persians. 
Hyrcanus accompanies him. 
Antiochus is conquered and slain. 
130 Demetrius Nicator reigns again in Syria. 
Revival of learning in China. 
John Hyrcanus asserts his independence against the Syrians 

and destroys the temple on Mount Gerizim. 
Aristonicus conquered by Perpenna and strangled in prison. 
129 He conquers the Idumicaus or Edomites and, compelling them 
tof be circumcised, incorporates them among the Jews. 



72 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

B. C. 

129 From this time the name of Idumaeans is scarcely mentioned in 
history. 
Ptolemy Physcon repudiates Cleopatra, his first wife, and mar- 
ries her daughter of the same name. He is soon after obliged 
to flee, and the Alexandrians give the government to Cleo- 
patra whom he had repudiated. 
Physcon re-ascends the throne of Egypt. 
128 Pestilence in Egypt. 

Hyrcanus sends embassadors to Rome to renew his allegiance 

with the Roman power. 
While the two kings of Syria, both of .them called Antiochus, 
war against each other, Hyrcanus strengthens himself in his 
new monarchy. 
126 Demetrius is killed by Alexander Zebina, who takes his place 

and causes himself to be acknowledged kin^- of Syria. 
124 Seleucus V., eldest son of Demetrius Nicator, is declared king, 

and soon after killed by Cleopatra. 
123 Antiochus Grrypus succeeds him. 

Zebina is defeated by Grypus and soon after dies. 
Physcon gives his daughter in man-iage to Grypus king of Syria. 
Mithridates VI. surnamed the Great king of Pontus. 
Carthage rebuilt by order of the Roman senate. 
121 The province in S. Gaul acquired. Caius Gracchus proscribed 

and slain. 
120 Cleopatra attempts to poison Grypus and is poisoned herself. 

The theory of eclipses known to the Chinese. 
118 Dalmatia a Roman province. 

Death of Micipsa king of Numidia, and the assassination of 
Hiempsal by Jugurtha. 
117 Death of Physcon. Ptolemy Lathyrus succeeds him. Cleopa- 
tra, his mother, obliges him to repudiate Cleopatra his eldest 
sister and to marry Selena his youngest. 
116 Cleopatra assumes the government of Egypt. 

The age of Erymnaeus, Athenion, Artemidorus, Clitomachus, 
Apollonius, Herodieus, Menecrates, L. Cselius, Antipater histo- 
rian, Lu.cilius the first Roman satirist, ApoUodorus of Athens 
and Castot- of Rhodes chronologists, Anthemon philosopher. 
114 Antiochus the Cyzicenian, son of Cleopatra and Antiochus Si- 
detes, takes arms against Grypus. 
He has the worst in the beginning ; but two years after he obliges 
his brother to divide the kingdom of Syria with him. 
113 First great migration of the German nations. 

Cleopatra queen of Egypt gives the kingdoni of Cyprus to Alex- 
ander her youngest son. 
Ill The Jugurthine war begins and continues five years. 
110 The famous sumptuary law at Rome which limited the expenses 
of eating every day. 
Hyrcanus besieges Samaria ; takes it after a year's siege. 
109 The Teutones and Cimbri begin the war against Rome and con- 
tinue it for eight years. 



TENTH PERIOD — 146-A. D. 73 

i3. C. 

109 Juiiurtlia the king of Numidia defeated in two battles by Metel- 
lus. Ptolemy Lathyrus is defeated and Samaria taken by 
John Hyrcanus. 
107 He is succeeded by bis son Aristobulus, wbo first assumes tbe 
title of king. 
Cleopatra drives Lathyrus out of Egypt and places his brother 
Alexander upon the throne. 
106 Jugurthine war concluded by Marius and Sylla. Jugurtha was 
exposed to the view of the Roman people and dragged in 
chains to adorn the triumph of Marius. He was afterward 
put in prison, where he died six days after of hunger. The 
name and wars of Jugurtha have been immortalized by the 
pen of Sallust. 
105 The Teuton es defeat 80,000 Romans on the banks of the Rhone. 
Alexander Janneus king of Judea, at war with Egypt, takes Ga- 
za. Rebellion excited by the Pharisees. 
10-4 Signal victory of Lathyrus over Alexander king of the Jews, 

upon the banks of the Jordan. 
103 Cleopatra forces Lathyrus to raise the siege of Ptolemais and 

takes that city herself. 
102 The Teutones defeated by Marius in two great battles at Aquiae 
SextisB, now Aix in Provence. 
Alexander Janneus king of the Jews makes an alliance with 
Cleopatra and takes some places in Palestine. 
101 Marius and Catullus defeat the Cimbri as they were endeavoring 

to enter Italy through Noricum, now the Tyrol. 
100 Marius buys his sixth consulate. 
Banishment of Metellus. 
Birth of Julius Csesar. 
99 ]jusitania conquered by Dolabella and becomes a Roman province, 
China still submits to the Han dynasty ; Sematzin emperor. 
Janneus attacks Gaza, takes it and demolishes it. 
97 By the death of Ptolemy Apion, Cyrene becomes a Roman prov- 
ince. 
Death of Grypus. Seleucus his son succeeds him. 
95 Alexander Janneus, after various transactions, some successful 
and others unsuccessful, is opposed by a mutiny of the Jews 
at the temple during the feast of the tabernacles, of whom he 
slays 600 men. 
94 He subdues the inhabitants of Gilead and the Moabites. 
93 Seleucus is defeated by Eusebes and bui-nedin Mopsuestia. 

Tigranes king of Armenia. 
92 Antiochus, brother of Seleucus and second son of Grypus, as- 
sumes the diadem. He is presently defeated by Eusebes and 
drowned in the Orontes. 
• 91 Having ill success in war against Obodas, an Arabian king, the 
Jews make war against him. 
This war continued six years. 

Philip his brother, third son of Grypus, succeeds Antiochus. 
The social war begins in Italy, and continues three years, till 



74 . ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

B.C. 

fitiished by Sylla the celebrated Roman general. 
91 Ariarathcs VIII. king of Cappadocia. Mithridates king of Pon- 
tus puts him to death, and sets his son upon the throne. Soon 
after, Ariarathes IX. takes Cappadocia from the son of Mith- 
ridates, who is presently after re-established by his father. 
90 Sylla enters Cappadocia, drives the son of Mithridates out of it, 
and sets Ariobarzanes I. upon the throne. 
Demetrius Euchares, fourth son of Grypus, is established king of 
Damascus by the aid of Lathyrus. 
89 Alexander kills his mother Cleopatra. 

Alexander is expelled, and dies soon after. 

Tigranes king of Armenia, drives Ariobarzanes out of Cappado- 
cia, and reinstates the son of Mithridates. 
Beginning of the war between Mithridates and the Romans. 
88 Mithridates causes all the Romans in Asia Minor to be massacred 

in one day. 
87 Sylla is charged with the war against Mithridates. lie retakes 
Athens after a long siege and sends its valuable libraries to 
Rome. 
86 Victory of Sylla over the generals of Mithridates near Cheronea. 

He gains a second battle soon after at Orchomenos. 
85 Demetrius having been taken by the Parthians, Antiochus Diony- 
sius the fifth son of Grypus is set upon the throne of Syria, and 
killed the following year. 
84 Treaty of peace between Mithridates and Sylla, which terminated 

the war. 
83 Mithridates puts his son to death. 

The Syrians weary of so many changes choose Tigranes king of 
Armenia for their king. He reigns fourteen years by a vice- 
roy. 
Eusebes takes refuge in Cilicia where he remains concealed. 

82 ■ Lathyrus ruins Thebes in Egypt where the rebels whom he had 
before defeated had taken refuge. 
Decline of agriculture in Italy ; corn supplied from the provinces. 
Sylla defeats Marius and is created perpetual dictator. 
Sylla plunders the temple of Delphi. 
81 Death of Lathyrus. Alexander II. son of Alexander I. under the 

protection of Sylla is elected king. 
80 Julius Caesar's first campaign. 

79 Posidonius calculates the height of the atmosphere to be about 
400 stadia. 
Alexander Janneus dies, after many successes and cruelties, and 
is succeeded in the regal authority by his wife Alexandra, who, 
conciliating the Pharisees, reigns peaceably to the end of her 
life. 
78 Death of Sylla. 

The age of Zeno, of Sidon the epicurean, Apellicon of Athens, 
Alexander Polyhistor the grammarian, Plotius, Gallus rhetor- 
ician, Q. Valerius, Antias Roman historian, Q. Hortensius ora- 
tor, Philo, Charmidas, L. Sisenna, Archias and Geminus. 



TENTH PERIOD 146-A. D. 75 

B.C. 

78 Second war between Mithridates and the Romans. It lasted 

nearly three years. 
77 The Pharisees managing the affairs of Alexandra grievously op- 
press their opponents. 
War of Sertorius, who revolts in Spain and defeats* Metellus and 
Pompey. 
76 Mithridates makes an alliance with Sertorius. 

. Death of Nicomedes king of Bithynia. His kingdom and Cyren- 
aica are reduced into Eoman provinces the same year. 
75 Beginning of the third war of Mithridates against the Romans. 

Lucullus and Cotta are placed at the head of the Roman army. 
74 Cotta is defeated by sea and laud and forced to shut himself up 
in Chalcedou. Lucullus goes to his aid. 
The cherry tree brought to Europe from Asia by Lucullus. Te- 
rentius Varro writes three books on agriculture. 
73 Mithridates forms the siege of Cyzicum. Lucullus compels him 
to raise it at the end of two years, and pursues and beats him 
near the Granicus. 
72 Herod the Great is born. 

71 Spartacus defeated and killed by Crassus and Pompey, which fin- 
ishes the servile war. 
Spain completely recovered. 
70 Alexandra dies. Hyrcanus seizes the kingdom, but is soon de- 
prived of it by Aristobulus his younger brother. 
The first water mill described near a dwelling of Mithridates. 
69 Tigranes recalls Magdalus his viceroy in Syria. 

Antiochus Asiaticus takes possession of Syria and reigns four 

years. 
Lucullus defeats the two kings, Mithridates and Tigranes, in a 
great battle in Armenia the day before the nones of December, 
and takes Tigranocerta with all the royal treasures. 
67 Mithridates recovers all his dominions in consequence of the mis- 
understandings that take place in the Roman army. 
Pompey conquers the pirates of the Mediterranean. 
66 Mithridates defeated by Pompey in a night battle in the LTpper 
Armenia. Crete conquered by Metellus after a war of two 
years, and reduced to a Roman province. 
Ebony introduced at Rome by Pompey. 

Vikramadity, a king of Ozene in India, patron of literature. At 
his court flourish Amera Sinka lexicographer, Vararuche gram- 
marian, Kalidasa poet. 
65 Pompey the Great, after many conquests, reduces Syria into a 
Roman province ; thus terminating the Macedonian or Grecian 
kingdom and establishing that of the Romans, the fourth great 
monarchy in Daniel's prophecy. (Scott.) 
Alexander is driven out of Egypt. Ptolemy Auletes, natural son 
of Lathyrus, is set in his place. 
63 The conspiracy of Catiline detected by Cicero in October, and de- 
feated by Anthony about the middle of December. 
Pompey appealed to by Hyrcanus and Aristobulus, and promising 



76 ANCIENT STNCHRONOLOGT. 

B.C. 

to arbitrate between them, discovers that Aristobulus is prepar- 
ing for war ; and in consequence marches against Jerusalem 
and takes it after a siege of three months, and restores Hyrca- 
nus. At this time he enters into the holy of holies, and many 
have remarked that he never after prospered in any undertak- 
ing. From this period the Jews became dependent on the Ro- 
mans, after having been for a long time independent by reason 
of the weakness of the Syrian and Egyptian kings. 
63 In the same year Augustus Ccesar is born. 
62 Magnificent houses of the nobles ; marble , theatre of Scaurus, to 

hold 30,000 spectators. 
61 Pompey enters Rome in triumph. 

60 Cicero statesman and orator, Sallust historian, Lucretius and Ca- 
tullus poets, AppolloniusK)f Rhodes rhetorician, Aristomedes of 
Crete grammarian, Andronicus of Rhodes peripatetic philoso- 
pher, Terentius Varro, Tyrannion, etc. 

The first triumvirate, in the persons of Julius C^sar, Pompey and 
Crass us. 

Denmark. Reign of Sciold first king. The Danish chronicles 
mention eighteen kings to the time of Ragnor Lodbrog. 
58 Clodius procures the banishment of Cicero. 

The Helvetii defeated by Julius Csesar. 

Ptolemy Auletes goes to Rome. Berenice his eldest daughter 
reigns in his absence. 

The Romans depose Ptolemy king of Cyprus and seize that land. 

Cato is charged with that commission. 
57 Cicero recalled. Sallust expelled from the senate. Gylf reigns 
in Sweden. The early history of Sweden is involved in fable 
and obscurity. 

Gabinius, a Roman commander, defeats x\lexander and besieges 
him in the castle of Alexandrion. Alexander surrenders with 
all his strong places. 
56 Aristobulus, escaping from Rome, returns into Judea and endeav- 
ors to repair the castle of Alexandrion. Is hindered by the 
Romans who put his little army to flight. He flies to Machae- 
ron with a design to fortify it, but he is presently besieged in 
it. After some resistance he is taken and sent a second time 
prisoner to Rome. 

Pompey makes himself master of Caina in which the treasures of 
Mithridates were laid up. 
55 Caesar passes the Rhine, defeats the Germans and Gauls and in- 
vades Britain. 

Ptolemy Auletes king of Egypt by money induces Gabinius to 
come into Egypt to restore him to the throne. John Hyrcanus 
furnishes Gabinius with provisions for his army, and writes to 
the Jews in Pelusium to favor the passage of the Romans. 

Gabinius and Antony restore Auletes to the entire possession of 
his dominions. 

While Gabinius is in Egypt Alexander son of Aristobulus wastes 
Judea. Gabinius defeats him at the foot of Mount Tabor. 



TENTH PERIOD — 14G-A. D. 77 

B. C. 

5-1 Caesar invades Britain a second time and conquers part of it. 

Crassus succeeds Gabinius in the government of Syria. 

Crassus passing into Syria and finding the province quiet makes 
war against the Parthians. 
53 He comes to Jerusalem and takes 10,000 talents out of the tem- 
ple. He marches against the Parthians, is defeated and killed 
and his army cut to pieces by the Parthians under Surenas, at 
Sinnaca in Mesopotamia, June 9. 
51 Death of Ptolemy Auletes. He leaves his dominions to his eldest 

son and his eldest daughter, the famous Cleopatra. 
50 The Roman civil war begins on the 22d of October when the sen- 
ate ordered Caesar to disband his army. Csesar besieges Pom- 
pey in Brundusium, Dec. 26. 

A water mill on the Tiber at Rome. 
49 Pompey sails from Brundusium Jan. 3d; Caesar enters it on the 
4tli and comes to Rome about the lOth. He besieges Marseilles 
in the spring and defeats Pompey's lieutenants in Spain in the 
summer, returns to Rome in September, and passes into Ejjirus 
Oct. 15. 
48 The battle of Pharsalia May 12. Pompey murdered. Antipas 
or Antipater made governor of Judea. 

Pouthinus and Achillas the young king's guardians deprive Cleo- 
patra of her share in the government, and drive her out of the 
kingdom. 

The Alexandrian library of 400,000 volumes burnt. 
47 Death of the king of Egypt. 

Csesar places Cleopatra upon the throne with Ptolemy her young- 
est brother. 

The war of Alexandria ; that city taken by Julius Caesar. He 
conquers Pharnaces king of Bosphorus. 

Csesar having finished the war in Egypt comes into Syria, con- 
firms Hyrcanus in the high priesthood. 

Antigonus, son of Aristobulus remonstrates to Caesar, but Caesar 
is prejudiced against him by Antipater. 

Antipater takes advantage of the indolence of Hyrcanus, makes 
his eldest son Phazael governor of Jerusalem, and Herod an- 
other of his sons governor of Galilee. 

Herod is siunmoned to Jerusalem to give an account of his con- 
duct, but finding himself in danger of being condemned, re- 
tires to his government. 
46 Caesar passes into Africa. Cato kills himself at Utica Feb. 5. 

This year is called the year of confusion because the calendar was 
corrected by Sosigenes and the year made to consist of 15 
months or 445 days. 
45 The first Julian year began Jan. 1. 

Hyrcanus sends embassadors to Julius Caesar to renew alliance. 

The alliance renewed in a manner very advantageous to the Jews. 

Caesar rebuilds Carthage. 

Corinth rebuilt by Caesar. 

Battle of Munda fought March 17tli between Caesar and the re- 



78' ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

B. C. 

publican forces of Rome under Labicnus and the sons of Pom- 
pey. Caesar obtained the victory after an obstinate and bloody 
battle and by this blow put an end to the Roman repuljlic. 
45 Pompey lost 3U,000 men and Ca3sar only 1,000 and 500 wounded. 
Julius Csesar at this time is made perpetual dictator of Rome 
and the emjjire of the Caesars begins. 
44 Antipater, by permission from the Romans, rebuilds the walls, of 
Jerusalem. 
Caesar killed in the senate-house by Brutus, Cassius and the'other 

conspirators, having killed 1,192,000 men. 
After the death of Julius Caesar the embassadors of the Jews are 

introduced into the senate, and obtain their whole request. 
The Jews of Asia confirmed in their privilege of not being com- 
pelled to serve in the wars. 
A comet seen in China. 
43 Cleopatra poisons her brother when he comes of age to share the 
sovereign authority according to the laws. She afterwards de- 
clares for the Roman triumviri. 
The second triumvirate of Octavius, Antony and Lepidus began 

Nov. 27. Cicero put to death Dec. 7. Battle of Mutina. 
Cassius demands 700 talents from Judea. 

Malchus causes Antipater to be poisoned, but his sons Phazael 
and Herod revenge his death by that of the murderer. 
42 Antigonus the son of Aristobulus excites disturbances in Judea, 
but is vanquished by Herod. 
Cassius and Brutus defeated at Philippi in two battles, having an 
interval, in October. They kill themselves. 
41 Cleopatra goes to Antony at Tarsus in Cilicia. She gains the as- 
cendant of him and carries him with her to ^Alexandria. 
The short Persian war in which Antony's brother Lucius is 
overpowered by Octavius. 
40 The Parthians, having obtained many advantages against the Ro- 
mans slay Phazael, make Hyrcanus prisoner and appoint Anti- 
gonus king of Judea ; but Herod fleeing to Rome is there con- 
stituted king by the ruling party. 
39 Herod besieges Jerusalem. 

Lepidus expelled from the triumvirate. 

Pacorus general of Parthia defeated by Ventidius fourteen years 
after the disgrace of Crassus and on the same day. 
37 Jerusalem taken by Socius and Herod the Great, being by birth 
an Edomite and a Jew only as proselyted. This terminates the 
government of the jMacoabees. 
36 Sextus Pompeius conquered in Sicily. 

Cleopatra obtains from Antony a grant of Phenicia, Cyrene and 

• Cyprus. 

33 Antony makes himself master of Armenia and brings the prison- 
ers to Cleopatra. Coronation of Cleopatra and all her children. 
Rupture betweejn Cresar and Antony. Cleopatra accompanies the 

• latter who repudiates Octavia at Athens. 
32 War between Octavius and Antony begins. 



TENTH PERIOD 146-A. D. 79 

B.C. 

32 Atticus, a Roman knight and author whose works are lost, dies, 

aged 77 years. 
31 Cleopatra flies at the battle of Actium. 

Antony follows her and thereby abandons the victory to Caesar, 

which makes Octavius emperor; and the republic becomes a 

monarchy. 
M. Antony drives Ariarathes out of Cappadocia and sets Arche- 

laus in his place. On the death of that prince Cappadocia was 

reduced to a Roman province. 
At the instance of Mark Antony Herod attacks and subdues 

Malchus king of Arabia Petrea. 
Octavius (afterwards Augustus CjBsar) having vanquished Mark 

Antony, Herod with much difficulty succeeds in making his 

peace with him. 
30 Herod goes to Rome to make his court to Augustus. He obtains 

the confirmation of the kingdom of Judea. 
Antony dies in the arms of Cleopatra. 
Cssear makes himself master of Alexandria. 
Cleopatra kills herself. 
Egypt is reduced into a Roman province. 
Golden age of Roman literature. 
First standing army in Rome. 
Silk and linen manufactories in the Roman empire. 
The end of the kings of Alexandria 293 years after the death of 

Alexander the Great. 
29 Ephesus next to Alexandria the chief place of trade in the Roman 

empire. 
Octavius' three days' triumph at Rome. 
The temple of Janus closed, there being now a general peace. 
Rome contains 4,101,017 citizens. 

Augustus comes into Syria, passes through Palestine, is magnifi- 
cently entertained by Herod. 
Herod, in a furious rage and jealousy, puts to death Mariamne his 

beloved wife who was descended from the Maccabees. 
28 And the year after Alexandra her mother. 
27 Octavius, by a -decree of the senate "Jan. 13, obtains the title of 

Augustus Caesar and the absolute power of the state. 
26 Herod, to conciliate the Romans, occasionally conforms to heathen 

observances which greatly disgusts the Jews. 
Salome, Herod's sister, divorces herself from Costobarus. 
25 He rebuilds Samaria and calls it Sebaste from the Greek word 

Sebastos or August, which was the title given to the Roman 

emperor or assumed by him. 
In the same year he takes great care to relieve the Jews under 

the pressure of a grievous famine, which conciliated their mind 

towards him. 
The Egyptians adopt the Julian year. 
•About this time flourished Horace, Virgil, Ovid, Tibullus, Pro- 

pertiu3 and iEmilius Macer poets, Livy historian, IMecasnas 

minister of Augustus, patron of literature, Varrus and Tucca 



80 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

B. C. 

critics, Strabo geographer, Agrippa warrior and patron of the 
arts ; also Manilius, Dioscorides, Asinius, Pollio, Musa, Pylades, 
Batliyllus, Vitruvius, etc. 
25 Coin first used in Britain. 

The Grermans withstand the attempts of the Romans to subdue 
them, although they conquer some part of them. 
22 Pantomimic dances on the lloman stage. 

Herod undertakes several buildings contrary to the religion of the 

Jews ; builds Caesarea of Palestine. 
The conspiracy of Muraena against Augustus. 
21 Augustus visits Greece and Asia. 
20 Augustus gives Trachonitis to Herod. 
. 190th Olympiad. 

The Roman ensigns recovered from the Parthians by Tiberius. 
19 Aqueducts constructed by Agrippa. 

Herod undertakes to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem. 
P. Virgilius Maro, called the prince of Latin poets, born at An- 
des a village near Mantua, 70 years B. C. on October 15, died 
September 22 aged 51 years. 
The distribution of the lauds of Cremona which was made to the 
soldiers of Augustus after the battle of Phillippi nearly proved 
fatal to the poet. 
When he attempted to dispute the possession of his fields with a 
soldier, Virgil was obliged to save his life from the resentment 
of the lawless veteran by swimming across the river. 
This was the beginning of his greatness. He afterwards repaired 
to Rome with his father, where he made the acquaintance of 
Mecsenas who recommended him to the favor of Augaistus. 
The emperor restored to him his lands and the poet wrote his first 

Bucolic to thank his patron for this favor. 
The ten Bucolics were wi'itten in about three years. His Geor- 
gics written a few years after is considered the most perfect of 
all Latin composition. The ^neid his great epic poem was 
begun, as some suppose, at the particular request of Augustus. 
18 Juba king of Mauritania and historian died. 
17 The secular games celebrated at Rome. 

16 Herod makes a joui-ney to Rome to recommend himself to Augus- 
tus. 
Lollius defeated by the Germans. 
15 Cantabria, Austria, Rhoebia, Vindelencia and Moesia become Ro- 
man provinces, being conquered by Drusus. 
Herod marries his two sons Alexander and Aristobulus. 
14 Herod comes to meet Agrippa and engages him to visit Jerusalem. 

Polemon conquers Bosphorus. 
13 Augustus assumes the title of Pontifex Maximus. 

Domestic divisions in Herod's family. Salome, Pheroras and An- 
tipater at variance with Alexander and Aristobulus. 
12 The legions distributed over the provinces in fixed catnps, 
which soon grew into cities 3 among them were Bonn and May- 
ence. 



• TENTH PERIOD — 146-A. D. 81 

B.C. 

12 Ctecilius Isidorus of Rome left to his heirs 4,116 slaves. 

Panonia, conquered by Tiberius, becomes a Roman province. 
11 Germany subdued by Germanicus. 

Herod goes to Rome and accuses his two sons Alexander and 
Aristobulus to Augustus. 
10 The solemn dedication of the city of Csesarea, that Herod had 
built inJionor of Augustus. 
9 Augustus continues the Jews of Alexandria in their ancient rights 
and privileges. 
Herod causes David's tomb to be opened to take out treasure. 
New distui'bances in Herod's family. 
8 Archelaus goes to Rome with Herod. 

Archelaus king of Cappadocia reconciles his son-in-law Alexander 

to his father Herod. 
Temple of Janus shut by Augustus. 

Augustus corrects the calendar by ordering the 12 ensuing years 
■ to be without intercalation. 
The style was altered by ordering leap year to be observed but once 

in four years and the month Sextillis to be called Augustus. 
About this time flourished Damascenus, Hyginus, Flaccus the 
grammarian, Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Dionysius the ge- 
ographer. 
Horatius Quintus Flaccus, a celebrated latin poet born at Venusia, 

a town of Apulia, B. C 65, died aged 57 years. 
Horace was educated at Rome and Athens. He followed Brutus 
from Athens, and the timicfity which he betrayed at the battle 
of Phillippi, so effectually discouraged him that he abandoned 
the profession of arms, and at his return to Rome applied him- 
self to cultivate poetry. 
7 Herod makes war in Arabia. 
6 Herod is accused to Augustus of killing several Arabs. 

Tiberius retires to Rhodes for seven years. 
5 Herod condemns and slays his two sons, Alexander and Aristo- 
bulus. 
Antipater son of Herod aims at the kingdom. 
The artifices of Antipater are discovered. 
Herod sends Antipater to Rome. 

The census or register of estates and families throughout Judea, 
was made at this time : but the taxes were not imposed or col- 
lected until some years after. 
Q. Varrus appointed governor of Judea. 
4 Cymbeline king of Britain. 

Birth of John the Baptist six months before the birth of Jesus. 
Jesus Christ born at Bethlehem about the close of the 4000th 
year of the world and 4 years before the vulgar Christian era. 
3 Circumcision of Jesus Christ. 

Purification of the Holy Virgin. Jesus presented in the temple 

forty days after his birth. 
Flight into Egypt. 
• Herod in vain attempts to murder the infant Saviour, but cruelly 
6 



82 ANCIENT SYNCHRONOLOGY. . 

B.C. 

massacres the male children near Bethlehem. He puts his son 
Antipater to death on an accusation of treason and parricide, 
and five days after dies himself in the most dreadful manner. 

3 Archelaus goes to Kome to procure of Augustus the confirmation 
of Herod's will in his favor. 
Archelaus succeeds Herod his father in Judea, Tdumsea and Sama- 
ria, Herod Antipas in Galilee and Petraaa, and Bhilip in Auron- 
itis, Trachonitis, Paneas and Batansea. 
Mary with the child Jesus returning out of Egypt s'ettles at Naza- 
reth in Galilee. 

2 An imposter assumes the character of Alexander, son of Herod and 
Mariamne. 
Tiberius returns to Rome. 

1 Archelaus takes the high priesthood from Joazar and gives it to 
Eleazar. 



PART IL— MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

First Period. 

FROM THE CHRISTIAN ERA TO THE PRESENT TIME. 

A. D. The Vulgar Era, or Anno Domini, the fourth year of Jesus 
Christ. 

1 Cuius Caesar makes war with the Parthians. 

2 Tiberius returns to Rome. 

3 Cinna's conspiracy detected. 

4 The Leap year corrected, having formerly been every third year. 
6 Quintus Varrus, encamped on the Weser, governs lower Germany 

like a Roman Province. 

8 Archelaus, the son of Herod, having been convicted of maladmin- 

istration in his government, is deposed and banished into Gaul j 
and Judea is made a province of the Roman Empire by Quiri- 
nius, or Cyrenius, Governor of Syria, who first levied the taxes 
according to the census, or register, before made ; and Copo- 
nius is placed over it. Thus the sceptre was departing from 
Judah, for Shiloh was come, though not manifested. 

In this year Jesus went up to Jerusalem and at the temple sat in 
the midst of the teachers of the law, both hearing them and 
asking them questions. 

Judas the Gaulonite, as he is termed by Josephus, opposed the 
levying of taxes by Cyrenius ; but he was soon cut off and all 
his followers dispersed. 

9 The Germans under Arminius defeat and kill Varrus. 
Ovid is banished to Tomos. 

Cornelius Celsus, the physician j Phesdrus, the fabulist, Velleius 
Paterculus, Roman historian. 
10 Marcus Ambivius succeeds Coponius as procurator of Judea. 
Varus defeated and killed in Germany by Arminius. 

12 Tiberius is admitted to share the authority with Augustus, whence 

his fifteen years is dated, Luke 3:1. 

13 Anuius Rufus succeeds Marcus Ambivius. 

14 Augustus dies at Nola and is succeeded by Tiberius his adopted 

son, 

15 Who appoints Valerius Gratus, procurator of Judea. 
The age of Asinius Gallus>and Germanicus. 

17 Twelve cities in Asia destroyed by an earthquake. 
Germanicus conquers Cappadocia. 



84 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

19 Germanicus, poisoned by Piso, dies at Antioch. 
The Jews banished from Rotne. 

The Marcomanni conquered by Drusus. 

20 Tiberius expels from Italy all who profess the Jewish religion, or 

Egyptian superstitions. 

21 Armiuius killed. 

The theatre of Pompey destroyed by fire. 
23 Valerius Gratus removes Annas the high-priest, and substitutes 
Ismael the eon of Fabus. 
Eleazar, the son of Annas is made high-priest instead of Ismael. 

25 Simon, the son of Camith is made high-priest in the place of 

Eleazar. 

26 Joseph, surnamed Caiaphas, the son of Annas, is made high-priest 

instead of Simon. 
The retreat of Tiberius to Caprese. 
The Druids in Germany. 

27 Pontius Pilate is made procurator of Judea, and in the same year 

John begins his ministry. 

30 Philo, Alexandrian Jew, disciple of Plato. 
Seneca, moral philosopher. 

31 John the Baptist slain by order of Herod at the instigation of 

Herodias, in the 17th year of Tiberius. 
Sejanus disgraced and put to death. 

32 Transfiguration of Christ. 

33 Jesus retires to Ephraim on the Jordan, to avoid the snares and 

malice of the Jews at Jerusalem. 

He comes to Jerusalem to be present at his fourth and last 
passover. Institutes the Lord's Supper; is betrayed and cru- 
cified. His RESURRECTION and appearance to many, ascen- 
sion into Heaven, and the miraculous eff'usion of the Holy 
Spirit. [Placed by some in 29, by others in 31.] 

Conquest of Mauritania. 

Valerius Maximus, historian. 
35 The conversion of Saul of Tarsus about this time. 

Pilate ordered into Italy. 

Tiberius dies, Caligula becomes Emperor of Rome. 

About this time flourish Columella, Pomponius Mela, Philo Ju- 
dsdus, Artabanas, Agrippiua, and Appion of Alexandria, gram- 
marian, called the *' Trumpet of the World," 

38 Paul escapes from Damascus by being let down from the wall in 
a basket. 

He comes to Jerusalem, is introduced to the apostles and disci- 
ples, and goes to Tarsus and Cilicia, his own country. 

Caligula makes Herod Agrippa, grandson of king Herod by his 
son Aristobulus, and nephew to Herod Antipas, who beheaded 
John the Baptist, and brother to Herodias, and father to king 
Agrippa, tetrarch, or king of Galilee. 

Matthew writes his gospel in this or the following year. 

39 Herod the tetrarch goes to Rome, in hopes of obtaining some fa- 

vor from the emperor; but Caligula being prepossessed by 
Agrippa, banishes him to Lyons. 



FIRST PERIOD — 1-193. 85 

A. D. ' 

40 The name of Christians first given at Antioch to the followers of 

Christ. 

41 Caligula murdered by Chgereas, and succeeded by Claudius, 
The Jews quit Babylon and retire to Seleucia. 

Claudius adds Judea and Samaria to Agrippa's dominions. 

Agrippa returns into Judea ; takes the high-priesthood from The- 
ophilus, son of Ananus, and gives it to Simon Cantharus ; soon 
after he takes it from Cantharus and gives it to Matthias. 

43 Claudius invades Britain with his general, Plautius. 

Agrippa deprives the high-priest Matthias of the priesthood, and 
bestows it on Elioneus. 

44 Paul and Barnabas go to Jerusalem with the contributions of the 

believers of Antioch. 
At their return to Antioch the church, sends them forth to preach 

to the Gentiles. 
Herod puts James the brother of John to death, and purposes to 

kill Peter also, who is miraculously preserved ; and soon after, 

Herod, smitten by an angel, is eaten with worms and dies. 

45 Vespasian general in Britain.. 

Cuspius Padus sent into Judea as governor. 

A great famine in Judea. 

Paul and Barnabas go to Cyprus ; thence to Pamphylia, Pisidia 

and Lycaonia. At Lystra the people prepare sacrifices to them 

as gods. 

46 Cuspius Fadus recalled ; the government of Judea given to Tibe- 

rius Alexander. 

48 Herod, king of Chalcis takes the pontificate from Joseph, son of 

Camides ; gives it to Ananias, son of Nebedeus. 
Herod, king of Chalcis, dies. 
Ventidius Cumanus made governor of Judea in place of Tiberius 

Alexander. 
A census being taken by Claudius, the emperor and censor, the 

inhabitants of Rome are 6,900,000. 

49 London founded by the Romans. 

Troubles in Judea under the government of Cumanus. 
Judaizing Christians enforce the law on the converted Gentiles. 
Peter comes to Antioch, and is reproved by Paul. 

50 Paul and Barnabas part on account of John Mark. 
Timothy adheres to Paul and receives circumcision. 
Luke at this time with Paul. 

Paul passes out of Asia into Macedonia 

Paul comes to Athens and preaches in the Areopagus. 

Columella, born in Spain, left twelve books on husbanary. 

51 Caractacus, the British king, sent in chains to Rome, by Osto- 

rius Scapula. 
From Athens Paul goes to Corinth. 

The Jews expelled from Rome under the reign of Claudius. 
Felix sent governor into Judea instead of Cumanus. 

52 The conference of the apostles at Jerusalem, improperly called 

the first Council. 
First Epistle of Paul to the Tbessalonians. 



86 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A.D. 

52 His second Epistle to the Thessalonians, some montlis after the first. 
His ]!]pistle to the Galatians written at the end of this or early in 

the following year. 

53 Paul leaves Corinth, takes ship to Jerusalem; visits Ephesus on 

the way. Apollos arrives at Ephesus ; preaches Jesus Christ. 

54 St. Paul, having finished his devotions at Jerusalem, goes to An- 

tioch, passes into Galatia and Phyrgia, and returns to Ephesus 

where he continues three years. 
Claudius the emperor dies, being poisoned by Agrippina. 
Nero succeeds him, a profligate and bloody tyrant. 

55 He poisons Britanicus. 

56 Paul forced to leave Ephesus on account of the uproar raised 

against him by Demetrius, the silversmith. 
He goes into Macedonia. 
Rotterdam built. 

The First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, about this time. 
Second Epistle to the Corinthians. 

57 Paul's Epistle to the Romans. 

58 Mona (Anglesey) conquered by Paulinus. 
The Druids massacred. 

Paul goes into Judea to carry contributions. Is sei'zed in the 
temple at Jerusalem. Is sent prisoner to Cesarea. 

59 Nero's mother, Agrippina, put to death by his order. 

60 Christianity said to have been preached in Great Britain. 
Corbulo subdues Armenia. 

Porcius Festus made governor of Judea in the room of Felix. 
Paul appeals to the emperor. He is put on ship-board and sent 

to Rome. 
Paul shipwrecked at Malta. 

61 He arrives at Rome and continues there a prisoner two years. 
The Jews build a wall which hinders Agrippa from looking with- 
in the temple. 

Boadicea, the British queen, defeats the Romans and burns Lon- 
don ; but is conquered soon after by Suetonius, governor of 
Britain. 

The general Epistle of James written about this time. 

62 Martyrdom of James the less, bishop of Jerusalem. 

The Epistles of Paul to the Philippians, Colossians, Ephesians 
and Philemon. 

63 Peter arrives at Rome. 

Albinus, successor of Felix, arrives in Judea. 

Epistle of Paul to the Hebrews written from Italy soon after he 

was set at liberty. 
Luke writes his Gospel, and the Acts of the Apostles in this or 

the following year. 
Epistle of Paul to Titus and his First Epistle to Timothy. 
IMark writes his Gospel about this time. 

64 Paul comes out of Italy into Judea; visits the churches in Crete, 

Ephesus, Macedonia and Greece. 
Gessius Flarus made governor of Judea in place of Albinus. 



FIEST PERIOD — 1-193. 87 

A.D. 

64 Nero sets fire to the city of Rome, throws the blame on the Chris- 

tians. First of the ten heathen persecutions of the Christians 
before Constantine. 

Seneca, Lucian, and others put to death. 

Nero's golden palace built ; of great extent, inclosing fields, etc. 
The buildings in Rome more regular after the fire. 

Peter writes his First Epistle, probably from Rome, and his Sec- 
ond Epistle, probably from the same place, about the beginning 
of the next year. • 

65 Tiridates placed on the throne of Armenia by Nero. 

Paul goes to Rome the last time ; is there put into prison ; also 

Peter. 
Second Epistle of Paul to Timothy. 
Epistle of Jude written in this or the following year. 

66 The martyrdom of Paul and Peter at Rome, this or the following 

year. 

Pliny the elder, author of the first natural history ; Quintius Cur- 
tius, the historian ; Persius, satirist. 

Cestius Gallus, governor of Syria, comes to Jerusalem ; enumer- 
ates the Jews at the passover. 

The first Jewish war begins in May. 

The Jews rise and kill the Roman garrison at Jerusalem. 

A massacre of the Jews of Cesarea and Palestine. 

Cestius, governor of Syria, comes into Judea. He besieges the 
temple of Jerusalem, retires, is defeated by the Jews. 

Vespasian appointed by Nero for the Jewish war. Josephus, the 
Jewish historian, made governor of Galilee. Vespasian sends 
his son Titus to Alexandria; comes himself to Antioch and 
forms a numerous army. 

67 Vespasian enters Judea ; subdues Galilee. Josephus surrenders 

to Vespasian. 
The Zealots send for the Idumeans to succor Jerusalem. 
The Idumeans retire from Jerusalem. 
Pope St. Clement. 

68 Nero, the Roman emperor, commits suicide. Galba succeeds him. 
Vespasian takes all the places of strength in Judea about Jeru- 
salem. 

John writes his three Epistles in this or the following year. 

69 Galba dies. Otho declared emperor. 
Otho dies. Vitellius proclaimed emperor. 
The Coliseum of Vespasian. 

70 Josephus set at liberty. 

Vespasian declared emperor by the army ; is acknowledged all 
over the East. 

In the beginning of whose reign Jerusalem is taken by the Ro- 
mans under Titus, the son of Vespasian, and all the awful pre- 
dictions of our Lord, as well as those of the ancient prophets, 
are exactly accomplished. The city is desolated ; the temple 
destroyed so that not one stone was left on another; 1,100,000 
persons perished miserably in the siege, and the remnant of the 



88 MODEEN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

Jews are scattered to all nations and dispersed among ttcm. 
73 The philosopliers expelled from Rome. Vespasian conquers Ly- 
cia, Rhodes, Thrace, Cilicia, Byzantium and Samos. 

77 Pope St. Cletus. Revolt of the Parthians. 

A great plague at Rome, 10,000 dying in one day. 
The Capitolium rebuilt. 

78 Circumnavigation of Scotland. 

79 Herculaueum, Pompeii and Stabiae overwhelmed by an eruption 

of Mt. Vesuvius, and Pliny the naturalist loses his life. 

Quintilian flourishes. 

Vespasian dies and is succeeded by Titus. 

Very beautiful paintings in the Baths of Titus ; the group of the 
Laoccoon. 
81 Valerius Flaccus poet. Martial epigrammatist, Appollouius, Pytha- 
gorean philosopher, Epictetus stoic, Dio Chrysostom Greek rhet- 
orician and philosopher, Ignatius and Papias two of the fathers 
of the church. 

Death of Titus and succession of Domitian. 

The age of Silius Italicus, Tyanseus, Solinus, Lupus, Agricola, etc. 
83 Pope Anacletus. 

85 Julius Agricola conqueror and governor of Britain builds a line 

of forts between the rivers Forth and Clyde ; defeats the Cale- 
donians under Galgacus, on the Grampian hills j first sails 
around the island. Britain considerably advanced in Roman 
civilization. 

86 Dercebal leader of the German hordes defeats Domitian and com- 

pels him to pay a yearly tribute. 
Capitoline games instituted by Domitian and celebrated every 

fourth year. 
88 Secular games celebrated. The war with Dacia begins. 
93 St. John banished to Patmos. 

95 The second persecution against the Christians begins about No- 

vember, and continues till the death of Domitian in the next 
year. 

96 Domitian put to death by Stephanus and succeeded by Nerva. 
The age of Juvenal satirist, Tacitus historian, Statins poet, Aulus 

Gellius Latin grammarian, Plutarch moralist and biographer, 
and the younger Pliny. 

97 About this time Timothy stoned. St. John returns from exile. 

98 Nerva dies and is succeeded by Trajan a great sovereign and war- 

rior. 

Christian assemblies prohibited by Trajan. 

His perscutions of Christians were stopped by the interference of 
the humane Pliny, but he was severe upon the Jews, who had 
murdered 200,000 of his subjects. 

The Roman empire at its greatest extent. 

J. Severus general in Britain. 

The Ulpian library; public schools in all the provinces; juris- 
prudence flourishes ; the city adorned with the Forum ; pillar 
of Trajan and baths ; a bridge built over the Danube. 



FIRST PERIOD 1-193. 89 

A. D. 

100 St. Jolm dies at Epliesus, aged 94. 
The Huns emigrate westward. 

102 Pliny, proconsul in Bithynia, sends Trajan liis account of the 

Christians. 
Great victories of Trajan. 

103 Dacia reduced by Trajan to a Roman province. 

106 Trajan's expedition against Parthia. 

About this time flourished Florus, Suetonius and Dion PrusEeus. 

107 Third persecution of the Christians by Trajan. 
The first credible historian among the Chinese. 

108 St. Ignatius devoured by wild beasts at Rome. 
Pope Alexander I. 

114 Trajan's column erected at Rome. 

115 The Jews in Cyrene murder 200,000 Greeks and Romans. 

116 Seizure of Ctesiphon. 

117 Trajan dies and is succeeded by Adrian, 

The Euphrates the eastern boundary of the Roman empire. 
Armenia Major again governed by its own kings dependent upon 
Rome. 

118 The fourth persecution against the Christians. 

119 Pope Sixtus I. 

120 The great buildings of Pahnyra. Temple of the sun at Baalbec. 
The Roman mosaics. 

Adrian makes a progress through all the provinces. 

121 The Caledonians reconquer from the Romans all the southern 

part of Scotland, upon which the emperor Adrian builds a 
wall between Newcastle and Carlisle. 

126 Quadratus bishop of Athens. 

Adrian visits Asia and Egypt for seven years. 

127 Pope Telesphorus. 

130 Adrian rebuilds Jerusalem under the name of ^lia Capitolina, 

and erects there a temple to Jupiter. 
Heresy of Prodicus chief of the Adamites. 

131 The Jews rebel and are defeated after a war of five years and 

are all banished. 

132 Jurisprudence improved by the publishment of Adrian's perpet- 

ual code. 
Ptolemy the celebrated Egyptian astronomer and geographer, 
Arrian, Appian, Maximus, Lysias and Pausanias Greek histo- 
rians, Lucian satirical writer, Hermogenes rhetorician of Tar- 
sus. 

134 Heresy of Marcion who acknowledged three gods. 

135 Poly carp and Aristides, Christian fathers. 

The second Jewish war ends when they were all banished from 
Judea; 580,000 Jews in Judea being destroyed by the Ro- 
mans. 

138 Adrian dies and is succeeded by Antoninus Pius. In the reign 

of Adrian floui-ished Theon, Phavorinus, Phlegon, Trallian, 
Aquila and Salvius Julian. 

139 Pope Hygenus. 



90 MODERN STNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

139 Justin writes his first apology for tlie Christians. 

140 Lollius Urbicus builds the wall along the line of Agricola's forts, 

called Antoninus' wall. 
142 Pope Pius I. 

Heresy of Valentine. 

145 Antoninus Pius defeats the Moors and afterwards the Germans 

and Dacians. 

146 Antoninus introduces the worship of Serapis into Rome. 
150 Pope Anicetus. 

Canon of scripture fixed about this time. 
152 Antoninus stops the persecution of Christians. 
154 Justin Martyr publishes his apology for the Christians. 

160 Embassy sent by Antoninus to China. 

161 Antoninus dies and is succeeded by Marcus Aurelrus and L. 

Verus, the last of whom reigned nine years. 
In the reign of Antoninus flourished Diophantus, Polyaenus, 
Artemidorus, Apuleius, etc. 

162 A war with Parthia which continues three years. 

166 Poly carp and Pionices martyred. 

167 Plague over the whole known world. 

169 The Marcomanni at war with Rome five years. 

Galen Greek physician, Athaeneus a grammarian, Diogenes La- 
ertius Greek historian. 
171 Pope Eleutherus. 

174 The miracle of the " Thundering Legion." 
177 The Christians persecuted at Lyons. 

Theophilus, Tatian and Montanas. 

179 Reign of Lucius, the fii'st Christian king of Britain and in the 

world. 

180 The Goths on the coast of the Black Sea. 
The equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius. 
Marcus Aurelius dies, and Commodus succeeds. 

181 Commodus makes peace with the Germans. 

183 A violent war in Britain ended by Marcellus, a British governor. 
185 Pope Victor I. St. Irenaeus. 
189 The Saracens defeat the Romans. 

This people first appear in history. 

The capitol of Rome destroyed by lightning. 

191 Rome nearly destroyed by fire. 

192 Commodus assassinated by Martia and Lastus. 

193 Pertinax proclaimed emperor of Rome, by the Praetorian guards. 
This was the commencement of the Praetorian guard, which is 

the principal feature of the declining or falling of the Roman 
Empire. He was murdered after a reign of three months. 



second period 193-364. 91 

Second Period, 
from the decline to the division of the roman empire 

— 171 YEARS. 

A. D. 

193 The Roman empire is bought at auction by Didius Julianas, who 

is put to death by order of the senate. 
Septimius Severus emperor of Rome. 
He defeats his competitors Niger and Albinus. 

194 Severus besieges Byzantium. 
197 Pope Zephyrinus. 

202 Fifth persecution of the Christians under Severus. Tertullian 
an able defender of Christianity. Clemens of Alexandria 
and Minutius Felix Christian fathers. 

208 Severus' sons Caracalla and Geta go to Britain, where 50,000 

Roman troops died of the plague. 
Papinian the greatest civil lawyer of antiquity. Julius Africa- 
nus chronologer. 

209 Severus builds his wall across Britain from the Frith of Forth. 

211 Severus dies at York and is succeeded by Caracalla and Geta. 
At this time flourished Philostratus, Plotianus, Bulas etc. 

212 Geta killed by his brother Caracalla. 
Caracalla visits the provinces along the Danube. 
He wars with Catti and Alemanni. 

217 Pope Calixtus I. 

The Septuagint found in a cask. 
Caracalla murdered by Macrinus. 
Oppian flourished. 

218 Opilius Macrinus killed by the soldiers. 
Heliogabalus succeeds him. 

222 Alexander Severus, a beneficent and enlightened prince. 

The Romans agree to pay an annual tribute to the Goths to pre- 
vent them from molesting the empire. 

225 The Germans begin to thireaten the Roman empire on the 

Rhine. 

226 The victory of Severus over the Persians at Tadmor. 

228 Pope Urban I. 

229 The Arsacidae of Parthia are conquered by Artaxerxes king of 

Media, and their empire destroyed. 

234 Alexander defeats the Persians. 

235 Severus murdered in a mutiny of the army. 

He is succeeded by Maximinus who defeats the Dacians and Sar- 
matians. 

Sixth persecution of the Christians under Maximinus, in which 
Leonidas, Irenaeus, Victor, Perpetua, and Felicitas are mar- 
tyred. 

Ammonius founder of a new school of Platonic philosophy at 
Alexandria. 

Dion Cassius Greek historian. 

236 Maximinus assassinated by his troops near Aquilea. 



92 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

236 The two Gordians succeed Maximinus and are put to death by 
Pupienus, who is destroyed with Balbinus by the soldiers of 
the younger Gordian two years after. 
240 Sabinianus defeated in Africa. 
2-41 The Franks first mentioned in history. . 

They invade Gaul. 
242 Gordian defeats the Persians under Sapor. 

Censorinus a critic and grammarian. 
244 The Franks are repulsed at Moguntiacum. 

Gordian put to death by Philip the Arabian, who makes peace 
with Sapor. 
247 The secular games restored. 

About this time flourished Gregory Thaumaturgus. 

249 Philip killed and succeeded by emperor Decius. 
Herodian flourished. 

250 Longinus philosopher and critic. 

Seventh persecution of the Christians by Decius. 

251 Decius is slain by the Goths who invade the empire by crossing 

the Danube. 
Plotinus. Odin in Scandinavia. 
St. Cyprian bishop of Carthage. Monastic life begins about this 

time. 
Dispute between the churches of Kome and Africa about baptism. 
Huns on the Caspian Sea. 
Gallus emperor of Rome purchases a peace with the Goths. 

253 Emilianus emperor of Home. 

254 Valerian emperor of Rome is successful against the Germans and 

Goths. 
256 Four great piratical expeditions of the Goths into Asia Minor 
and Greece during the following 13 years. 

259 Valerian defeated, taken prisoner aud flayed alive by the Per- 

sians. 

260 The temple of Diana at Ephesus bui-nt. 
Gallienus emperor of Rome. 

Period of the 30 tyrants. ' 

The Persians penetrate to Ravenna. 

261 Sapor the Persian takes Antioch, Tarsus and Caesarea. 
264 Odenatus king of Palmyra. 

He is succeeded by his wife Zenobia who reigns with the titles 

of Augusta and Queen of the East. 
Gallienus forms an alliance with Odenatus. 
207 Cleodamus and Athenius defeat the Goths and Scythians. 

268 Gallienus killed and succeeded by Claudius II. 
In this reign flourished Paulus Samosateuus, etc. 

269 Claudius conquers the Goths and kills 300,000 of them. 
Claudius II. dies at Sirmium. 

Pope Felix I. 

Zenobia conquers Egypt, a part of Armenia and Asia Minor. 

270 M. Aurelius Claudius Quintillus, a brother of Claudius, who pro- 

claimed himself emperor of Rome, and 17 days after destroyed 



SECOND PERIOD — 193-364. 93 

A. D. 

himself by opening his veins in a bath when he heard that Au- 
relian was marching against him. 
270 Aurelian emperor of Kome, a great warrior. 

272 Ninth persecution under Aurelian. 

273 Zenobia defeated at Edessa by Aurelian, who destroys her mag- 

nificent capital and carries her to Rome. 

274 Manes originates the heresy of the Manichseans ; rejects all the 

sacraments, refuses allegiance to temporal sovereigns, etc. 

France, Spain and Britain reduced to obedience to Home. 

The Temple of the Sun at Rome burnt. 

Dacia given up to the barbarians. 

Silk first brought from India. The manufacture of it introduced 
into Europe by some monks in 551 ; first worn by the cler- 
gymen in England in 1534. 

Rome surrounded by a wall. 

Longinus dies. 

275 Aurelian killed and succeeded by Tacitus, who died after a reign 

of six months and was succeeded by Florianus, and two months 
after by Probus. 

276 Porphyry the Greek philosopher and opposer of Christianity. 
Probus, a warlike prince, obtains several victories over the bar- 
barians. The Franks permitted by Probus to settle in Gaul. 

277 Extraordinary naval expedition of the Thracian Franks in the 

Mediterranean and Northern seas. 
280 The Persians defeated by Probus. 

282 Probus is put to death and succeeded by Carus, who is killed 

by lightning. • 

283 Carinus and Numerianus efieminate and cruel emperors. 
Pope Caius. 

The Jewish Talmud and Targum composed. 
Paul, the Theban, the first hermit. 

Religious ceremonies multiplied. Pagan rites iiilitated by the 
Christians. 

284 Diocletian sends embassadors to China. 

The " Era of Diocletian " or of " the martyrs," August 29. 

Diocletian's oriental form of government ; the monarchy consid- 
ered hereditary ; nomination of the Ca2sars as co-rulers. 

Diocletian's baths, containing 3,000 benches of white marble, 
while the walls were adorned with paintings. 
286 Britain usurped by Carausius who reigns seven years. 

The empire attacked by northern barbarians and several provin- 
ces usurped by tyrants. 

Maximianus a colleague of the emperor. 

Hierax, chief of the Hieraxians, asserts that Melchisedec was the 
Holy Ghost, and denies the resurrection. 

290 The Gregorian code. 

291 The Franks make themselves masters of Batavia and Flanders. 
294 Narses king of Persia loses Armenia, Mesopotamia and Assyria. 
296 Britain recovered after a usurpation of ten years. 

Alexandria taken by Diocletian. 



94 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

296 Monks in Spain and Egypt. 

Pope Marcellinus. 
301 Hormisdas II. king of Persia, builds Ormus. 

303 Last of the ten persecutions of tlie Christians begins at Nicome- 

dia, Feb. 23, under Diocletian. 

304 Diocletian and Maximianus abdicate the empire and live in re- 

tirement, succeeded by Constantius Chlorus and Galerius Max- 
imianus, the two Csesars. 

At this time flourished Gregory and Hermogenes lawgivers, 
^lius Spartianus and Vopiscus historians, Trebellius Pollio, 
J. Capitolinus, Hierocles, etc. 

Anobius of Africa C. F. converted from idolatry. 
306 Coustantine the Great the first Christian emperor begins his 
reign. 

At this time there were four emperors, some authors say six, 
Licinius, Maximianus and Maxentius. 

Constantino defeats the Franks. 
308 Cardinals first appointed. 

312 Maxentius defeated and killed. 

The pra3torian guard broken up by Constantino. 

313 The tenth persecution ends by an imperial edict. 

314 Civil war with Licinius. 

315 Crucifixion abolished. 

319 Constantino tolerates and favors Christianity. 

321 Coustantine appoints the observance of Sunday. 

322 Constantino defeats and banishes Licinius, and becomes sole em- 

peror. 

323 Foundation of Constantinople by Constantine the Great. 
Celebrated dome of St. Sophia ; the splendor of the court so 

great that it cost more than the legions. 
325 Constantine abolishes the combats of gladiators and assemblies. 

The C<yuncil of Nice from June 19 to August 25, consisting of 
318 bishops who condemn Arianism. 

Eusebius bishop of Csesarea, C. F. and ecclesiastical historian. 

Lactantius, Athanasius, Arius, Ephraim and Basil C. F. flourish 
in the reign of Constantine. 

Legal establishment of Christianity. 
328 Constantine removes the seat of empire from Rome to Byzanti- 
um, afterwards called Constantinople and solemnly dedicated 
it May 11, 330. 

330 Constantinople becomes the seat of art and literature. . 
Dreadful persecution of Christians in Persia lasting 40 years. 

331 Constantine orders all the heathen temples to be destroyed. 

333 Great famine and pestilence in Syria. 

334 Revolt of Sarmatian slaves ; 300,000 are dispersed over the em- 

pire. 

336 Pope Marcus. 

337 The death of Constantine and succession of his three sons, Con- 

stantine II., Constantius II. and Constans. 
Destruction of the Flavian family. 



SECOND PERIOD — 193-364. 95 

A. D. 

337 Eleventli persecution. Saints invoked , the cross reverenced and 

incense used by the Christians. 
Pope JuUus. 

338 War between Constantius and Sapor. 

340 Constantino the younger defeated and killed by Constans at 

Aquilea. 
150 Greek and Asiatic cities destroyed by an earthquake. 
Ossian, the Caledonian bard supposed to have flourished- about 

this time. 

341 The gospel propagated in Ethiopia by Frumentius. 
350 Constans killed in Spain by Magnentius. 

Hermanric king of the Ostrogoths founds an extensive empire. 
The Franks in Gaul. The contest along the whole European 
and Asiatic borders of the empire begins. 
354 Gallus put to death by Constantius. 

356 Pope Felix 11. 

Cyril bishop of Jerusalem. 

357 Eutropius and Marcellinus historians, Jamblicus and Eunapius 

Greek historians. 

358 One hundred and fifty cities of Greece and Asia ruined by an 

earthquake. 
Six German kings defeated by Julian at Strasburg. 

360 Constantius and Julian quarrel and prepare for war, but the for- 

mer dies the next year and leaves the latter sole emperor. 

361 Julian the apostate attempts in vain to rebuild the temple at Je- 

rusalem. 
The Goths divide into the Ostrogoths and Visigoths, or eastern 
and western Goths. 

363 Julian dies and is succeeded by Jovian. Aurelius Victor. 
A disadvantageous peace with the Persians. 

364 Death of Jovian and the accession of Valentinian and Valens, 

under whom the empire is divided. 

Eastern empire from the lower Danube to the confines of Per- 
sia, Constantinople being the capital. 

Western empire extending from the Caledonian ramparts to 
the foot of Mount Atlas. Eome continually to be the cap- 
ital. 



96 modern synchronology. 

Third Period, 
from the division to the end of the western empire 

— 112 YEARS. 

A. D. 

364 Valens emperor of the East. 

Valentiniaa I. elected by the army emperor of the West. 

365 The Saxons begin to make descents on the eastern coasts of 

Britain. 
367 Gratian taken as a partner in the Western empire by Valentin- 

ian. 
373 The Bible translated into the Grothic language. 

375 Valentinian II. succeeds Valentinian I. 

The barbarian invasions increase in frequency and force. The 
great migration of the nomadic nations of Scythia, Sarmatia, 
etc. 

376 Hungary (ancient Pannonia) invaded by the Huns, from whom 

it is named. 
The Goths expelled by the Huns are allowed by Valens to settle 
in Thrace. 

378 Valens defeated and slain by the Goths near Adrianople. 

379 Valens succeeded by Theodosius the Great, a zealous supporter 

of Christianity. 
The Lombards first leave Scandinavia and defeat the Vandals. 
The prerogatives of the Roman See much enlarged. 

380 Aurelius Victor author of lives of celebrated Bomans. 

381 The second general council of Constantinople. 

383 Valentinian II. is dispossessed by Maximus, but is restored by 

Theodosius ; makes Treves his capital. 
Gratian killed by Andragathius. 

384 Symachus pleads in the Boman senate for paganism, against St. 

Ambrose. 
388 Theodosius defeats Maximus the tyrant of the Western empire. 
392 Valentinian II. is strangled at Vienna by Arbogastes, a Gaul, 
commander of the army. 

Eugenius usurps the Western empire and is two years after de- 
feated by Theodosius. 

St. Chrysostom patriarch of Constantinople, St. Ambrose arcfe-' 
bishop of Milan, St. James, St. Martin and St Augustine 
Christian Fathers. 

Image worship. The Christian hierarchy begins. 

Prudentius and Ausonius Latin poets, Pappus and Theon of Ah 
exandria mathematicians. 

394 Theodosius becomes sole emperor of the East and West. 
Complete downfall of paganism. 

Final division of the empire between, the sons of Theodosius. 

395 Claudian Latin poet. 

Theodosius dies and is succeeded by his sons,, Arcadius in the 
East and Honoring in the West. 



THIRD PERIOD — 364-476. 97 

A. D. 

396 The Goths devastate Thessaly, Central Greece and the Pelopon- 
nesus ; made to retreat by Stilicho. 
398 Gildo, defeated by his own brother, kills himself. 

400 Bells invented by Paulinus of Campagnia. 

401 Alaric devastates Italy. 
Pope Innocent I. 

402 The Roman troops began to be withdrawn in great numbers from 

Britain. 

405 Stilicho defeats 200,000 Goths at Fesulge. 

406 The Vandals, Alans and Suevi spread into France and Spain by 

a concession of Honorius emjDeror of the West. Alaric king. 

408 Theodosius' the younger succeeds Arcadius in the East, having 

Isdegerdes king of Persia as his guardian, appointed by his 
father. 

409 The Suevi begin their kingdom over a part of Spain. Homeric 

their first king. 

410 Borne taken and plundered by Alaric king of the Visigoths, Au- 

gust 24. Death of Alaric. 

411 Athalsus king of Spain. 

412 The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain under Gunderic. 
Honorius gives up Britain. 

Macrobius Platonic philosopher. 

Cyril bishop of Alexandria, Isidore and Socrates ecclesiastical 
historians, Orosius a Spanish disciple of St. Augustine, and 
Pelagius a British monk who denied original sin. 

413 The kingdom of the Burgundians begins in Alsace under Gun- 

dicar. 

414 The Visigoths begin the kingdom of Toulouse under Ataulfus. 
Begency of Pulcheria, sister of the emperor of the East. 

415 Athalsus murdered by his soldiers. Wallia succeeds him. 

416 The Pelagian heresy condemned by the African bishops. 

417 The Alani defeated and extirpated by the Goths. 

419 Many cities in Palestine destroyed by an earthquake. 

420 Theodoric I. king of Spain, afterwards killed in battle. 
Persian war with the East. 

Franks. Pharamond their first king on the lower Ehine. 
423 The death of Honorius and succession of Valentinian III. 

Under Honorius flourished Sulpicius Severus, Anianus, Pano- 

dorus, Stobacus, Servius the commentator, Hypatia, Pelagius, 

Synesius, etc. 

425 Theodosius establishes public schools and attempts the restora- 

tion of learning. 

426 The Bomans withdraw their last troops from Britain. 

427 Pannonia recovered from the Huns by the Romans. 
The Vandals pass into Africa. 

428 ^tius, the Roman general defeated by the Franks and Goths. 
Clodion king of the Franks extends his conquests to the river 

Somne. 

429 Nestorius bishop of Constantinople acknowledges two persons in 

Jesus Christ. 



98 MODERN STNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

431 Third general council at Ephesus. 

Armenia divided among the Persians and Romans. 

432 St. Patrick preaches the gospel in Ireland. 

433 A great part of Constantinople destroyed by fire. 
435 The Theodosian code published. 

Nestorianism prevails in the East. 
437 Pannonia, Dalmatia and Noricum gained from the Western em- 
pire. 
^tius defeats the Goths.. 
439 Genseric the Vandal takes Carthage and begins the kingdom of 

the Vandals in Africa, Oct. 19. 
441 The Roman territories invaded by the Huns, Persians and Sax- 
ons. 
443 The jManichgean books burnt at Rome. 

445 Flavian patriarch of Constantinople. 

446 The Britons, abandoned by the Romans, make their celebrated 

complaint to JEtius against the Picts and Scots, and three^ 
years after the Saxons settle in Britain upon the invitation of 
Vortigern. 

447 Attila " The Scourge of God " with his Huns ravages the Ro- 

man empire and attempts to form an immense empire from 
China to the Atlantic. He died suddenly on the first night 
of his nuptials, in 453. 
Eutyches asserts the existence of only one nature in Jesus 
Christ. 

448 Franks. Merovseus I. king of the Merovingians. 

449 Ibus bishop of Edessa and Eusebius bishop of Doryleum deposed. 
Vortigern king of the Britons invites the Saxons into Britain 

against the Scots and Picts. 

450 Theodosius II. dies and is succeeded by Marcianus. 

About this time flourished Zozimus, Theodoret, Sozomen, Olym- 

piodorus, etc. 
Marcianus a Thracian refuses to pay the annual tribute to the 

Huns. 
Torrismund king of Spain. 

451 The arrival of the Saxons in Britain under Hengist and Horsa. 
Attila defeated at Chalons sur Marne. 

452 The city of Venice founded. 
Theodoric II. king of Spain. 

454 Death of Valentinian III. who is succeeded by Maximus for two 
months, by Avitus for ten, and after an interregnum of ten 
months by 

456 Majorian. 

457 Hengist and Horsa found the kingdom of Kent. 

Leo i. the Thracian succeeds Marcian in the East ; first empe- 
ror ever crowned by the patriarch. War with the Goths. 

458 Childeric I. conquers as far as the Loire and takes Paris. 

461 Peace with the Goths. Theodoric is received from them as a 
hostage. 
Severus succeeds in the Western empire. 



FOURTH PERIOD — 476-622. 99 

A. D. 

4G7 Anthemius succeeds in the Western empire after an interregnum 

of two years. 
468 Spain. The Visigoths under Euric establish their kingdom and 
expel the Romans from Spain. 
The principle established that eveiy accused person shall be 
tried by his peers or equals. 
472 Olybius succeeds x\nthemiua, in the "West and is succeeded the 
next year by Glycerins, and Glyeerius by Nepos. 
Great eruption of Mount Vesuvius ; seen from Constantinople. 

474 Leo Junior, son of Ariadne succeeds his grandfather Leo. 
Zeno emperor of the East ; a turbulent reign ; debaucheries and 

conspiracies. 
The Visigoths receive written laws. 

475 Theodoric becomes chief of the Ostrogoths and invades the em- 

pire. He ravages Thrace. 

476 Romulus Augustulus, last king of the Western empire. 
Rome taken by Odoacer king of the Heruli. 

End of the Western empire and commencement of the kingdom 
of Italy under Odoacer. 

Odoacer's sack of Rome was the great event which preceded the 
Middle or " dark ages." The form of the old Roman govern- 
ment remained, the senate, the consuls, etc., but Italy, ravaged 
by a succession of wars, plagues, famines and every form of 
public tyranny and domestic slavery, was nearly a desert. 



Fourth Period, 
from the beginning of the "dark ages" to the hegira 

— 146 YEARS. 

480 An earthquake lasting 40 days destroys the greater part of Con- 

stantinople. 

481 France. Clovis I. founder of the French monarchy. 
Zeno makes Theodoric general and consul. 

483 Pope Felix III. excommunicated by Acacius bishop of Constan- 

tinople. 

484 Alaric II. king of the Visigoths in Spain. 

485 France. Battle of Soissons gained by Clovis. 

486 Rise of the feudal system in France under Clovis. 

487 The Saxons defeated by Prince Arthur and Ambrosius. 

490 Ella founds the kingdom of Sussex. 
Italy ravaged by the barbarians. 

491 After the death of Zeno in the East, Ariadne married Anastati- 

us I. surnamed Silentiary, who ascended the vacant throne. 
Clovis subdues Thuringia. 
493 The kingdom of Italy passes from the Heruli to the Ostrogoths 

Lore. 



100 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

by the taking of Ravenna by Theodoric the Great, Feb 27, 
after a siege of nearly three years. 

493 Tbeodoric introduces the architecture of Greece to improve the 

buildings of Italy. 

494 The Rouiau Pontifl' asserts his supremacy. 

496 Cli)vis king of France baptized and Christianity begun in that 
kingdom. , 

498 Publication of the Geniara or Talmud of Babylon. 

499 Clovis concludes a peace with Theodoric in Italy. 

500 Burgundy becomes his tributary. 

501 Burguudian laws published, being a collection of the rights and 

customs of the Burgundians. 

502 The Eastern empire ravaged and the imperial army destroyed 

by Carbades king of Persia. 

503 The Scots or Dalriads from Ireland migrated to Scotland under 

their leader Fergus. 

504 The Eastern empire makes peace with Carbades. 

507 Gesalric king of Spain. 

Clovis defeats Alaric near Poictiers. 

Clovis conquers the Visigoths and firmly establishes the kingdom 
of the Franks, the country being afterwards called France. 

508 Prince Arthur begins his reign over the Britons. 

510 Clovis makes Paris the capital of the kingdom of the Franks. 

511 Prankish kingdom divided into Austrasia and Neustria. 
Clovis dies ; succeeded by his sons, Thierry I., Childebert I., 

Clodomir and Clotaire I., who reigned jointly. 
Anialaric king of Spain. 

A great insurrection in Constantinople, 10,000 killed. 
The Salic law established in France. 

512 The Heruli allowed by Anastatius to settle in Thrace. 

513 Christianity embraced by the Persian king Carbades. 
Boethius the Roman poet and philosopher. 

514 Constantinople besieged by ^^italianus, whose fleet is burned 

with a brazen Speculum by Proclus. 

515 Benedictine rule established. 

51G The computation of time by the Christian era introduced by Di- 
onysius the monk. 

517 The Geta; ravage Illyricum, Macedou, etc. 

518 Anastatius killed by lightning. 

Justin I. a peasant of Dalmatia succeeds him. 
Brilliant period of the Bjzantine empire until 5G5. 

519 Justin restores the orthodox bishops and condemns the Eutychi- 

ans. 
Britain. Prince Arthur defeated at Charford by Cerdic, who 
begins the third Saxon kingdom of Wesses. 
522 Anialaric the first Gothic king who establishes his court in Spain. 
His capital Seville. 

525 The Arian bishops deposed by Justin, and this act highly resent- 

ed by Theodoric. 

526 Theodoric died. His grandson Athalaric succeeded him, the 



FOURTH PERIOD — 476-622. 101 

A. D. 

government being administered by his motlier Amalasontlia. 

526 250,000 persons destroyed by an cartbquake at Antiocb. 

527 Justinian I., nephew of Justin, celebrated for his code of laws 

and the victories of his generals. Belisarius and Narses. 
Essex in England founded about this time by Ereenwin. 

529 The books of the civil law published by Justinian. 
The schools of Athens suppressed. 

Belisarius defeats the Persians under Chosroes. 

530 The fables of Pilpay translated into Persian. 

531 Theodat or Theudis succeeds Amalaric in Spain. 
Chess introduced into Persia from India. 

532 Belisarius quells a conspiracy in Constantinople. 
Burgundy conquered by Childebert. 

533 Belisarius begins his successful campaign in defence of the em- 

pii'e. 

534 Conquest of Africa by Belisarius. 
Theodatus king of Italy. 

535 Belisarius subdues Sicily. 

536 Belisarius subdues Naples. 

Vitiges king of the Ostrogoths surrenders his possessions in Gaul 
to the French king. 

537 Belisarius takes Rome ; defeats the Ostrogoths in Italy. 

538 He defeats the Huns in Thrace. 

Architecture. The church of St. Sophia built at Constantinople-. 
Proclus a learned Platonist. 

539 Italy. War, famine and pestilence. 
The city of Milan ravaged by the Goths. 

540 Vitiges at Ravenna. North Africa, Corsica and Sardinia an- 

nexed to the Eastern empire. 
The Monothelites who acknowledged but one will in Jesus Christ. 

541 The reign of Totila who twice pillages Rome, and reduces the in- 

habitants to such distress that the ladies and people of quality 
are obliged to beg for bread at the doors of the Goths ; contin- 
ues till 552. 

542 The Roman consulship suppressed by Justinian. 

Plague at Constantinople. During three months from 5,000 to 

10,000 die daily. 
Britain. Prince Arthur murdered at Cornwall. 

545 The beginning of the Turkish empire in Asia. 

546 Rome taken and pillaged by Totila. 

547 Kingdoms north of the Humber established by the Angles. 

548 The Lombards settle in Pannonia. 
Spain. Theodisele. 

549 Spain. Agila king. 
Siege of Petra. 

550 Poland a dukedom. Lechus I. duke and legislator. His poster- 

ity held the dukedom for about 150 years. 

551 The manufacture of silk brought from India into Europe by monks. 

552 Defeat and death of Totila, the Gothic king of Italy, by Narses. 

553 Tejas king of Italy. 



102 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

553 The power of tlie Goths destroyed and their kingdom overthrown 

by the generals of the Eastern empire. 

554 Athanagild I. king of Spain. 
Italy governed by. Greek exarchs. 

556 Civil wars in France. 

557 The church of St. Germain de Pres built at Paris. 

A terrible plague all over Europe, Asia and Africa which lasted 
nearly 50 years. . 

558 Clotaire sole monarch of France. 

Procopius a Greek historian, among the last of the classic writers. 

559 .Saxon laws. The king's authority limited by the Wittenagemot. 
Three orders, the noble, the free and the servile. 

Trial by ordeal. 

560 Britain. The kingdom of Northimibria formed by the union of 

Bernicia and Deira. Ethelbert king of Kent subdues most of 
the Saxon kings. 

561 France. Charibert I., Gontran, Chilperic and Sigebert, sons 

of Clotaire reigned jointly. 
Belisarius disgraced by Justinian. 

562 Belisarius restored. He quells a conspiracy. 

563 Great fire in Constantinople, the city nearly destroyed. * 
565 Justin II., son of Vigilantia the sister of Justinian, succeeds in 

the East. 
Christianity introduced among the Picts by Columbi. 

567 Spain. Liuva I. king. 

568 Italy conquered by the Lombards under Alboin. He fixes his 

capital at Pavia. 

The old Roman municipal system in Italy overthrown by the in- 
vasion of the Lombards, and the feudal system established. 

Written laws compiled among the nations of German origin ; first 
by the Visigoths in Spain. 

Semicircular arches introduced into the architecture of churches 
with much grotesque sculpture. 

569 Exarchs are sent to Ravenna by the Eastern emperors ag-ainst 

the Lombards. The Roman pontifi" acquires the supreme 

power in the city. 
The Turks first mentioned in history. 
They send embassies to Justin and form an alliance. 
Birth of Mahomet or Mohammed the Arabian prophet. He 

died in 632, ten years after his famous Hegira.- 

570 Spain. Leovigild king. 

571 Britain. Bretwalda II. king of Wessex. 

574 Tiberius associated with Justin in the government. 

575 East Anglia founded by Uffa, formed into a province and called 

Angle-land, whence the origin of the name England. 
The first monastery founded in Bavaria. Great increase of mir- 
acles. 

576 Justin defeats Chosroes king of Persia. 

578 Tiberius II. an ofiicer in the imperial guard is adopted, and soon 
after succeeds in the East. 



FOURTH PERIOD— 476-622. 103 

A. D. 

580 The Latin language ceases to be spoken in Italy wliilc it super- 

sedes the Gothic in Spain. 

581 The city of Paris destroyed by fire. 

582 Maurice the Cappadocian son-in-law of Tiberius succeeds him. 
Under his reign the empire extends to the Araxes and almost to 

the Caspian sea. 

583 The Suevi in Spain conquered by the Visigoths, which finishes 

that kingdom. 
France. Clotaire II. king of Soissons. 

584 The origin of fiefs. 

586 Mercia founded by the Angles. 

The Roman Catholic faith established in Spain. 

587 Reeared king of Spain. Thirteen kings reign before Egica. See 

Regal Index. 

588 Gregory of Tours the father of French history. 

590 Gregory I. called the Great fills St. Peter's chair at Rome. 
The doctrine of purgatory first taught. Mass introduced. 

The few men of learning who flourished the latter end of this 
century were Gildas the first British historian, Agathias a 
Grecian historian, Evagrius ecclesiastical historian, Cassiodo- 
rus the historian of Ravenna, tutor to Theodoric. 

591 Britain. Ethelbert king of Kent gains the pre-eminence and 

becomes Bretwalda III. 

595 Istria, Bohemia and Poland invaded by the Sclavonians. 

596 Bretwalda king of England converted to Christianity. 
Thierry II. and Theodobert sons of Childebert II. reigned joint- 
ly with Clotaire II. till 613, when Clotaire became sole king. 

597 Augustine the njonk, with forty others, comes to preach Chris- 

tianity in England. 
600 Italy ravaged by the Sclavonians. 
602 Phocas, a simple centurion, is elected emperor after the revolt of 

the soldiers and the murder of Maurice and his children. 
604 Britain. St. Paul's Church founded by Ethelbert king of Kent 
60d Use of bells introduced into churches. 

606 Popery and Mohammedanism. 

Pope Boniface III. made supreme head of the church by Phocas. 

The title Universal Bishop assumed. 

The Waldenses refuse submission to Rome. 

607 Britain. Supremacy of the Pope acknowledged. 

The Pantheon at Rome dedicated to God, the Virgin and the 
Saints. Pope Boniface IV. 

The aristocracy acquire great power in France, somewhat re- 
strained by the mayors of the palace. 

Rites and superstitious increase in all Europe. 

Relics sought for and worshipped. Litanies addressed to the 
Virgin. The burning of candles by day. 

609 Mohammed begins to preach Islamism. 

The Jews of Antioch massacre the Christians. 

610 Heraclius an officer in Africa succeeds after the murder of the 

usurper Phocas. 



104 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

611 The conquests of Chosroes king of Persia in -Syria, Egypt, Asia 

Minor, and afterwartls liis siege of Home. 

612 Mohammed pubhshes his Koran. 

Britain. Ethelfrith king of North umbria defeats tlie Britons and 
destroys the monastery of Bangor. 

614 The Persians take Jemsalem with dreadful slaughter. 

615 War between Lombardy and Ravenna. 
Secundus historian of Lombardy. 

617 Ethelbert publishes the first code of laws in England. 
Britain. St. Peter's (now Westminster Abbeyj founded by Sa- 

bert king of Kent. 

618 Constantinople taken and pillaged by the Avari. 

620 Isodorus historian of Spain, grammarian and philosopher. 

622 Mohammed, in his 53d year, flies from Mecca to Medina on Fri- 
day, July 16, which forms the first year of the Hegira. Era 
of the Mohammedans. 
Heraclius defeats the Persians under Chosroes. 



Fifth Period, 
from the hegira to charlemagne at rome — 178 years. 

625 Pope Honorius I. He had a taste for splendid cathedrals and 

processions. < 

Monks and monasteries increase. 

626 Constantinople is besieged by the Persians and Arabs. 

628 France. Dagobert I. and Charibert II. 

Dagobert builds the church of St. Deny, the burial place of the 

French kings. , ^ 

" The Invention of the Cross " by Helena. 

629 Mecca taken. 

631 Samo a merchant of France makes himself king of Bohemia. 

632 Death of Mohammed,- aged 63 years. 

Abu Bekir succeeds him as caliph of the Saracens. 

Islamism and the power of the caliphs established in the East. 

The highest spiritual and regal authority united in the caliphs. 

Africa and Asia with the churches of Jerusalem Alexandria and 
Antioch lost to the Christian world by the progress of Mo- 
hammedanism. 

633 Bretwalda V. He embraces Christianity. 
Omar Caliph. 

634 Persia becomes subject to the Moslems. 

636 Christianity introduced into China. 

637 Jerusalem taken by Omar and the Saracens, who keep possession 

of it 463 years. 

638 France. Clovis II., five years old. 



FIFTH PERIOD — 622-800. 105 

A. D. 

638 The kingdom divided. Sigebert II. 18 years old being king of 
Austrasia. The Sai'aceus conquer Syria. 
The power of the mayors of the palace in France begins, through 
the incompetence of the kings. 

640 The library of Alexandria, founded by Ptolemy Philadelphus, is 

burnt by the Saracens. 

641 Constantino III. Emperor of the East for a few months, poisoned 

by his step-mother. 
His son Constans is declared emperor, though Heracleonas, with 
his mother Martina wished to continue in possession of the 
supreme power. 

642 Pope Theodorus. He assumes the title of sovereign pontiff. 

643 The temple of Jerusalem converted into a Mohammedan mosque. 

644 Pope Martin I. He ordains celibacy of the clergy. 
Separation between the Greek and Komau churches. 

The University of Cambridge, England, founded by Sigebert 
king of E. Anglia about this time. 
647 The Saracens become masters of Africa and Cyprus. 
650 Mercia, England, converted to Christianity. 
653 The Saracens take Rhodes and destroy the Colossus. 

Persia becomes a part of the empire of the caliphs. 
655 France. Clotaire III. 

657 Pope Vitalian. He established the universal use of the Latin 
language in the service of the church. 

659 The Saracens obtain peace froni Constans by agreeing to pay 

him 100,000 crowns yearly. 

660 France. Childeric II. 
Organs first used in chm-ches. 

663 Constans goes to Rome and plunders the treasury. 
Lombardy conquered by Grimoald, duke of Beneventura. 

664 Glass brought into England by Benalt a monk. 

668 Constantino IV. surnamed Pogonatus succeeds, on the murder of 

his father in Sicily. 
Constantinople is first besieged by the Arabs. 

669 The Saracens make an attack upon Sicily. 

670 Grand Cairo founded. 

672 The Saracens driven from Spain by Wamba king of the Goths. 

673 Constantinople ineffectually besieged by the Saracens for seven 

years, Callinicus having invented the Greek fire. The Caliph 
compelled to purchase a peace of thirty years by paying a 
yearly tribute. 

674 The abbey of Whitby and the monastery of Gilling founded. 
In France the Teutonic language supersedes the Latin. 

675 Spain. Wamba gains a naval victory over the Arabs who at- 

tempt to invade his kingdom. 

676 Pope Domnus. 

The popes become independent of the Greek emperor. 

679 France. Thierry III. 

680 The sixth general Council at. Constantinople called by the empe- 

ror Constantino who presides. 



106 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

680 The kingdom of Bulgaria founded. 

Yezid caliph of the Saracens. 
682 Spain. Wamba abdicates and turns monk. 

Pope Leo II. He usurps the right of investiture. 
685 The Britons after a struggle of near 150 years are totally defeat- 
ed by the Saxons and driven into Wales and Cornwall. 

Justinian II. succeeds his father Constantine. 

In his exile of ten years the purple was usurped by Leontius 
and Absimerus Tiberius. 

His restoration occurred 705. 

Theophylactus lived at this time. 

In Persia the Magiau religion gives way to the Mohammedan. 

687 Severe persecution of the Jews in Spain. Egica king. 

688 Ina king of Wessex publishes his laws about this time. 

690 Pepin de Heristal mayor of the palace governs France about 24 

years. Pepin and his sou were not styled kings though they 
exercised supreme authority, nor were they of the Merovingian 
race. 

691 Julian of Toledo historian and moralist. 

692 Clovis III. king of France. 

695 . Justinian II. deposed and his nose cut off by Leontius. 

Childebert III. king of France. 

696 Anafesto the first doge of Venice. 

697 Vitizza king. 

The Venerable Bede, ecclesiastical historian. 

698 Absimerus Tiberius succeeds Leontius. 

Poland. Cracow founded. An elective monarchy established. 

Armenia and the provinces between the Black and Caspian seas 
subdued by Caliph Abdulmelek. 

Adhelm the first Bj-itish writer in prose and verse. 

Sclavonian republics in Bohemia. 

Carthage razed and the north coast of Africa. completely subju- 
gated by the Saracens. 

700 Britain. Anglo-Saxon Octarchy. 

France. Aquitaine, Burgundy and Provence become separate 

dukedoms. 
Christianity introduced into Croatia. 

701 Pope John VI. 

704 The first province given to the pope. 

705 Pope John VII. 
Justinian II. restored. 

Syria recovered. 200,000 Saracens slain. 
Britain. Alfred the Wise, in Northumbria. 

708 Pope Sissinius 20 days. 
Pope Constantine. 

Christianity greatly extended among the German nations and 
other people in the north of Europe ; but almost extei minated 
in Africa by the progress of Mohammedanism. 

709 Africa finally conquered by the Arabs. 

710 Spain. Koderie, the last king of the Goths. 



FIFTH PERIOD — 622-800. 107 

A. D. 

711 France, Dagobert III. king. 

Justinian put to death by Philip Bardaues, who reigns under the 

name of Philippicus. 
Custom of kissing the Pojje's foot introduced. 

713 Spain conquered by the Saracens under Muca. 

By the marriage of Abdallah, the Moor, with the widow of the 
, Gothic king, the two nations are united in interest. 

Accession of Artemius II. to the throne of the East. 

714 Denmark. Gormo I. king. 

France. Charles Martel, son of Pepin, Mayor of the palace, and 

Duke of France, governs France about 26 years. 
Pope Gregory II. 

715 Childeric II. king of France. 

716 Ethelbald king of Mercia. 

The art of making paper brought from Samarcand by the Arabs. 

George Syncellus a Grecian chronologist. 

Second siege of Constantinople by the Arabs. 

Anastatius abdicates, and is succeeded by Theodosius III., who, 
two years after yields to the superior influence of 
718 Leo III., the first of the Isaurian dynasty. 

Pelagius a royal Visigoth proclaimed king of Asturias, in Spain. 

Glastonbury abbey built by Ina. 
720 Thierry IV. king of France. • 

Leo, Eastern emperor, attempts to procure the assassination of the 
Pope. The Romans defend him. 

725 Increasing power, temporal and spiritual, of the Pope. 
Dark period of European literature. 

The Arabs invade Constantinople by land with 120,000 men and 

by sea with 1,800 ships. 
The city is saved' by the Greek fire, the Arab fleet being almost 

entirely destroyed. 
France. Charles Martel crosses the Rhine and subdues Bavaria. 

726 Image worship being forbidden by the emperor Leo causes great 

disturbance. 
The Greek possessions in Italy are lost on account of the .edict 
forbidding image worship. 

727 Britain. Ina king of Wessex begins the tax called Peter's pence 

to support a college at Rome. 

728 Leo orders the Pope to be seized. 

730 Gregory excommunicates the emperor. 
The Iconoclasts or image breakers. 

731 Winifred an Anglo Saxon preaches the gospel to the Prisons. 
Pope Gregory III. 

732 The Saracens defeated by Charles Martel between Tours and 

Poictiers, in October. 

735 The Venerable Bede dies — a grammarian, philosopher, historian 
• and theologian. 

736 Leo Isauricus the Eastern emperor destroys all the images in his 

dominions and persecutes the monks. 

737 Death of Pelagius who .preserved the Christian monarchy in 



108 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

Asturia, and is succeeded by Favila. 

737 Favila king of Spain. Killed by a boar in hunting. 

738 Ali^honsus I. king of Spain, Catholic. 

740 The Abbasides, caliphs of the Saracens encourage learning. 
Spoletto taken by the Normans but recovered by the Pope. 

741 Constantine V. named Copronymus succeeds his father Leo. 

742 France. Childeric III. 
Fredegaire, a French historian. 

746 The Arabs defeated by Constantine. 

Rhodes, Cyprus and Antioch captured. 

A dreadful pestilence over Europe and Asia three years. 

748 The computation of time from the birth of Christ first used in 

historical writings. 
Virgilius a priest is condemned as a heretic for believing in the 
existence of antipodes. 

749 The dynasty of the Abbasides obtains the caliphate. 

750 The Danish chronicles mention 18 kings to the time of Ragnor 

Lodbrog. 

752 End of the Merovingian line of French kings. 

Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel, first of the Carlovingian 
line. 

The dynasty of the Ommiades overthrown. 

The Pope dethrones Childeric king of France by a papal decree. 

Pope Stephen III. at war with the Lombards assisted by Pepin. 

The exarchs of Ravenna conquered by the Lombards after hav- 
ing continued 183 years. 

753 Pepin aids the Pope with a large army against the Lombards. 
Italy. Ravenna a dukedom. 

754 Pope Stephen journeys to Pepin to implore his protection. 

755 Commencement of the Pope's temporal power under the auspices 

of Pepin who bestows on Stejihen the exarchate of Ravenna. 

756 The Saracens in Spain revolting from the house of Abbas found 

the Ommiade kingdom of Cordova. 

757 Spain. Froila, grandson of Pelagius builds Oviedb and makes 

it the seat of his kingdom. 
Pope Paul I. 
An organ sent by Constantine to France. 

758 Ofia king of Mercia begins to reign. 

760 John of Damascus a founder of the scholastic philosophy. 

762 The golden period of the Saracenic empire. 
Bagdad built by Almanzor. 

Abbaside caliphs promote learning. 

763 A violent frost which began Oct. 1 and continued 150 days. 
766 Asia Minor ravaged by the Turks. 

768 Pope Stephen IV. 

France. Charlemagne or Charles the Great reigns with his 

brother Carloman until 772. 
Aurelius king of Spain. 
Ignorance, profligacy and misery characterized the age preceding 

Chai-lemagne. 



FIFTH PERIOD — G22-800. 109 

A. D. 

770 The Eastern monasteries dissolved by the emperor Constantiue. 

Sigefrid king of Denmark. 
772 Charlemagne sole monarch of France. 

Pope Adrian I. on whom the ecclesiastical state was conferred by 
Charlemagne. 

774 Charlemagne invades Italy, takes Pavia, defeats Didier king of 

Lombardy and annexes Italy to his empire. 
End of the Lombard kiugdom. 
Great victory over the Bulgarians. * 

Silo king of Spain. 

775 Leo IV. son of Constantine succeeds in the east. 

778 A part of Charlemagne's army defeated at Roncesvallcs. 

779 Charlemagne conquers Navarre, Sardinia and the Saxons. 
Imposition of tithes enforced by Charlemagne for the support of 

the clergy, churches, schools and the poor. 

780 Leo is succeeded by his wife Irene and his son Constantine VI. 

781 Irene, queen mother, restores image worship. 
783 Mauregat king of Spain. 

The first palm tree planted in Spain. 

785 Charlemagne attempts to unite the Rhine and the Danube. 

The Eastern empire is invaded by Haroun al Kaschid caliph of 

Bagdad. 
Golden period of learning in Arabia under the caliph Haroun al 

Easchid. 
Forcible conversion of the Saxons by Charlemagne. 

786 Constantine imprisons his mother Irene for her cruelty. 

787. Britain. First recorded invasion of the Danes upon the English 
coast. The Sea Kings and Vikings, 

788 Pleadings in courts of justice first practised. 

789 Veremond king of Spain. 

791 Alphonsus II. " the chaste," king of Spain^ 

Alphousus II. refusing to pay the Saracens the annual tribute of 
100 virgins, war is declared. Alphonsus is victorious and ob- 
tains the appellation of " the chaste." 

793 Foundation of schools in monasteries and cathedrals by Charle- 

magne. 
The Gregorian chant. 

794 The Synod of Frankfort. 
George the monk. 

Pope Leo III. sends to Charlemagne for confirmation. 
Masses said for money. 
The Saracens ravage Thrace. 
Charlemagne extirpates the Huns. 
797 Irene murders her son and reigns alone. 

800 Agriculture and horticulture encouraged by Charlemagne ; both 
flourish in Spain under the caliphs. 
The Pope separates from the Eastern empire and becomes su- 
preme bishop of the Western. 
New empire of the West founded by Charlemagne, who is crowned 
at Rome by the Pope, king of Italy, Germany and France. 



110 modern synchronologt. 

Sixth Period. 
from charlemagne to william the conqueror — 266 years. 

A. D. 

801 Godefrid king of Denmark. 

Egbert ascends the thi-one of England, but tbe total reduction 

of the Saxon Heptarchy is not effected till 26 years after. 
Charlemagne reforms the chui'ch. 
Gold mines worked in Spain. 
Paul Warefredus the historian. 

802 Nicephorus I. great treasurer of the empire succeeds Irene. 
Charlemagne adds a second head to the eagle to denote that the 

empires of Rome and Germany are united in him. 

Charlemagne receives an embassy from Nicephorus and from 
Haroun al Raschid. 

Haroun al Raschid, courting his alliance, presents Charlemagne 
with a striking clock. This clock was adorned with automa- 
ton figures which moved and played on various musical instru- 
ments. 

Great increase of monastic institutions. 

803 The Saracens ravage Asia Minor, capture Cyprus and compel 

Nicephorus to pay a tribute. 
The republic of Venice completely founded. 

804 Alcuin of York, a pupil of Bede, forms schools at Tours ; patron- 

ized by Charlemagne. 
Transient revival of learning under Charlemagne. 
Eginhard historian, secretary to Charlemagne. 

808 First descent of the Normans upon France. 

809 Olaus I. king of Denmark. 

811 Stauracius son of Nicephorus, and Michael I. surnamed Rhan- 

gabe, the husband of Procopia sister of Stauracius, assume the 
purple. 
Hemming king of Denmark. 

812 Siward and Ringen kings of Denmark ; afterwards killed in a sea 

fight. 

813 Egbert king of Wessex, defeats the Britons. 

The reign of Mamun, caliph, is regarded as the Augustine age of 

Arabian literature. 
Leo V. the Armenian, though but an officer of the palace, ascends 

the throne of Constantinoj^le. 
Insvirrection at Rome against the Pope. 

814 Charlemagne, Charles I. of France and Germany died, aged 72 

years. 

Louis I. the Gentle, surnamed also the Debonnaire succeeds him. 

He separates Germany from France. 

Harold and Regner kings of Denmark. 

The latter afterwards made prisoner in Ireland and dies there in 
a dungeon. 
816 The Eastern empire ravaged by earthquakes, famine, conflagra- 
tions, etc. 



SIXTH PERIOD— 800-1066. Ill 

A.D. 

816 Learning encoiu-aged among tlie Saracens by Almamon, wlio 

made observations on the sun. 
Pope Stephen V. 

817 Pope Paschal I. 

The College of Cardinals founded, 

820 Invasion of the Normans. 

First dismemberment of the Arabian monarchy, The dynasty of 
the Taherites founded at Khorassan. 

821 Michael II. the Thracian, surnamed the Stammerer, succeeds to 

the throne of the East after the murder of Leo. 

822 Constantinople a third time ineffectually besieged by the Sara- 

cens. 

823 The Saracens of Spain take possession of Crete and call it Candia. 
82'J: Pope Eugenius II. 

Christianity in Denmark and Sweden. 

Eamiro I. king of Spain. He put 70,000 Saracens to the sword 
in one battle. 
825 Regnard Lobrock king. 

82G The Danish prince Harold is baptized at Ingelheim. He was 
dethroned by his subjects for being a Christian. 

827 The 'seven kingdoms of the Heptarchy united by Egbert king of 

Wessex, under the name of England or the laud of the Angles. 
Eo-bert kin^: of Euo-land. 
Invasion of the Danes. 

828 St. Mark's church at Venice built. 
Pope Gregory IV. 

Missionaries from France to Sweden. 

829 Theophilus succeeds his fivther Michael in the East. 

Turpin archbishop, to whom iaattributed the famous " De Vita 
Caroli Mag^i et Rolandi." 
831 Paschasius Radbertus a monk of Corby, father of. the doctrine of 
transubstantiation. 
This doctrine disowned by the English Church. 
833 Lothaire a fourth son of Louis associated in the government. 

Motassim caliph. He builds Saumora, which he makes the seat 
of government. 

838 Ethelwolf king of England, a weak prince. 

839 Origin of the Russian monarchy. 

840 Louis le Debounaire died» and his empire was divided among his 

sons. 
Lothaire the eldest received Italy and a part of Germany. 
Louis called the German took the rest of Germany. 
Charles II. the Bald was crowned king of France. 
The Normans plunder Rouen and advance to Paris. 

842 Michael III. succeeds his father Theophilus in the East, with 

his mother Theodora. 
Theodora restores the worship of images. 

843 After many sanguinary wars between the Caledonians, Picts and 

Scots, Kenneth. Mac Alpine obtains a decisive victory over the 
Hots. 



112 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

843 He unites the wliole country under one government and gives it 

the name of Scotland. 
The Danes return and ravage the country unmolested and burn 

the city of London. 
Ethelwolf makes a pilgrirnage to Rome. 

844 Pope Sergius III. 

Ignatius patriarch of Constantinople. 

Persecution of the Christians in Spain. 

Decline of the caliphate begins. Jews and Christians persecuted. 

Frequent wars between the Greeks and Saracens. 

845 The Normans plunder Hamburg and penetrate into Germany. . 

846 The Saracens destroy the Venetian fleet and besiege Rome. 
An earthquake over the greater part of the known world. 

847 Pope Leo IV. 

849 Alfred the Great born. 

Saracens defeated by the Pope's allies. 

Siward II. king of Denmark, afterwards deposed. 

850 Christianity propagated by Auscharius in Denmark and Sweden. 
Cyrillus the apostle of the Bohemians and Moravians. 

851 Sardinia and Corsica ravaged by the Saracens. 
Ethelwolf defeats the Danes in the Isle of Thanet. 

853 The Normans get possession of some cities in France. 

854 Ethelbald ; reigned about six years and died in 860. • 

855 Pope Benedict III. 
Germany. Louis 11. 

He has Italy with the imperial dignity. 
Lothario retires to a monastery and dies. 
New division of the empire at Mersen. 

856 Denmark. Eric, afterwards killed in battle. 

858 Denmark. Eric IL 
Pope Nicholas I. 

First coronation of a Pope. 

France invaded by Louis the German, who is finally compelled 
to retire. 

859 Eulogius archbishop of Cordova martyred. 

860 Spain. Ordogno I. 

Britain. Ethelbert successor of Ethelbald his brother to the ti- 
tle of Bretwalda. 
The schism of the Greeks begins. 

861 Schism between the Roman and Greek churches. 

862 Rurick first grand Prince of Russia builds the city of Ladogas. 
Alphonsus III. surnamed the Great, afterwards deposed by his 

son. 

863 Denmark. The more certain history of Denmark commences 

with the reign of Gormo the Old, who subdued Jutland and 
united all the small Danish states under his scepter till 920. 

864 The Bible translated into Sclavonian. 

866 Ethelred I. king of England succeeded his brother Ethelbert. 

867 Pope Adrian II. 

Eighth council at Constantinople. 



SIXTH PERIOD — 800-1066. 113 

A. D. 

8G7 Photius patriarch of Constantinople deposed. 

The Danes extend their ravages in England, 

Michael is murdered and succeeded hy Basil I. the Macedonian. 
868 Publication of the Basilica. 

Lorraine annexed to France. 

Egypt becomes independent of the caliphs of Bagdad, under Ah- 
med the Saracen governor. 

870 Malta conquered by the Saracens. 

871 Battle of Otranto ; the Saracens are defeated. 

872 Alfred the Great king of England. 
He defeats the Danes. 

Clocks brought to Constantinople from Venice. 

873 Denmark. Canute I. king. 

874 Iceland peopled by the Norwegians, by whom it was discovered 

three years before, 

875 Charles II. the Bald emperor of Germany, afterwards poisoned. 

877 France. Louis II. the Stammerer. 

The hereditary feudal system introduced into France. 

878 Germany. Louis III. the Stammerer. 

Alfred the Great, after many unsuccessful engagements with the 
Danes, gains a victory at Ethandune and establishes Guthrum 
in E. Anglia. 

879 France. Carloman and Louis III. The latter died 882. Car- 

loman reigned alone. 
Charles III. of Germany was the first sovereign who added " in 
the year of our Lord " to his reign. 
881 Revival of the Gothic power in Spain. 

884 Charles the Gross, a usurper of France. 

885 Paris besieged by the Normans ; gallantly defended by archbish- 

op Goslin. ^ 

886 Basil emperor of the East is succeeded by his son, Leo VI. the 

philosopher. 

In this century flourished Mesne the Arabian physician, Raba- 
nus, Albumasar, Godeschalcus, Odo, John Scotus, Anastatius 
the librarian, Alfraganus, Albategni, Reginon and John Asser. 

Oxford University founded about this time by Alfred. 

887 Arnould emperor of Germany. 

888 Eudes king of France. 

890 Alfred the Great establishes a regular militia and navy, and the 
mode of trial by jury; institutes fairs and markets. 
Arnould takes Rome. 
Southern Italy subject to the Greek empire. 

897 War with the Bulgarians, Lombards and Saracens. The latter 

take the island of Samos. 

898 France. Charles III. the Simple ; deposed and died in prison. 

899 Germany. Louis IV. 
Invasion of the Hungarians. 

Contests between the nobles and bishops. 

900 England divided into counties, hundreds and tithings. 

901 Death of Alfred king of England after a reign of nearly 30 years. 



114 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

901 Edward the Elder succeeds him, the first who takes the title of 
Rex Anglorum. 
War with the Danes. 
904 Russian expedition under Oleg against Constantinople. 
908 The race of Fatimites in Egypt. 

910 Kingdom of Leon founded by Garcia. 

911 Alexander, brother of Leo, succeeds with his nephew Constantine 

VII. surnamed Porphyrogenitus. 

912 Germany. Conrad I. duke of Franconia. 

The electoral character assumed about this time. 
Rollo or Robert first duke of Normandy. 
The patronage of the papal chair in the hands of harlots. 
The Normans in France embrace Christianity. 

914 Spain. Ordogno II. king of Oviedo makes Leon his capital. 
Commencement of the heroic age in Spain. 

915 Denmark. Frothon king. 

917 Constantinople besieged by the Bulgarians. 

919 Romanus I. surnamed Lecapenus, general of the fleet, usurps the 

throne with his three sons, Christopher, Stephen and Constan- 
tine VIII. 
Germany. Henry I. the Fowler first of the Saxon line. He 
vanquishes the Huns, Danes, Vandals and Bohemians. 

920 Denmark. Gormo II. king. 

922 Robert I. king of France, a usurper, defeated and killed by his 

brother at Soissons. 

923 France. Rodolph elected duke. 
Spain. Froila II. king of Leon. 

924 Alphonsus IV. king of Spain. Abdicated; 

925 Athelstan first sole monarch of England. 
Harold king of Denmark. 

927 Prussia. Sifroi margrave of Brandenburg. 

*** Prussia. Geron margrave of Lusatia, which in succession of time 
passed into the families of Staden, Ascania, Bellenstadt, and 
that of Bavaria, till the emperor Sigismund with the consent 
of the states of the empire gave perpetual investiture to Fred- 
eric. See 1415. 

928 Hardicanute king of Denmark. 

929 Azolphi Arabian astronomer. 

930 Gormo III. king of Denmark. 

931 Spain. Ramiro II., afterwards killed in battle. 
Pope John XI. 

Mere children elevated to the highest offices in the church. 

934 Influence of the Turks in the Saracenic empire begins to be par- 

amount. 

935 Denmark. Harold III. king. 

936 Otho I. the Great emperor of Germany. ' 

France. Louis IV. d'Outremer ; died by a fall from his horse. 
The Saracen empire divided by usurpation into seven kingdoms. 

937 Romanus gains a naval victory over the Russians, who led by 

Igor enter the Black sea with 10,000 ships or canoes. 



SIXTH PERIOD — 800-1066. 115 

A. D. • . . . 

939 Cordova in Spain becomes the seat of Arab learning, science, in- 

dustry and commerce. 
Lutiprand the historian. 

940 Mints established in Kent or Wessex. 

England. Edmund I. successor of Athelstan, called the Magnifi- 
cent. 

Norway. Harold Harfager, the first of the great sea-kings of 
the north, formed for himself an independent principality in 
the country about this time. 

Burgundy a fief of the empire of France. 

Christianity introduced into Russia by Swiatoslaf. 

941 Arithmetic brought into Europe by the Saracens. 
Silver mines in the Hartz mountains. 

Manufactories of linens and woolens in Flanders, which becomes 
the seat of western commerce. 

942 The Eastern emperors take possession of Naples. 

943 Malcolm I. gained the crown of Scotland. 

945 The sons of Romanus conspire against their father, and the tu- 

mults thus occasioned produced the restoration of Porphyro- 
genitus. 

946 England. Edred king. 
950 Ordogno III. king of Leon. 

Germany. Bohemia becomes tributary to Otho. 

953 The Hungai-ians subdued. 
Scotland. Indulf king. 

954 France. Lothaire I. confers the dukedoms of Burgundy and 

Aquitaine on Hugh the Great. It is said he was poisoned by 
his wife Emma. 

955 Russia. Olga sovereign baptized, and conversion of Russia to 

Christianity. 
Spain. Ordogno IV. 
England. Edwy ; insulted and deposed by Dunstan, who at the 

head of the clergy acquires great influence. 
His queen Elgiva put to death. 
Hungarians finally driven out of Germany. 

956 Spain. Sancho king. 

957 Otho defeats the Slavonians in Saxony. 

958 War between the Normans and Saracens. 

959 Romanus II., son of Constantine VII. by Helena the daughter 

of Lecapenus, ascends the throne of the east. 
Edgar, king of England. He married Elfrida the Fair after the 

treachery and murder of Ethelwold one of his earls. 
Scotland. Dufi" king. 
Wolves expelled from England and Wales in consequence of a 

reward being offered for the purpose by the king. 
Violent disputes between the monks and clergy. 
St. Dunstan archbishop of Canterbury attempts to reform the 

church, enforcing clerical celibacy. 
961 Nicephorus Phocas, afterwards emperor of the East, recovers 

CUndia from the Saracens. 



IIG MODERN STNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. • 

961 Gcber Arabian astronomer. 

Suidas grammarian and lexicographer, 
Rhazes Arabian physician. 

962 Otho I. extends his dominions and is crowned emperor by the 

Pope. 
Cities of imperial Italy begin to acquire independence. 

963 Pope Leo VIII. elected by Roman citizens. 

Romanus, poisoned* by his wife Theophano, is succeeded in the 
East by Nicephorus Phocas II. whom the empress, unable to 
reign alone under the title of protectress of her young children, 
had married. 

Scotland. Culen king. 

964 Italy conquered by Otho and united to the German empire. 

966 Eric the Victor king of Sweden, 

967 Spain. Ramiro III. king of Leon. 

968 The Northmen devastate Galicia, but are defeated and ahnost ex- 

terminated. 

969 Nicephorus, at the instigation of Theophano, is murdered by 

John Zimisces who assumes the purple. 
The Abbasides lose Egypt, which is seized by the Fatimides who 
build Grand Cairo. 

970 Scotland. Kenneth II. 

973 Germany. Otho II. the Bloody ; subdues the Bohemians. 

975 Basil II. and Constantino IX. the two sons of Romanus by The- 
ophano, succeed on the death of Zimisces. 
England. Edward the Martyr murdered by his step-mother El- 
frida. 

978 England. Ethelred II. the Unready. Dunstan still minister. 
The people become discontented. 

Abbo monk and astronomer. 

979 Otho at war with Lothaire. 

980 Denmark. Suenon or Sweyn king. 

981 Albirunius Arabian geographer. 
Greenland discovered by the Norwegians. 

982 Spain. Ve.remund II. the Gouty. 

983 Venice distracted by violent commotions. 

985 Sweyn I. king of Denmark invades England. 

986 France. Louis V. the Indolent poisoned by his wife Blanche, 

and in him ended the race of Charlemagne. 

987 France. Hugh Capet, from whom this race of kings is called 

Capevengians. 
Scotland. Constantino III. 

988 Russia. Woladimir. 

992 Christianity in Poland under Mecislaus I. 

993 First canonization of saints. 

994 Sweden. Olafking. 
Christianity in Hungary under Geiza. 

995 Scotland. Constantine III. slain by Kenneth III. the Grim. 

Norway. Olaf I. Christianity introduced. 

996 France. Robert the Sage succeeds his father Hugh. 



SIXTH PERIOD— 800-1066. 117 

A. D. 

996 The empire of Germany first made elective by Otho III. 
France. Robert the Sage. 

997 Hungary. Stephen, duke, assumes the title of king. 

998 Robert is excommunicated by the Pope for marrying his cousia 

Bertha. 

999 Boleslaxis first king of Poland. 

Spain. Alphonsus V. ; killed at the siege of Viscu. 
1000 Sweden. Olaf the Infant was baptized and introduced Chris- 
tianity among his people. 
Woladimir the Great of Russia is baptized. 
The authentic history of Hindostan is reckoned to commence 
with the conquests of Mahmud Gazni. 
1002 Massacre of all the Danes in England on St. Brice's day, upon 
which Sweyn lands a large armament and brings war and all 
its miseries upon the country. 
Scotland. Malcolm II. an able, renowned prince. 
Germany. Henry II. duke of Bavaria ; the Holy and Lame. 
Ireland. The renowned Brian Boroihme is crowned at Tara. 

1004 All old churches rebuilt about this time in the gothic style. 
Italy. Henry invited by the German party. 

Ardoin loses most of Italy and resigns. 

Pavii burnt in a quarrel between the troops and people. 

Spain. The seat of Arabian and Jewish leai-ning. 

1005 A pestilence raged over all Europe and lasted three years. 

1009 A civil war among the Saracens of Spain which continues till 

1091, when they become tributary to thq Saracens in Africa. 

1010 St. Adalbert arrives in Prussia to preach Christianity, but is 

murdered by the pagans. 
»*** Boleslaus of Poland revenges his death by dreadful ravages. 

1012 An annual tribute promised to the Danes. 

1013 The Danes under Sweyn become masters of England. 

1014 Denmark. Canute II. the Great king. 

1015 England. Law forbidding parents to sell their children. 
Persecution of the Albigenses in Languedoc. 

Germany. The emperor receives an annual tribute from Po- 
land. 
Foundation of the House of Wisdem at Cairo. 
The French language first begins to be wxitten. 
Leo the grammarian. 
The arts faintly revive in Italy ; paintings in fresco and mosaic. 

1016 England, Edmund 11. Ironsides j fights six battles with Canute 

king of Denmark, with whom he finally divides the kingdom. 
Canute the Great ; patronizes literature and the church. 

1017 Rain of the color of blood for three days in Aquitaine. 

1018 The Normans first invade Italy. 

Bulgaria again reduced to a Grecian province. 

1019 Norway conquered by Canute. 

1020 Spain. Ferdinand L count of Castile takes the title of king. 
1024 Mu^'cal scale consisting of six notes invented by Guido Aretino. 

Avicenna a famous Arabian chemist and physician. 



118 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

102-1 Glaber Rad historian. 

Campanes of Navarro astronomer. 

Hermannus Contractus monk and mathematician. 

Pope John XIX. He gained his election by bribery. He wa3 

not of the clergy, but consul and senator of Rome. 
Germany. Conrad II. the Salic, fii'st of the Franconian line. 

1025 Poland. Miecislaus went mad. 

Constantine becomes sole emperor of the East on the death of 
his brother. 

1026 Edmund Jacobson king of Sweden. , 
1028 Spain. Veremund III. ; killed in battle. 

Romanus III. surnamed Argyrus, a patrician, becomes emperor 
of the East by mai-rying Zoe, the daughter of the late mon- 
arch. 

1030 Dismemberment and downfall of the caliphate of Cordova. 
The Genoese become an aristocratic republic about this time. 

1031 Union of Navarre and Castile. 

Canute penetrates into Scotland ; subdues Malcohn. 
Romanus expels the Saracens from Syria. 
France. Henry I. 

1032 The kingdom of Aries or Burgundy bequeathed to Conrad 11. 

emperor of Germany by Rodolph. 
Canute performs a pilgrimage to Rome. 

1033 Pope Benedict IX. ten years old. 

" Peace of God " published by the bishops. 
Scotland. Duncan I. king. 

1034 Zoe, after prostituting herself to a Paphlagonian money lender, 

causes her husband Romanus to be poisoned, and afterward 
marries her favorite who ascends the throne under the title 
of Michael IV. 

1035 Spain. Ferdinand I. of Castile in right of his wife succeeds to 

Leon ; successful against the Mohammedans. 

England. Harold Harefoot son and successor of Canute the 
Great. He was a puppet in the hands of Earl Godwin, de- 
serving of neither praise nor censure. 

The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon begin. 

Spain. Ramiro I. king of Aragon. 

Sweden. Edmund or Annand III. 

1036 Hardicanute II. king of Denmark. 
Norway. Magnus I. the Good. 

1037 Spain. Leon and Asturias united to Castile. 

1038 The Pope, for his scandalous conduct, driven from Rome ; but 

re-established by the emperor Conrad. 
Earthquakes and famine at Constantinople. 
Hungary. Peter I. deposed. 

1039 Germany. Henry III. emperor; defeats the Bohemians and 

Hungarians; claims the right of nomination to the papal 
chair. 
Hardicanute the third Anglo-Danish monarch of England, be- 
ing son of Canute and half-brother of Harold Harefoot. He 



SIXTH PERIOD— 800-1066. 119 



A. D. 



taxed England like a conquered country, was a gluttou and 
drunkard and died of apoplexy. 

1039 Scotland. Macbeth murders Duncan and usurps the throne. 
Ireland. Battle of Clontarf which terminates the power of the 

Danes. 

1040 The Danes, after several engagements with various successes, 

are finally driven out of Scotland about this time. 

1041 Bohemia conquered by the emperor of Grermany, Henry III., 

who spreads devastation through the country. 
Otto king of Hungary. 
Sweden. Haquin king. 
Denmark. Magnus I. king. 
Zoe adopts for her son Michael V., the trade of whose father, 

(careening vessels) had procured him the surname of Cala- 
" phates. * 

The Saxon line restored under Edward the Confessor, a younger 

son of Ethelred II. 
The country prospered under his mild reign. 

1042 Zoe and her sister Theodora are made sole empresses by the 

populace, but after two months Zoe, though 60 yeai's old 
takes for her third husband Coustantine X. who succeeds. 

The Turks take possession of Persia. 

The Danes expelled from England. 

1043 The Kussians invade Thrace with 100,000 men, and are repeat- 

edly defeated by the Greeks. 

1044 The Pope again driven from the throne, and succeeded by Syl- 

vester HI. 
After three months Benedict is restored by the Counts of Tus- 

culum. He is" deposed for simony by a council called by 

Henry III. Peter of Hungary restored. 
Ferdusi the Persian Homer. 
Franco mathematician. 
George Cedrenus historian. 
1046 France. Dispute between William the Conqueror and William 

of Arques for the duchy of Normandy. 
1048 Denmark. Suenon II. king. 

Pope Leo IX. the first who kept a regular army. 

1050 The Pisans and Genoese take Sardinia and Corsica from the 

Saracens. 
Cid, the name of the hero of a famous old Spanish epic, given 
him by the Moors of Spain, against whom he waged a cease- 
less war. His name was really Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar. 

1051 Rebellion of Earl Godwin and his sons. 
William duke of Normandy visits Edward. 

Matilda, daughter of Baldwin earl of Flanders, was married this 
year to William. She died 1084. 
1053 Pope Leo IX. is defeated and taken prisoner by the Normans. 

Germany. Henry III. causes his son Henry to be proclaimed 
Iring of the Romans. This title was applied for several centu- 
ries to the king's eldest son. 



120 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

1053 Earl Godwin dies. 

The Welsh and the Irish several f imes invade England, but are 
repulsed by Harold son of Godwin. 

1054 After the death of Constantino Theodora recovers the sovereign- 

ty, and 19 months after adopts as her successor Michael VI. 
surnamed Stratioticus. 

Macbeth defeated at Langfanan, by Siward earl of Northumber- 
land. 

The Greek church becomes independent. 

The papal chair vacant one year. 

Excommunication of the Patriarch of Constantinople and the 
Greeks. 

1055 The Turks reduce Bagdad and overturn the empire of the ca- 

liphs. 

Germany. * Heni-y IV. the Great, aged six years, uudet the tu- 
telage of his mother. 

Pope Victor II. 

Hildebrand the real head of the church from the time of Leo 
IX. The church improving in piety and discipline. 

Michael Psellus a celebrated Greek philosopher and historian. 

1056 Sweden. Stenkell or Steenchel. 

Milan a republic. Other cities followed its example. 

1057 Isaac Comnenus I. chosen empsror by ths soldiers. 

Malcolm III. king of Scotland kills the tyrant Macbeth at Dun- 
sinane, and marries the princess Margaret sister to Edward 
Atheling. 

1058 Robert Guiscard the Norman di'ives the Saracens out of Sicily 

and is created by the Pope duke of Apulia. 

1059 Isaac abdicates, and when his brother refuses to succeed him 

he appoints his friend Constantino XI. surnamed Ducas 
Hungary. Bela king. 

1060 France. Philip I. the Fair. 
Sweden. Ingo I. 

1061 Bohemia. The regal title is conferred on Uratislas the first 

king. 

1062 70,000 Europeans are killed or made prisoners by the Turks in 

Palestine. 
Berenger a celebrated French ecclesiastic. 

1063 Hungary. Solomon. 

1064 Sweden. Halstan king. 

1065 Jerusalem taken by the Turks. 

1066 England. Harold II. elected king; killed at the battle of 

Hastings. 
William I. duke of Normandy, styled the Conqueror. 
End of the Anglo Saxon dynasty. 



SEVENTH PERIOD— 10G6-1299. ' 121 

Seventh Period, 
from william the conqueror to the ottoman empire — 

233 YEARS. 

A. D. 

1066 Edgar Atheling heir of tlie Saxon line flees to Scotland. 

1067 On the death of Ducas his wife Eudocia, instead of protecting 

his three sons, Michael, Andronicus and Constantino, usurps 
the sovereignty and marries Romanus III. surnamed Diogenes. 

1070 Feudal system introduced in England by the Normans. 
Popery at the height of its power, claiming supreme dominion 

temporal and spiritual over all the states of Christendom. 
The Norman language introduced into England. 

1071 Romanus being taken prisoner by the Turks, the three young 

princes ascend the throne under the name of Michael Para- 
pinaces VII., Andronicus I. and Constantino XII. 

1072 Henry IV. of Germany summoned before the Pope for selling 

the investiture of bishops. Treats the mandate with con- 
tempt. 

Spain. Alphonsus VI. the Valiant > in Castile and Leon. 

Peace between the Normans and Scots. 

Surnames first used among the English nobility. 

1073 Knights errant in Spain. 

Ingulphus historian, secretary to William the Conqueror. 
Marianus Scotus. 
Hungary. Geiga I. 
Booksellers first heard of. 
London bridge and Westminster Hall built. 
Pope Gregory VII., Hildebrand, quarrels with the emperor who 
is again summoned by him. 

1074 Syria. Melek Shah (Emir) extends his dominions from the 

Jaxortes to the Mediterranean. 

1076 Robert the king's son raises a rebellion in Normandy. 

Henry IV. emperor of Germany deposed by the Pope 3 restored 

after penance, towards the end of Jan. 1080. 
Justices of peace first appointed in England. 
Peter's pence granted to the Pope by AVilliam the Conqueror. 
Hungary. St. Ladislaus. 

1077 Germany. Rodolphus; killed in battle. 

1078 The general Nicephorus Botaniates HI. assumes the purple. 
The Pope sets up Rudolph of Bavaria as anti-emperor. 

1079 Denmark. Harold IV. 

1080 Germany. Henry IV. degrades Gregory for his intrigues 

against him, and makes an expedition into Italy and procures 

another Pope to 'be elected. 
Doomsday book began to be compiled from a general survey of 

the estates of England, and finished in six years. 
Poland. Boleslaus II. murders the bishop of Cracow with his 

cwn hands ; his kingdom laid under an interdict by the Pope 

and his subjects absolved from their allegiance. 



122 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

1080 Sweden. Philip king. 

Denmark. Canute HE. ; assassinated. 
Tower of London built. 

1081 Alexius Comnenus I. nephew of Isaac I. ascends the throne. 
His reign is rendered illustrious by the pen of his daughter, 

the princess Anna Comnena. 

The Normans under Robert of Apulia invade the Eastern em- 
pire. 

Lanfranc archbishop of Canterbury. 

1084 Henry triumphs over Gregory, who flees to Salerno and dies 

in exile the following year. 
William of Spires mathematician. 
A rigid police established in England. 
The curfew. 
Norman French taught in all the schools and made use of in all 

legal proceedings. 
Asia Minor finally conquered by the Turks. 

1085 Toledo and Madrid taken from the Saracens by Alphonsus Yl. 

king of Castile. 

1086 Denmark. Olaus II. king. 

1087 Portugal. Taken from the Saracens by Henry the Bourbon. 
William the Conqueror invades France and is killed at Mantes. 
William II., Rufus, son and successor to the Conqueror. 

This sovereign died unmarried. 

France. Robert duke of Normandy opposes William Rufus. 

After the capture of Jerusalem by the Turks the Christian pil- 
grims are insulted, robbed and oppressed, which gives rise to 
the Crusades. 

Great struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism. 

1090 Fortress of Newcastle and of Carlisle built. 

Sicily conquered by Roger the Norman, after a war of thirty 
years with its masters the Saracens. 

1091 Spain. The Saracens, beset on all sides by the Christians, call 

in the aid of the Moors from Africa, who seize the territory 
they came to protect and subdue the Saracens. 

1093 Conrad son of the emperor rebels. 

The popes continue to struggle against the empire. 
Scotland. Donald Bane king. 
William again invades Normandy. 
King of Lorraine, Count of Portugal. 

1094 Scotland. Duncan II. usurps the crown. 

William quarrels with Anselm archbishop of Canterbury. 

1095 Hungary. Coloman. 

Peter the Hermit preaches against the Turks in all the coun- 
tries of Christendom. 
The council of Clermont. 

1096 The first Crusade. Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless 

set out with a vast rabble, 300,000 of whom perish before 
the warriors are ready to start. The chieftains of the first 
Crusade were Godfrey of Bovdogne, Hugh of Vermaudois, 



SEVENTH PERIOD— 1066-1299. 12' 



A. D. 



Robert of Normandy, Robert of Flanders, Stephen of Char- 
tres, Raymond of Toulouse, Bohemond and Tancrcd — 000,000 
warriors, 100,000 cavalry. 

1097 Egypt. Mustali the eighth Fatimite caliph. 
Denmark. Eric III. king. 

1098 Scotland. Edgar puts out Donald's eyes and dethrones him. 

1099 Jerusalem taken by the Crusaders on July 15, when 70,000 in- 

fidels were put to the sword. 
Godfrey of Boulogne made king. Knights of St. John. 

1100 William II. accidentally shot by Sir. Walter Tyrel. 

Henry I. Beauclerc, his successor and brother, grants England 
a charter, and marries Maud, Malcolm of Scotland's daughter, 
though of Anglo Saxon descent, thus uniting the Saxon and 
Norman interests. 

Sweden. Ingo II. ; died in a monastery. 

William of Poitou, first troubadour. 

Battle of Dorylaeum which secures the march of the Crusades 
through Asia Minor. 

1101 Robert Duke of Normandy invades England. 

1102 Poland. Uladislaus deposed. Boleslaus III. succeeds. 
1104 Acre taken by the Crusaders. 

1106 Henry I. of England joins Normandy to his kingdom. 
Henry V. of Germany excommunicated by Pope Pascal I. 

Hildebrand. 
Denmark. Nicholas ; killed in Sleswick. 

1107 Henry of England quarrels with Anselm. 
Scotland. Alexander I. 

1108 France. Louis VI. le Gros. He encourages corporations as a 

counterpoise to the efi"ects of the feudal system. 
Abbe Sugar minister. 

1109 Spain. Alphonsus VII. king. 
Tripolis taken by the Crusaders. 
Abelard French scholastic. 
JelFrey of Monmouth historian. 

1110 Edgar Atheling the last of the Saxon princes dies in England, 

where he had permission to reside as a subject. 
Venice acquires great wealth by the commerce opened by the 

Crusades. 
Learning revived at Cambridge. 
W^riting on paper made of cotton rags, common about this time. 

1111 Berytus and Sidon taken by the Crusaders. 
1114 Henry V. marries Matilda of England. 

1118 The Moors defeated in several battles by Alphonsus I. of Na- 

varre. 
He captures Saragossa. 
Order of Knights Templars instituted. ' 
John Comnenus, son of Alexius, succeeds at Constantinople. 
He regains Armenia from the Turks. 

1119 TlVjmas a Becket born, a celebrated English prelate and states- 

man. Died 1171. 



124 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1120 Shipwreck and deatli of Prince William and 140 noblemen. 

Italy. Rise of the House of Guelph. 

Rivalry between England and France commences. 

Tograi, Hairi and Abdallah Sharfliddin, Arabian poets. 

Scholastic Philosophy attains its highest point by the writings 
of Peter Abelard. 

Peter the Lombard master of sentences. 
1122 Spain. Alphonsus VIII. king. 

1124 Insurrection in Normandy suppressed. 

1125 Germany. Lothaire II., opposed by Frederic and Conrad, duke 

of Suabia. 

1127 Scotland. David I. ; promotes civilization. 
Kelso, Melrose and Holyrood House founded. 

Pope Honorius II. makes war against Roger King of Sicily. 
Aristotle's logic comes into repute. 

1128 Matilda, daughter of Eustace count of Boulogne, married Ste- 

phen. She died in 1151. 

1129 Adelais, daughter of Godfrey earl of Louvaine, married Henry 

I. of England. She survived the king. 

1130 Maud or Matilda, daughter of Henry I. and rightful heir to the 

throne, married GeoiFrey Plantagenet, earl of Anjou. She 
was formerly betrothed to Heni*y V. of Germany. See 1141. 
Sweden. Ragwald king murdered by the Visigoths. 

1131 Hungary. Bela II. king. 

1132 Gothland, so celebrated for its warlike people and invasion of 

other countries, is annexed to Sweden. 

1133 Sweden. Magnus I.; assassinated in Scania. 

1135 Denmark. Eric IV. ; killed afterwards at Ripen. 
Twelve Moorish kings overcome in one great pitched battle. 
Stephen successor to Henry I. on the throne of England and 

nephew to that king, being grandson to the Conqueror by 
his daughter Adela, who was married to the Count of Blois. 
Lothaire in Italy. Capture of Amalsi. 

1136 Matilda asserts her right to the throne. 
David king of Scotland assists her. 

1137 France. Louis VII. le Jeune. 
A pretended Messiah in France. 

Pandects of the Roman law discovered at Amalphi, and the study 
of the civil law revived. 

1138 David I. of Scotland defeated in the " Battle of the Standard." 
Denmark. Eric V. 

Germany. House of Suabia. Conrad III. 
A pretended Messiah in Persia. 

1139 Alphonsus I. defeats five Saracen kings at Ouriques, takes Lis- 

bon and is proclaimed king of Portugal. 
Second Lateran, or tenth general council. 

1140 The Canon Law first introduced into England. 
William of Malmsbury English historian. 
Vacarius teaches civil Law at Oxford. 

Germany and Italy. Dissensions of the Guelphs and Ghibelines. 



SEVENTH PERIOD — 10G6-1299. 125 

A. D. 

1141 Stephen king of England taken prisoner at the battle of Lin- 
cohi by the troops of Matilda, who was soon after defeated at 
Winchester. 
Hungary, deiga II. king. 

Matilda or Maud concluded a peace with Stephen which secured 
the succession to her son Henry in 1154. Matilda died 1167. 

1143 Manuel, son of John, succeeded at Constantionple. 

1144 Rebellion of Arnold da Brescia at Rome. 
Sweden. Suercher II. 

The city of Moscow founded. 
1147 Conrad III. leads a large army to the holy wars where it is de- 
stroyed by the treachery of the Greeks. 
Denmark. Suenon III. beheaded by Waldemar for assassinat- 
ing prince Canute. 
Alphonsus, assisted by a fleet of Crusaders on their way to the 

Holy land takes Lisbon from the Moors. 
The second Crusade excited by St. Bernard and joined by the 
emperor Conrad and his nephew Frederic Barbarossa and 
Louis VII. of France. 
1148. The Normans under Roger arrive before Constantinople ; are 

repulsed by Manuel. 
1149 Henry Plantagenet invades England. 

1151 The Canon Law composed by Gratian after 24 years' labor. 

1152 Germany and Italy. Frederic I. Barbarossa. 

Eleanor, the repudiated queen of Louis VII. king of France, 
and heiress of Guienne and Poitou, married Henry II. of 
England. She died 1204. 

1153 Scotland. Malcolm IV. 

1154 The House of Plantagenet obtains the English throne through 
» • Henry II. who succeeds Stephen. 

Pope Adrian IV. an Englishman. Nicholas Breakspeare. 
Danegelt or tribute on every hide of land imposed in the time 

of the Saxons to procure the withdrawal of the Danes on 

any invasion. 
The magnetic needle known in Italy. 
Suidas lexicographer. 
Eben Ezra of Toledo Jewish historian. 

1155 The Greeks reduce Apulia and Calabria. 

1156 Manuel forms the design of conquering Italy and the Western 

empire, but fails. 
Prussia. Jurie or George I. king. 

1157 The bank of Venice instituted. 

Spain. Sancho III. the Beloved in Castile, Ferdinand II. in 

Leon. 
Denmark. Reign of Waldemar the Great. 
Russia. Andrew king. 

1158 Venice a great maritime power. 
Spain. Alphonsus IX. in Castile. 

Interview between Henry II. and Malcolm IV. at Carlisle. 
Thomas a Becket introduced to the king's notice by Theobold, 



126 .MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

archbisliop of Canterbury. Becomes chancellor and precep- 
tor of the prince. Sent as embassador to France. 

1159 Pope Alexander III. 

1160 Order of the Carmelites instituted. 
The Albigenses begin to appear. 

1161 Hungary. Stephen III. king. 

1162 Becket made archbishop of Canterbury opposes the king. 
Sweden. Charles VII.; made prisoner by Canute, who reigns. 

1163 Berlin built by a colony from the Netherlands in the reign of 

Albert the Bear. 
London bridge, consisting of 19 small arches, first built of stone. 

1164 The Teutonic order begins. 

Becket resists the constitutions of Clarendon ; flees to France. 

1165 Scotland. William. 

1167 Rome taken by Frederic Barbarossa. 

Colleges of theology, philosophy and law at Paris. 
English commerce confined to the exportation of wool. 
League of the Italian cities to preserve their liberties. 

1168 Sweden. Canute son of Eric X. 

Waldemar I. of Denmark subdues Rugen and destroys the Pa- 
gan temples. 

1169 Conquest of Egypt by the Turks. 

1170 The Waldenses. They derived their name from Peter Waldo," 

a merchant of Lyons. 

1171 Becket returns to England and is murdered at the altar. 
Egypt. Saladin sultan. 

He extends his dominions in Egypt and conquers Syria, Assyria, 
Mesopotamia and Arabia. 

1172 Henry II. king of England takes possession of Ireland; which 

from that period is governed by an English viceroy.or lord- 
lieutenant. 

1173 Hungary. Bela III. king. 

1174 Treaty of Falaise in which William agrees to do homage for 

Scotland. 
Henry makes a pilgrimage to the shriner of Becket. 

1175 Portugal a fief of the Holy See. 

1176 Genghis Khan king of the Tartars. 

Frederick of Germany defeated at the battle of Legnano. 
Dispensing of justice by circuits first established in England. 

1178 Henry the Lion duke of Saxony deposed and Saxony divided. 
The Pope Alexander by a special act relieves the clergy of 

Berkshire from keeping the archdeacon's dogs and hawks dur- 
ing his visitation. 
The Waldenses spread over the valley of Piedmont. They cir- 
culated the sacred scriptures. They were the forerunners of 
Protestantism ; were condemned by the eleventh general 
council and severely persecuted. 

1179 Third Lateran or eleventh general council. 

1180 France. Philip II. Augustus. 

Robert Wace first French poet. Translation of his " Hist, des 



SEVENTH PERIOD — 1066-1299. 127 



A. D. 



Rois d' Angelterrc," by Layamon the first Englisli composi- 
tion. 

1180 Alexius II. succeeds his father Manuel at Constantinople. 
Glass windows begin to be used in private houses in England. 
Bills of exchange used in commerce. 

1181 The digest of the laws of England made about this time by 

Glanville. 

1182 Denmark. Canute V. king. 

1183 Saladin takes Aleppo and deposes the Sultan of Mosul. 

The Peace of Constance re-establishes the independence of the 
Italian republics. > 

From the disorders of the government on account of the minor- 
ity of Alexius, Andronicus the grandson of the great Alexius 
is named guardian; but he murders Alexius and ascends 
the throne. 

John Tzetes Greek grammarian. 

Maimonides of Cordova one of the most learned of the Jews. 

1185 Andronicus is cruelly put to death and Isaac Angelus, a de- 

scendant of the great Alexius by the female line, succeeds. 
Portugal. Sancho I. king. 
Henry of Huntington and William of Newbury historians. 

1186 Sept. 16. A conjunction of all the planets known at sunrise. 
Saladin directs all his efforts against the crusaders. 

1187 He gains the victory of Tiberias and takes Jerusalem, which 

leads to 

1188 The third Crusade, led by Philip Augustus of France and 

Richard of England and Frederick Barbarossa of Germany. 

1189 Avisa daughter of the earl of Gloucester married John, after- 

wards king of England. 
The kingdom of Algarve taken from the Moors by Sancho I. 
England. Richard I. surnamed from his chivalric prowess 

Coeur de Lion, or the Lion-hearted, son and successor to 

Henry II. 
Dreadful massacre of the Jews at the coronation of Richard I. 

1190 Knights of the Teutonic order instituted. 

Germany. Henry VI. emperor and king of Italy and the Sici- 
lies. 
Iconium taken by Frederic Barbarossa but afterwards restored. 

1191 Berengera, daughter of the king of Navarre, married Richard I. 

May 12. She survived the king. 
Kingdom of Cyprus founded. 
Hungary. Emei'ic king. 
Ptolemais taken by the Crusaders. 

1192 The battle of Ascalon in Judea, in which Richard king of Eng- 

land defeats Saladin's army. 
Sweden. Suercher III. 

1193 John attempts to seize the crown in the absence of Richard, 
Saladin dies. 

1194 " Dieu et mon Droit" first used as a motto by king Richard on 

a victory over the French. 



128 ' MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1195 Alexius Angelus brother of Isaac revolts and usurps the sover- 

eignty by putting out the eyes of the emperor of the East. 

1196 Henry VI. the emperor of Germany, takes full possession of 

Naples and Sicily. 
The Jews become the principal bankers in the world. 

1198 Philip of Suabia and Otho of 

Saxony dispute the crown ; the former supported by the Ghib- 

elines, and the latter by the Guelphs. 
Order of the Holy Trinity instituted in Germany. 

1199 The power of the pope supreme. Rome mistress of the world, 

and kings her vassals. 

Richard, returning home in disguise through Germany, is im- 
prisoned. Is ransomed by his subjects for 10,000 marks. 

He declares war against France ; dies. 

John Lackland king of England, son of Henry II. and suc- 
cessor of Richard I. 

1200 The pope excommunicates Philip of France. 

The University of Bologna contains 10,000 students. 

First mention of the mariner's compass. 

Surnames occasionally used. 

Hungary. Ladislaus king. 

Poland. Lescus V. ; abdicated. 

Miecislaus IV., whose tyranny in a few months restored Lescus 
V. ; but for bad conduct he was again forced to relinquish 
the government. 

Isabella, daughter of the count of Angouleme ; she was the 
young and virgin wife of the count de la Marche ; married 
to King John at this time. Survived the king, on whose 
death she was re-married to the count de la Marche. 

Spain. University of Salamanca founded. 

1201 England. Prince Arthur supported by France. 
Hungary. Andrew II. king. 

1202 Denmark. Waldemar II. 

Livonia. Institution of the order of short swords to conquer 

the Prussians. 
Italy. Algebra introduced by Leonardo of Pisa. 

1203 Ville Hardouin historian. Saxo Grammaticus historian. 
Constantiople is besieged and taken by the Latins, and Isaac is 

taken from his dungeon, and replaced on the throne with his 
son Alexius. 
This year is remarkable for the Fourth Crusade by the Ger- 
mans, French and Venetians under the marquis of 3Ionserrat. 

1204 The father and son are murdered by Alexius Mourzoufle, and 

Constantinople is again besieged and taken by the French and 
Venetians, July 20, who elect Baldwin, count of Flanders, 
emperor of the East. In the mean time Theodore Lascaris, 
makes himself emperor of Nice; Alexius, grandson of the 
tyrant Andronicus, becomes emperor of Trebizond; and 
Michael an illegitimate child of the Angeli, founds an empire 
in Epirus. 



SEVENTH PERIOD 1066-1299. 129 

A. D. 

1204 Greece mastered by the Latins. 

Jews of both sexes imprisoned ; their eyes, or teeth plucked out 
and numbers inhumanly butchered by king John of Eng- 
land. 

Normandy conquered and reunited to France. 

The order of Dominicans and Franciscan friars instituted. 

The Inquisition established by Pope Innocent III. 

1205 India. Patna or Afghan empire founded. 

The Cross is preached by order of the Pope, against Raimond 
VI. and the Albigenses. 

1206 The emperor Baldwin is defeated by the Bulgarians, and next 

year is succeeded by his brother Henry. 
Reign of G-enghis Khan, first emperor of the Moguls and 

Tartars, one of the most bloody conquerors of the world. 

14,000,000 of the human race perish by his sword, under 

the pretence of establishing the worship of one god ; he dies 

1227. 
Poland. Uladislaus III. abdicates. 

1207 The kingdom of England laid under an interdict. 

1208 London incorporated and obtained its first .charter from king 

John. 
Crusade against the Albigenses. 
Tuscany becomes independent. 
Philip of Suabia murdered. 
G-ermany. Otho IV. ; afterwards deposed.' 

1209 Aristotle's works imported from Constantinople are condemned 

by the council of Paris. 

1210 Innocent III. renews the war between the Guelphs and 

Ghibelines. 

Otho of Germany placed under the ban of the Pope. 

Ireland wholly subdued, and English laws and customs intro- 
duced by king John. 

1211 Sweden. Eric XI. king. 

1212 Portugal. Alphonso II., surnamed Crassus, or the Fat. 
Germany. Frederic II. at length deposed. 

Spain. The Christians vanquish the Saracens and gain the 
battle of Navas de Tolosa. 

1213 The Pope declares John of England a usurper. 

John submits to hold his crown as a vassal of the Pope. 

1214 Roger Bacon born, a learned Franciscan monk; died in 1292. 
Scotland. Alexander II. 

Frederic cedes to Denmark all the provinces beyond the Elbe 
and Eiser. 

Spain. Henry I. king. 

Period of the Troubadours in France, the Minstrels in England, 
and the Minnesingers in Germany. 

The doctrine of transubstantiation and auricular confession es- 
tablished. 

1215 Magna Charta granted to the English barons by king John at 

Runnymede. 

9 



130 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1215 Otho loses the battle of Bovines. 

Fourth Lateran and twelfth geaeral council against the Albigen- 
ses and all heretics. 

1216 England. Henry III. was son successor of John, and began 

his long and turbulent reign when he was but ten years old. 
Tartary. Overrun by the hordes of Genghis Khan. 

1217 Peter of Courtenay, the husband of Yolanda sister of the two 

last emperors, Baldwin and Henry, is made emperor of the 

East by the Latins. 
The Fifth Crusade by Andrew II. king of Hungary. 
Jerusalem taken by the Turks, who drove away the Saracens. 

1218 Switzerland united to the German empire. 
1220 Sweden. John I. king. 

Astronomy and geography revived in Europe by the Moors of 

Spain. 
Robert son of Peter Courtenay succeeds in the East. 

1222 Theodore Lasearis is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his 

son-in-law, John Ducas Vataces. 

The assemblage of the states in France called aParlement. 

University of Padua founded. 

Hungary. Charter of Andrew II. Foundation of national lib- 
erty. 

1223 France. Louis VIII. the Lion. Crusade against the Albigenses. 
Denmark. Waldemar with a fleet of 1000 sail makes immense 

conquests. 
Sweden. Eric XII. king. 

1224 St. Thomas Aquinas born, a celebrated Italian theologian ; died 

in 1274 ; canonized 50 years later. 
Portugal. Sancho II. the Idle. 

1225 The Teutonic knights, returning from the holy wars undertake 

the conquest of Prussia and the conversion of the people. 

1226 France. Louis IX. called St. Louis ; died in his camp before 

Tunis; canonized. 

Leon and Castile reunited. 

Dreadful ravages of the Tartars under the sons of Genghis Khan, 
throughout Hungary, Bohemia and Russia, at this and subse- 
quent periods. 

1228 The sixth Crusade undertaken by Frederic II. 

John of Brienne and Baldwin II. son of Peter succeed on the 

throne of Constantinople. 
Italy. The duchies of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio created. 

1229 Jerusalem and a part of Palestine ceded to Frederic. 
The inquisition of Toulouse. 

The Scriptures forbidden to all laymen. 

First expedition of Henry into France for the recovery of his 

estates. 
1233 First discovery of coal at Newcastle. 

The Inquisition in the hands of the Dominicans. 

The houses of London and other cities in England, France and 

Germany still thatched with straw. 



SEVENTH PERIOD 1066-1299. 131 

A. D. 

1234 Italy. War of the Lombard cities with Frederic of Germany. 
Charter " The Goldea Bull" obtained by the Hungarians from 

Andrew II. 
They circumcise and attempt to crucify a child at Norwich ; 
the offenders are condemned in a fine of 20,000 marks. 

1235 Hungary. Bela IV. king. 

1236 Eleanor daughter of the Count de Provence marries Henry 

III. 
She survived the king, and died in 1292, in a monastery, 

whither she had retired. 
• Spain, Castile and Leon permanently united by Ferdinand III., 

who takes Cordova, Seville, Cadiz, etc., from the Moors. 
The Tartars take Moscow. 

1237 Baldwin on the throne of the East alone. 

1238 Frederic of Germany again excommunicated. 
1240 Origin of the Ottomans. 

Denmark. Eric VI. king. 
1211 The Hanseatic League ; the chief towns are Lubec, Cologne, 
Brunswick and Dantzic. 
Robert of Gloucester, the first English writer in rhyme. 
1213 Pope Innocent IV. Continual struggles with the emperor 
Frederic. 

1246 Sect of the Flagellants. 

Henry of Thuriugia set up for emperor by the Pope, and by 

1247 William of Holland. 

The first concordance to the Bible was made under the direction 
of Hugo de St. Charo, who employed as many as 500 monks 
upon it. (Abbe Lenglet.) • 

Portugal. Alphonsus III. 

Fii-st war fleet in Spain at the conquest of Seville. 

1248 France. Louis sets out on the Seventh Crusade. 
Some historians terpa this the Fifth Crusade. 

1249 Scotland. Alexander III. Repulses Haco, king of Norway, 

obtains the Scottish Isles. 
The Hanse towns capture Copenhagen. 
St. Edmund of Canterbury dies. 

1250 Germany. Conrad IV., William of Holland, Richard of 

Cornwall. 
Malek al Salek, sultan of Egypt dethroned and slain by the 

Mamelukes. Damascus and Aleppo taken. 
The Guelph and Ghibeline contests in Italy. 
Genoa at the height of prosperity. 

Denmark. Abel I. killed in an expedition against the Prisons. 
Sweden. Waldemar king. 
1252 Spain. Alphonsus X. the Wise king of Castile and Leon. 

This learned prince is said to have expended upwards of 400,- 

000 crowns in completing his celebrated astronomical tables, 

whose value was enhanced by a preface written by his own 
. hand. 
Denmark. Christopher I. poisoned by the bishop of Arhus. 



132 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1253 Eleanor of Castile married Edward I. of England ; died of a 

fever on her journey to Scotland, at Horneby in Lincolnshire, 
in 1296. 

1254 Interregnum in the G-erman Empire from the death of Conrad 

IV. to the election of Rodolph in 1273. 
Pope Alexander IV. 
The Jews everywhere persecuted. 

1255 Ducas Vataces is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his son, 

Theodore Lascaris II. 

1257 First gold coins on certain record in England. 

1258 Dreadful naval war between Venice and Genoa. 

The Tartars take Bagdad, which finishes the empire of the 

Saracens. 
Famous parliament at Oxford. 

Silk manufactory in Lucca; woolen in Milan and Tuscany. 
Peter of Albano, astrologer, physician and naturalist. 
Rubruquis travels among the Mongols. * 

1259 Denmark. Erie VII.; afterwards assassinated. 
Nice. Lascaris succeeded by his son John Lascaris. 

1260 China. Kublai Khan builds Pekin, and makes it his capital. 
Stockholm founded. 

1261 Michael Paleologus, son of the sister of the queen of Theodore 

Lascaris, ascends the throne after the murder of the young 
prince's guardian. 

Constantinople is recovered from the Latins by the Grreek em- 
perors of Nice. 

Norway. Iceland subjected. 

1263 Th^ Norwegians invade Scotland, and are defeated by Alex- 

ander III. in the battle of Largs. 

1264 The Commons of England first summoned to Parliament about 

this time. 
1266 Magnus, of Norway cedes to Scotland the Hebrides and Isle of 
Man. 
Charles of Anjou, brother of St. Louis king of France, conquers 
Naples and Sicily and obtains the crown from the Pope, to 
the exclusion of Conradin the rightful heir, who is beheade d, 
aged 16 years. 

1268 The Mongols take Antioch. 

Pragmatic sanction ; foundation of the liberties of the Galilean 
church. 
• No Pope for about three years. 

1269 Statute passed that no Jew should enjoy a freehold. 

1270 France. Louis IX. sets out on his eighth and last Crusade, 

and dies before Tunis ; succeeded by Philip III. the Hardy. 

Paris. Church of Notre Dame built. 

Prince Edward of England joins the eighth Crusade. (Histo- 
rians difier in regard to the number of Crusades.) 
1272 England. Edward I. son of Henry III. succeeds on the 
throne. ^ 

Marco Polo travels in the East as far as Pekin. 



SEVENTH PERIOD— 1066-1299. 133 

A. D. 

1273. Grermany. Rodolpli couot of Hapsburg seizes Austria from 

Bohemia, and makes himself archduke. He founds the house 

of Hapsburg. 

1274 Union of the East with the Latin church. 14th general coun- 

cil at Lyons. 
Every Jew lending money on interest compelled to wear a plate 
on his breast signifying that he was a usurer, or to quit the 
realm of England. 

1275 Hungary. Stephen IV. 

1276 France at war with Castile. 

The crown of Navarre passed to the royal family of France. 

1277 Pope Nicholas III. enriching his family at the expense of the 

church introduces Nepotism. 

267 Jews hanged and quartered for clipping coin. 

Milan erected into a duchy. 
1273 Sweden. Magnus I. Chivalry and tournaments introduced. 

Hungary. Ladislaus. 
1279 Sweden. Magnus Ladelus establishes a regular form of gov- 
ernment. 

Poland. Lescus VI. surnamed the Black, son of Conrad the 
brother of Lescus V., died 1289 ; interregnum of five years. 

Portugal. Reign of Dionysius I. or Dennis, father of his coun- 
try, who builds 44 cities or towns in Portugal. 

The Tartars subdue China. 

University of Lisbon founded. 

1281 ' Othman establishes an independent rule, as chief of 400 fami- 

lies in the north of Asia Minor. 

1282 The Sicilians massacre the French throughout the whole island 

of Sicily without distinction of sex or age, to the number of 
8000, on Easter day, the first bell for vespers being the sig- 
nal. 

This horrid affair is known in history by the name of " Sicilian 
Vespers." 

Lewellyn, prince of Wales, defeated and killed by Edward I. 
who unites that principality to England. 

Bohemia. Ottoacre II., refusing to do homage to the empe- 
ror Rodolphus, is by him vanquished, and deprived of Aus- 
tria, Styria and Carniola. 

1283 Michael Paleologus dies, and his son Andronicus, who had 

already "reigned nine years conjointly with his father, ascends 
the throne. 
1234 Edward IL, born at Caernarvon, is the first Prince of Wales. 
Bohemia. In the reign of Wenceslaus III. mines of silver are 
first discovered, and agriculture is encouraged and improved. 
Alphonsine tables composed. (See 1252.) 
Spain. Sancho IV. the Brave. Peter III. in Aragon. 
1285 Scotland. Alexander III. king dies, and that kingdom is dis- 
puted by two candidates, Robert Bruce and John Baliol, 
who submit thpir claims to the arbitration of Edward king 
of England. 



134 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1285 France. Philip IV. tlie Fair. 

1286 Denmark. Eric VIII. 

Kenigs very lately built, made the capital of Prussia. 
Scotland. Margaret. 

1287 15,660 Jews are apprehended in one day, and all banished from 

England. 

1288 Pope Nicholas IV. He patronizes civil and religious literature, 

and improves and embellishes Rome. 

1289 England. Last payment of tribute to the Pope. 

1290 Sweden. Birger II. 

Albert the mathematician and provencial poet. 

1291 Hungary. Andrew III. the Venetian. 

Ptolemais taken by the Turks. End of the Crusades. They 
cost the lives of 2,000,000 men. (Voltaire.) 

Twelve competitors for the crown of Scotland. 

Syria recovered by the Sultans of Egypt who expel the Cru- 
saders. 

Germany. Adolphus of Nassau. 

1292 Edward decides the Scottish disputes in favor of John Baliol. 
The Papal chair vacant two years and three mouths. 

1293 From this year there is a regular succession of English Parlia- 

ments. 
John Holywood of England astronomer. 

1294 Parliaments established in Paris. 

1295 Spain. Ferdinand IV. 

1296 Edward I. of England subdues Scotland. 

1297 Sir William Wallace, Sir William Douglas, Robert Bruce and 

other chiefs head a rebellion against the English. 
Germany. Adolphus deposed by a Diet, which elects Albert I. 
son of Rodolph. Adolphus slain in the struggle which en- 
sues. 

1298 Silver hafted knives, spoons and cups a gi'eat luxury. 

Tallow candles so great a luxury that splinters of wood were 
used for lights. 

1299 Spectacles invented. 

Douglas and Bruce are defeated at Falkirk by king Edward I. 

County of Holland devolves to the counts of Hainault. 

Margaret, sister of the king of France married Edward I. Sept. 
12. Survived the king. 

The influence of the Crusades was great, expanding the minds 
of Europe, refining the general manners, exciting a spirit of 
geographical research and adventure and promoting improve- 
ments in the arts and sciences, thus undermining instead of 
strengthening the power of Papal Rome. (World's Progress.) 

Foundation of the Ottoman or Turkish empire in Bithynia, 
under Othoman I. 



eighth period 1299-1453. 135 

Eighth Period. 
from the ottoman empire to the end of the eastern 

empire — 154 YEARS. 

A. D. 

1300 Giovanni Cimabue died aged 60. He was a pupil of the Greek 
painters at Florence, an artist of little ability but regarded 
as the lather of painters among the moderns. The Floren- 
tine school commenced with Cimabue. 
University at Lyons founded. Rapid advances in civilization. 
Revival of ancient learning; improvements in the arts and 
sciences, and progress of liberty. 

1301. Hungary. Wenceslaus. 

1302 First convocation of the States general in France. 
Guienne restored to England. 

The mariner's compass invented by Flavio de Gioja, or Giovia, 

a native of Amalphi an ancient commercial city at Naples. 
Cambridge University re-established. 

1303 War of the Catalans under Roger de Flor. 

Othoman increases his possessions, abandons the pastoral life, 

and fortifies towns and castles. 
University at Rome, Sapienza. 
Amid the struggles of the Guelphs and Ghibelines Italy becomes 

the cradle of modern literature and improving civilization. 
Pope Benedict XI. 

Vacancy in the papal chair nearly eleven months. 
The papal power declining. 

1304 France at war with Flanders. 
Hungary. Otho. 

Germany. The Swiss towns rise into importance ; oppressed by 
the House of Hapsburg. 

1305 Sir William Wallace of Elderslie, the Scottish hero of the 13th 

century is betrayed to the English king by Sir John Men- 
teith, and at London put to death in this year, aged about 30. 
Bohemia. Winceslas IV. becoming odious for his vices is as- 
sassinated. 

1306 Abdication of Baliol of Scotland. 

Scotland. Robert Bruce proclaimed king is obliged to flee; 
but Edward dying resumes his position. 

Poland. Uladislaus IV. again. 

Tyranny of Gesler, which occasions the memorable revolt un- 
der the patriot William Tell. 

1307 Tell escapes from Gesler. 

The Helvetic or Swiss Confederation. The Swiss Cantons be- 
gin. 

England. Edward II. son of Edward I., a weak king. Was 
murdered at length in Berkeley castle, by order of the queen's 
paramour. 

University at Perugia, Italy. 

1308 Isabella dauojhter of the king of France married Edward II. 



136 MODERN STNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1308 On the death by the gibbet of her favorite, Mortimer, she was 

confined for the rest of her Hfc in her own house at Risings 
near London. (Hume.) 

Translation of the Holy See to Avignon, which alienation con- 
tinues about 70 years, till the return of Gregory XI. 

Germany. Henry VIT. of Luxemburg poisoned by a priest in 
the consecrated wafer. 

1309 Abdication of Otho of Hungary. Charles Robert succeeds. 
Spain. Ferdinand IV. takes Gibraltar. 

Naples. Robert the Good. He aspires to the dominion of Italy. 

1310 The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem take Rhodes and settle 

there. 
Bohemia. John count of Luxemburg is chosen to succeed 

Winceslas IV. 
The persecution of the Templars by Philip the Fair. 
Molay their Grand Master tried upon various charges. 
The Visconti lords of Milan. 
Lincoln's Inn Society established. 
Chimneys used in domestic architecture. 

1311 General council at Vienna. 

1312 Knights Templars wholly suppressed by the Pope and the king 

of France. 
Spain. Alphonsus XI. of Castile and Leon ; John in Arragon. 
Molay condemned and burned. 

1314 The battle of Bannockburn between Edward II. and Robert 

Bruce, which establishes the latter on the throne of Scotland, 

July 25. 
Switzerland. A malignant fever carries off in the canton of 

Basle 11,000 souls. 
Form of Swiss government made perpetual the following year. 
France. Louis X. Hutin. 
Germany. Louis V. of Bavaria; at length killed by a fall 

from his horse. 
Italy. The cardinals not agreeing in the election of a pope 

they set fire to the conclave and separate, and the Papal chair 

is left vacant two years. 

1315 A famine in England so dreadful that the people devoured the 

flesh of horses, dogs, cats and vermin. 
France. Edict for the enfranchisement of slaves. 
Battle of Morgarten ; the Austrians under Leopold defeated by 

the Swiss. 

1316 Pope John XXII. Taxes imposed upon all the countries of 

Europe to enrich the treasury of the church. 
France. John I. eight days. 
France. Philip V. the Long. He succeeds by virtue of the 

Salique Law, now first established. 

1317 Massacre of the Jews at Verduu by the peasantry ; 500 defend 

themselves in a castle, where for want of weapons they throw 
their children at their enemies, then destroy one another. 

1318 Sweden. Magnus III. dethroned by his subjects. 



EIGHTH PERIOD — 1299-1453. 137 

A.D. 

1318 The crown of Sweden in liim is made elective. 

1319 Denmark. Christopher II. An interregnum of seven years 

follows him. 
Dublin University established. 

1321 Alighieri Dante, the great poet of the middle ages died aged 

56. He was a native of Florence from which city he and his 
party were banished. The " Divina Commedia" was his great 
work. 

1322 France. Charles IV. the Fair. 

Charles the Fair left no male heirs, and the crown passed from 
the direct line of Hugh Capet to Philip of Valois, grandson 
of Philip III. 

Grermany. Frederic of Austria defeated and taken prisoner. 

1324 Grermany. Louis excommunicated by John XXII. appeals to 

a general court. 

Alphonsus IV. of Arragon becomes master of Sardinia. 

Contest of the Popes with Louis of Bavaria. 

John Wickliff, (Wiclif, Wycliffe, etc.) the first English reformer 
is born. He studied at Oxford, and is justly called " The 
Morning Star of the Reformation," as he led to the truth 
under Luther and the other reformers of the 16th century. 
He died at Lutterworth in 1384. 

1325 Portugal. Alphonsus IV. 

Turkey. Orcham youngest son of Othoman. 
Romance poetry of the middle ages flourishes. 

1326 Clock constructed on mathematical principles by Richard Val- 

igfoi-t. 

1327 200,000 Moors invade Spain. 

Peace between Scotland and England. The independence of 

Scotland acknowledged. 
England. Edward III. son of Edward II. 

1328 He married Philippa, daughter of the count of Holland and 

Hainault, Jan. 24. She died 1369. Louis Gonzaga makes 

himself master of Mantua with the title of imperial vicar. 
Andronicus adopts as his colleagues, Manuel and his grandson, 

the younger Andronicus. Manuel dying, Andronicus revolts 

against his grandfather who abdicates. 
France. Philip VI. of Valois. 
Linna a monk and astronomer of Oxford constructs a map of 

the northern seas. 

1329 Scotland. David II. 

1333 Poland. Casimir the Great killed by a fall from his horse 
while hunting. 

1335 Lucerne joins the Swiss confederacy. 

Tamerlane born, a celebrated Tartar prince and conqueror. 
Greek literature revives. Barhiam teaches Petrarch. Leontius 
lectures on Homer at Florence. 

1336 Giotto, a celebrated Florentine painter who studied with Cima- 

bue, having been before only a shepherd's lad. He was friend 
of Dante and Petrarch, and is said to be the first who pro- 



138 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A.D. 

duced life-like portraits. His mosaics are reckoned very fine. 
He died at this time, aged GO. 

1337 First comet observed whose course is described with exactness, 

in June. 
Gold florin first struck. 
Europe infested with locusts. 

1338 France. War with England. 

1339 About this time flourished Leo Pilatus, a Greek professor at 

Florence, Boccacio and Manuel Chrysoloras, where may be 
fixed the era of the revival of Greek literature in Italy. 

1340 Gunpowder invented by Swartz,^ a monk of Cologne. 
Denmark. Waldemar III. 

1341 Andronicus is succeeded by his son John Paleologus, in the 

ninth year of his age. John Cantacuzene who had been 
left guardian of the young prince, assumes the purple. 
Petrarch crowned at Rome. 

1342 Hungary. Louis I. the Great. Victories in Bulgaria, Servia 

and Dalmatia. He carries his arms into Italy. 

1343 The title " Dauphin" was given to the eldest sons of the kings 

of France from the province of Dauphine, which was ceded 
by its last prince Humbert II. to Philip of Valois on the 
condition that the heirs of the French throne should bear the 
arms and name of the province. (Priestley.) 
Silesia is made a province of Bohemia. 

1344 The first creation to titles by patents used by Edward III. 

1345 Abulfeda the Syrian geographer dies aged 72. 

Firearms used in battle. The Genoese discover the Canary 
Islands. 

1346 The battle of Crecy Aug. 26. French defeated by Edward 

and his son the Black Prince. 
Bohemia. King John slain at the battle of Crecy fought with 

the English. 
Oil painting first made use of by John Vaneck. 
Herald's college instituted in England. 

1347 Seditions of Rienzi at Home and his elevation to the tribune- 

ship. 
Democracy under Rienzi. 

David of Scotland taken prisoner by queen Philippa. 
University of Prague. 
Calais taken by Edward III. after a year's siege Aug. 4, and 

held by England 210 years. 
Germany. Charles IV. of Luxemburg. 
The empire ofiered to Edward III. who declines. 
Gothland conquered by Denmark. 

1348 1,500,000 Jews are massacred in Europe on suspicion of having 

poisoned the springs during a fatal distemper. 

1349 The order of the Garter instituted in England by Edward III. 
Louis of Bavaria lost his life in a bear hunt near Munich. 

1350 The canton of Zurich joins the Swiss League and becomes its 

head. 



EIGHTH PERIOD — 1299-1453. 139 

A. D. 

1350 Berne, Glaris and Zug join tlie following year. 

France. John II. ; died at length suddenly in the Savoy in 

London. 
Spain. Peter the Cruel J finally deposed. Reinstated by Ed- 
ward the Black Prince of England ; afterwards beheaded by 
his subjects. 
1352 The Turks first enter Europe. 
Pope Innocent VI. 

1354 The coronation of Inez de Castro of Portugal. (?) 
William Tell one of the champions of Swiss liberty dies. 

1355 Cautacuzene abdicates the purple. 

1356 The famous edict called the Golden Bull by Charles IV. 
France. The battle of Poictiers, Sept. 19 gained by Edward 

the Black Prince, in which king John is defeated and taken 
• prisoner. Charles the dauphin regent. 

1357 Portugal. Peter the Severe. 
Coal first brought to London. 

1358 Edward again invades France. 

Arms of England and France first quartered by Edward III. 

1359 Turkey. Amiu-ath I. son of Orcham ; at length assassinated. 
Hungary. Conquest of the principalities lying on the Danube. 

1360 Gonsalvo Martin a Spaniard pretended to be the angel Michael. 

1361 He was burnt by the Inquisition of Spain at this time. 
The Turks penetrate into Thrace and take Adrian ople. 

1362 Law pleadings made in English, by favor of Edward III. instead 

of French, which had continued from the time of the Con- 
queror. 

The Black Prince aids Peter the Cruel of Castile to recover his 
throne. 

Pope Urban V. at Avignon ; beautifies the city of Rome ; pre- 
sents the right arm of Thomas Aquinas to Charles V. of 
France as an object of worship. 

Amurath I. institutes the Janizaries, a guard composed of Chris- 
tian slaves bred Mohammedans. 

1364 France. ClArles V. surnamed the Wise ; the first prince who 

had the title of Dauphin. (See 1343.) 
He founds a college of medicine and astrology at Paris. 
Philip the Bold made Duke of Burgundy. 

1365 University of Geneva founded. 

Collection of Peter's pence forbidden by the English govern- 
ment. 
Sweden. Albert of Mecklenburg reigns. 

1367 Portugal. Ferdinand L; died 1383 3 an interregnum for 18 

months. 

1368 A striking clock in Westminster. 

Spain. Henry II. the Gracious, poisoned by a monk. 

1369 John Wickliffe the English reformer begins to be publicly 

known by his disputes with the friars. 

1370 Rise of Tamerlane to the throne of Sarmacand, and his exten- 

sive conquests till his death, after a reign of 35 years. 



140 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1370 Hanseatip League at its height, consisting of 64 cities, with 44 

in alliance. 
Poland. Louis of Hungary elected king. 
Lucca becomes an independent republic. 
A perfect clock made at Paris by Vick. 

1371 Scotland. The Stuart family possess the throne. Robert II. 

being king. 
1373 Treaty with Murad the Ottoman emperor. 
1375 Denmark. Olaus III. 

Margaret I. queen of Denmark and Norway. 

1377 Death of the Black Prince. Calais alone left to the English. 
The Popes return from Avignon to Rome Jan. 17. 
England. Richard II. was son of the Black Prince and suc- 
ceeded his grandfather Edward III. 

1378 Germany. Wenceslaus king of Bohemia. • 

" Schism of the West." Pope Urban VI. acknowledged in the 
empire and England. 

Clement VII. acknowledged in France, Spain and Scotland. 

Fruitless invasion of France into England. 

Hungary. Louis dies and the history of Hungary now pre- 
sents a frightful catalogue of crimes. Charles Duras is mur- 
dered J Elizabeth Queen of Louis is drowned, and king (Hun- 
garian queens reign with the title of king,) Mary their 
daughter marries Sigismond, marquis of Brandenburg and 
causes the rivers of Hungary to flow with blood. 

1379 Spain. John I. ; he united Biscay to Castile. 
The war of Chiozza between Venice and Genoa. 

1380 France. Charles VI. the beloved. 

The unhappy Hungarians call the Turks to their assistance. 
John Somer's calendar, written in Oxford. 

1381 Wat Tyler's rebellion. 

Bills of exchange first used in England. 

1382 Richard II. marries Anne of Bohemia, sister of the emperor 

Wenceslaus of Germany ; she died 1395. 
Moscow taken by Tamerlane. # 

1383 . Hungary. Mary. 

Cannon first used by the English in the defence of Calais. 

1384 The first navigation act in England. 

Persia invaded by Tamerlane. Ispahan taken. Pyramids of 
human heads. 
1386 Battle of Sempach ; the Austrians defeated. 

1385 Portugal. John I., natural son to Peter the Severe. 
Windsor castle built. 

A company of linen weavers from the Netherlands established 
in London. 

1388 The battle of Otterburn or Chevy Chase. 

Spain. The infant Don Henriquez, son of John the First of 

Castile, first had the title of Prince of Asturias. 
Bajazet I. sultan of the Turks. 

1389 Sultan Bajazet vanquishes Sigismund in battle. 



EIGHTH PERIOD 1299-1453. 141 

A. D. 

1390 Spain. Henry III. the Sickly. 
Scotland. Robert III. 
Persecution of the Wickliffites. 

Hungary. Sigismund recovers from his defeat by Bajazet and 
makes Wallachia afld Moldavia tributary to hiui. 

1391 Manuel succeeds his father John Paleologus in the East. 
Cards invented in France for the king's amusement. 

The English clergy forbidden to cross the sea for benefices. 

1392 The Cape of Good Hope discovered by the Portuguese. 
Charles of France seized with madness. 

1394 Mary married Henry IV. of England, but died before he ob- 
tained the crown. 
The Jews banished from France by Charles VI. 

1397 The three Scandinavian kingdoms, Denmark, Sweden and Nor- 

way under the scepter of Margaret by the union of CUmar. 
Turkey. Isa Belis ; killed at length by his brother. \ 

1398 The Mogul Tartars, under the conduct of the celebrated Timour, 

or Tamerlane, invade Hindostan. ^• 

1399 Tamerlane takes the city of Delhi, defeats the Indian army, 

conquers Hindostan, and butchers 100,000 of its people. 

Westminster Abbey and Hall rebuilt and enlarged. Order of 
the Bath instituted at the coronation of Henry IV. 

Henry IV. son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, and de- 
poser and successor of his cousin Richard II. 

1400 Universit;^ of Dublin. 

Geoffrey Chaucer the father of English poetry died at this time 
aged 72. He is associated in the progress of the world with 
Wat Tyler's insurrection and Wickliffe's reformation. 

Germany. Rupert palatine of the Rhine. 

China. Wonderful canal called the Yu Ho completed about 
this time. 

Caddee or League of God's House. The celebrated league of 
independence in Switzerland formed by the Grisons to resist 
domestic tyranny, till 1419. 

John Huss the Bohemian reformer commences his ministry. 

The Medici supreme in Florence. John Froissart a chronicler 
and poet dies aged 67. 

1401 Rebellion of Owen Glendower. 

1402 John Gower dies aged about 80, one of the earliest English po- 

ets, and friend of Chaucer. 
Battle of Angora in which Bajazet I. king of the Turks is taken 

prisoner by Tamerlane, July 28. Bajazet was exposed in t. 

large iron cage which he had destined for his adversary, and 

dashed his head against the bars and killed himself. 
At this defeat the Persian empire fell under the dominion of 

Tamerlane. 

1403 Joan of Navarre, widow of the duke of Bretagne, marries Hen- 

ry IV. She survived the king and died in 1437. 
Turkey. Solyman. 
1405 The Canary Islands discovered. 



142 MODERN SYNCH RONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1406 Spain, John II. king of Castile. 
Scotland. James I. (See 1424.) 

1409 The council of Pisa deposes Gregory and Benedict and elects 

Alexander V.; neither will yield, so that there are three jjopes 
at once. 

1410 Wickliffe's works burnt at Oxford. 

Joan of Arc born, called also the Pucelle and the Maid of Or- 
leans, a peasant girl of Doniremi in Lorraine. She was sold 
to the English and after the formality of a trial was burnt 
alive as a witch in 1431. 
Guildhall, London, built. 
Germany. Sigismund obtains the crown of Bohemia and is 

elected emperor of Germany, 
^urkey. Musa; strangled at length by his brother. 
* ranee. Civil war between the parties of Orleans and Burgundy. 

1411 ^University of St. Andrew, Scotland, founded. 
Iweden. Eric XIII. ; abdicated, 
knmark. Eric IX. ; abdicated. 

141^ Aglaud. Henry V. son and successor of Henry IV., a care- 
less roisterer. 
""^Ill^ Turkey. Mahomet I. 

1414 He claims the' French crown. Revolt of the Swedes. 
Council of Constance deposes the rival Popes. 

1415 Henry V. gains the battle of Agincourt. 
Ordinary revenue of Henry V. £56,960. • 

Bohemia. John Huss, aged about 44, and Jerome of Pl-ague, 
two of the first reformers, are burnt for heresy at Constance, 
which occasions an insurrection, when Sigismund who betrayed 
them is deposed, and the Imperialists are driven from the king- 
dom. Jerome is burnt 1416. 

Portugal. John I. surnamed the Great carries his arms into 
Africa. 

Prussia. Frederic IV. of Nuremburg obtains by purchase from 
Sigismund emperor of Germany the Margraviate of Branden- 
burg. He is the head of the present reigning family. 

1416 Owen Glendower, a Welsh prince who opposed Henry IV. and 

attempted to dethrone him, dies aged GG years. The best 
view of his insurrection is to be found in Shakspeare's dra- 
ma of Henry IV. 

1417 Lord Cobham, Sir Jno. Oldcastle, martyr, dies aged 57 years. 

1420 The island of Madeira discovered by the Portuguese. 
Catharine, daughter of the king of France, married Henry V. 

May 30. 

She outlived Henry and was married to Owen Tudor grand- 
father of Henry VII. 

Paris taken by the English who held it fifteen years. 

1421 Turkey. Amurath II. Sultan. 

1422 Henry V. died in Paris. 

Henry VI. son and successor of the foregoing was not more 
than three-quarters of a year old when his father died. 



EIGHTH PERIOD — 1299-1453. 143 

A. D. 

1422 France. Death of Charles VI. Henry VI. proclaimed at 
Paris king of France and England. 

Charles VII. the Victorions at Poictiers. 
1425 John Paleologus II. succeeds his father Manuel. 

The Duke of Bedford defeats the French at Verneuil. 

1424 James I. of Scotland actually began to reign at this time, hav- 

ing been prisoner for 18 years. 

1425 The court of sessions in Scotland instituted by James I. 

1428 Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans compels the English to raise 

the siege of that town. 

Wickliffe's remains burnt and his ashes thrown into the Swift. 

Giovanni de Medici, one of the greatest merchant princes of 
Florence died at this time. Cosmo de Medici, his son carried on 
the work his father begun and attained to greater honors. He 
induced artists and scholars to take up their abode in Flor- 
ence. He had the title of Pater Patriae and lived till 1464. 

1429 Joan of Arc raised the siege and entered Orleans with supplies, 

April 29, and the English who were before the place from 
Oct. 12 preceding, abandoned the enterprise the following 
May. She captured several towns in possession of the Eng- 
lish, whom she defeated in a battle near Patay, June 10. 
She had Charles VII of France solemnly crowned at Pvheims. 
Pope Clement VIII. at Avignon, resigns and ends the " Schism 
of the West." 

1431 Joan of Arc was taken at the siege of Compeigne, May 25, 

and to the great disgrace of the English, was burnt for a 
witch five days after at Rouen in the 22d (some say 29th) 
year of her age. 

1432 The Portuguese discover the Azores. 

1433 Lisbon made the seat of government. 
Portugal. Edward. 

1434 Cosmo de Medici recalled from banishment and rise of that 

family at Florence. 
Poland. XJladislaus VI. ; killed in battle. 

1435 Naples and Sicily united under Alphouso V. 

Death of the Duke of Bedford, followed by the loss of all the 
English possessions in France except Calais. 

1436 End of the Hussite wars. The Hanseatic League declines. 
Holland falls to the crown of Philip the Good duke of Bur- 
gundy. 

1437 Scotland. James II. 

Albert II., duke of Austria, marries the daughter of the late 

emperor and king, and receives the crowns of Bohemia and 

Hungary. 
Germany. Sigismund being driven from the throne, Albert 11. 

duke of Austria succeeds. In his family the crown resides 

for three centuries. 

1438 More than 50,000 persons died of famine and plague in Paris in 

14?8, when the hungry wolves entered the city, and com- 
mitted we are told great devastation.. 




144 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1438 Portugal. Alphonsus V. king. 

1439 The Pragmatic Sanction for settling the empire of Germany in 

the house of Austria. 
Reunion of the Greek and Latin churches. 
Denmark, Norway and Sweden reunited. 
Abdication of Eric IX. of Denmark. 
Denmark. Christ^jpher III. 

1440 The great invention of printing is due to Guttenberg who was 

assisted in improving it by Schoeffer and Faust. 
Bohemia. Succession of the Austrian house infringed by 

Ladislas, son of the king of Poland and George Podiebrad a 

protestant chief from this time to 1458. 
Pi-ussia. Frederick II. 

Hungary. Ladislaus IV. ; killed in battle with the Turks. 
Germany. Frederic III. archduke of Austria. 
France. The Dauphin (Louis XL) rebels but is pardoned. 

1441 Sweden. Christopher king, Eric XIII. having abdicated. 
John Van Eyck was born at Maaseyk in 1370 and lived 71 

years. He is supposed to have invented oil painting in 1410. 

1442 The beginning of the negro slave trade. 

Sicily again united to Naples, and the kings ever since called 
king of the Two Sicilies. 

1444 The battle of Varna gained by the Turks over Ladislaus king 
of Hungary, Nov. 10. 

Hungary. Ladislaus V. poisoned while an infant. 

The earliest edition of the Bible was commenced this year by 

Guttenburg and finished in 1460. 
Cape Verde Islands discovered. 

1445 Leonardo da Vinci, the master of the Florentine school of 

painting was born at the castle of Vinci in the lower vale of 
the Arno, and died in 1520. 
Margaret, davighter of the duke of Anjou, married Henry VL 
of England April 22. She survived the king and died in 
• 1482. 

1446 The sea broke in at Dort, Holland, and over 100,000 people 

were overwhelmed and perished, 300 villages were overflowed 

and the tops of their towers and steeples were for ages after to 

be seen rising out of the water. The inundation arose in the 

breaking down of the dykes April 17. 
Vatican library founded. 
Peter Perugino, the master of Raphael is born at this time ; he 

dies 1524. 
Casimir IV. of Poland assists the natives against the oppression 
' of the Teutonic knights. 

1448 Constantine XIII. one of the sons of Manuel ascends the throne 

of the East after his brother John. He was the last of the 

Greek emperors. 
Denmark. ' Accession of Christian I. of the house of Oldenburg, 

from whom the present royal family springs. 
Sweden. Charles VIII. 



NINTH PERIOD — 1453-1688. 145 

A. D. 

14-18 Concordat of Aschaffenberg, by which the liberties of the Ger- 
man church are compromised. 

1450 The house of Sforza lords of Milan ; Francesco being duke. 
Greek language first studied in Europe about this time. 
England. Insurrection of Jack Cade, calling himself Mortimer. 
Flourishing period of Flanders' trade. 

All Europeaai nations have warehouses at Bruges and Ghent. 

1451 Turkey. Mahomet II. ; finally left the empire to his two sons. 
Expedition of Frederic of Germany to Rome. 

1453 Austria made an hereditary duchy by Frederick. 

End of the French and English wars. 

England. " Civil Wars of the Roses " about this time, when 
the house of Yoi'k began to aspire to the crowii and by their 
ambitious views to deluge the whole kingdom in blood. 

Constantinople taken by the Turks, May 29, under Mahomet 
II. their first emperor. 

End of the Eastern or Byzantine empire. 



Ninth Period. 



FROM THE END OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE TO THE REVOLUTION 
IN ENGLAND — 235 YEARS. 

1454 University of Glasgow founded. 
Spain. Henry IV. the Impotent. 

Italy. Struggle between Cosmo de Medici and the aristocracy. 

1455 England. Battle of St. Albans between the houses of York 

and Lancaster. 

1456 Turks repulsed at Belgrade. 

1457 Glass first manufactured in England. 

The refugee Greeks in Italy begin the restoration of learning 

there. 
Book of Psalms printed. (?) 

1458 Sebastian Brandt poet of Strasburg flourished. 
Sweden. Christian I. king. 

Greece made subject to the Mohammedans. 

Hungary. Mattlaias I. Corvinus, son of Huniades late regent. 

He makes his country formidable to her neighbors. 
1460 Engraving and etching on copper invented. 

Battle of Wakefield in which the duke of York is killed. 

An almanac in Lambeth palace written at this time. 

A Livy printed. (?)' ' 

The first Bible completed. (?) 

Scotland. James II. was killed by ii^e bursting of one of the 
b^dly made guns as he was besieging the English in Rox- 
burgh. He was succeeded by his son James III. 

10 



146 MODERN STNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1461 Edward IV. succeeded Henry VI. having waged against him a 
civil war for six years. This was the war of the lioses as 
the struggle between the houses of York and Lancaster was 
called. 
France. Louis XL detested for his atrocious cruelties. 
14G2 Mentz taken and plundered, and the art of printing in the 
general ruin is spread to other towns. 
Russia. Ivan the Great throws off the Mogul yoke, and takes 
the title of Czar. 
1464 Stages, stage-coaches and posts used in France. 

Italy. Cosmo de Medici died and was succeeded by his grand- 
son Lorenzo de Medici, surnamed the Magnificent. 
Lady Elizabeth Grey, daughter of Sir Kichard Woodeville 
and widow of Sir John Grey, married Edward IV. March 1. 
She was suspected of favoring the insurrection of Lambert 
Simnel and closed her life in confinement. 
1466 Faust dies at Paris, whither he journeys twice to sell his Latin 
Bible. 
Epirus annexed to Ottoman empire. 

1468 John Guttenburg died aged 68. He was the inventor of mova- 

ble types in printing and was a partner of the famous Faust 
at Mentz. (See 1440.) 

1469 Warwick banished by Edward IV. 

1470 Prussia. Albert I. 

1471 Thomas Wolsey, cardinal, celebrated statesman born. Died 

1530. 

Thomas a Kempis a monk of the beginning of the 16th cen- 
tury, who wrote works of devotion. He died about this 
time. 

William Caxton a mercer of London, set up the first press at 
Westminster. He printed " Willyam Caxton's Recuyel of 
the Historyes of Troy, by Kaoul le Feure." 

Warwick, Richard Nevil, the " king-maker," was the most dis- 
tinguished actor in the wars of the Roses. He was slain at 
the battle of Barnet, Easter-day April 14, over whom Edward 
IV. gained a decisive victory. 

Richard III. married Anne, daughter of the earl of Warwick, 
and widow of Edward, prince of Wales whom Richard had 
murdered. 

The hapless king Henry VI. is murdered in the Tower, aged 
50 years, during almost all of which he had been a titular 
king. 

Sixtus IV. Pope. Power of the Medici increases. Learning 
flourishes. 

Ladislas VI. king of Poland, elected king of Bohemia on the 
death of Podiebrad. 

1472 First printed Almanac published at Buda. 

Russia. Ivan marries Sophia, niece of the Greek emperor. 
Armenia again made a Persian province under Uffan Cassanes. 

1473 Greek language first studied in France. 



NINTH PERIOD— 1453-1688. 147 

A. D. 

1473 Matthias of Hungary patronizes literature and the arts. 
Nicolas Copernicus the reviver of the ancient Pythagorean the- 
ory of the solar system is born at this time j died 1543. 

1474 The foundation of the present monarchy of Russia laid. 
Spain. Ferdinand V. the Catholic in whom by his marriage 

with Isabella, the kingdoms of Castile and Arragon are 
afterward united. 

Louis Ariosto, the celebrated Italian poet bora. He died 1533. 

Michael Augelo Buonarotti, the second in time of the great 
masters of the Florentine school of painters, eminent alike in 
painting, architecture and sculpture, was born in the terri- 
tory of Arezzo in Tuscany. He died in 1564. 

Khondemis or Mirkhoud Persian historian to this time. 

1475 War between Louis and Charles of Burgundy. 

1476 Who is defeated at Gransou and Morat. 
Prussia. John. 

Certain persons obtain license from Edward IV. to make gold 
and silver from mercury. 

1477 Charles of Burgundy slain at Nancy. Artois and Burgundy 

united to the French crown. 
Watches are said to have been first invented at Nuremberg. 
Belgium passed under the dynasty of the empire of Austria. 
University of Aberdeen founded. 
Hungary. War with Frederic. 
Burgundy accrues to Austria by the marriage of Maximilian 

with the heiress of that province. 

1478 Inquisition set up in Spain. 

Lorenzo the IMagnificent escapes from the attempt of the Pazzi. 

1479 Union of Castile and Arragon under Ferdinand II. and Isa- 

bella. 

1480 Swiss soldiers first enter the pay of France under Louis XL 
The Turks penetrate into Italy and take Otranto, which dif- 
fuses terror throughout Europe. 

1481 End of the domination of the Tartars in Russia. The Helvetic 

confederation extended. Venice makes fresh acquisitions 
among the Grreek islands, and in Italy.- 

Denmark. John partially acknowledged in Sweden. 

Portugal. John II. 

Turkey. Cortacus, grandson to Mahomet II. succeeded by his 
father Xemin, who was obliged to abdicate in favor of his 
brother Bajazet II. ; he was at length deposed by his son. 
1483 Raphael Sanzio da Urbino, the third and last of the great 
triumvirate of Italian painters was born in the city of Urbino 
on Good Friday, March 28th, and died at Rome on Good 
Friday, April 7, 1520, when he had just completed his 37th 
year. He was son of Giovanni Sanzio. 

The Severn overflowed during ten days, and carried away men 
women and children in their beds and covered the tops, of 
riiany mountains ; the waters settled upon the lands and were 
called The Great Waters for 100 years. 



148 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

1483 England. Edward V. son of Edward IV. on wliose death lie 

was merely proclaimed king. His uncle Duke of Gloucester, 
his guardian, was believed to have murdered him with his 
brother in the Tower. Richard III. succeeds. 

France. Charles VIII. the Affable. 

Martin Luther, the great German Reformer, was born at Eisle- 
ben. Died at the same village in 154G, aged 63. 

1484 jS]sop's Fables, printed by Caxton, is supposed to be the first 

book with its leaves numbered. 
Innocent VIII. Pope. 

1485 Richard III. king of England and last of the Plantagenets 

defeated and killed at the battle of Bosworth, Aug. 22, by 
Henry (Tudor) VII. which puts an end to the civil wars 
between the houses of York and Lancaster, after a contest 
of thirty years. The crown of Richard Avas found in a haw- 
thorn bush on the plain where the battle was fought and 
Henry was so impatient to be crowned that he had the cere- 
mony performed on the spot with that very crown. In the 
civil contests between the " Roses " many of the most ancient 
families in the kingdom were entirely extinguished, and no 
less than 100,000 human beings lost their lives. 

Henry establishes fifty yeomen of the guards, the first standing 
army. 

Vienna taken by Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. 

1486 Elizabeth of York, princess of England, daughter of Edward 

IV. She was married Jan. 18 to Henry VII. ; died Feb. 
11, 1503. 
Bartholomew Diaz reaches the Cape of Good Hope. 

1487 The court of Star Chamber was instituted for trials by a com- 

mittee of the privy council. 

1488 Scotland. James IV. succeeds James III. who fell in a brawl 

with some of the barons. 

1489 Maps and sea charts first brought to England by Bartholomew 

Columbus. 
Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, one of the most distinguished 
agents in bringing about the English Reformation, born at 
this time; he was burned in 1555. 

1490 Lord Thomas Cromwell, the celebrated " Mauler of Monasteries " 

in Henry the VIII. 's reign, born at this time. He was be- 
headed in 1540. 

Hungary. Ladislaus VI. 

Martini Behaim of Nuremburg publishes a map of the world. 

William Grocyn introduced the Greek language at Oxford, 
where he had the honor to teach Erasmus. 

1491 France. Bretagne united to the crown by the king's marriage* 

with Anne. 

1492 San Salvador discovered by Columbus Oct. 12, Cuba Oct. 27, 

Ilispaniola Dec. 6. 
The Moors lose Grenada their last possession in Spain. 
Poland. John Albert. 



NINTH PERIOD— 1453-1688. 149 

A.D. 

1492 Naples conquered by Charles VIII. 

Piero de Medici succeeded his father Lorenzo in Florence. 
500,000 Jews are banished from Spain and 150,000 from Por- 
tugal. 

1493 Alexander VT. divides the newly discovered lands between 

Spain and Portugal. 
Maximilian I. ; he married the heiress of Burgundy. 
Perkin Warbeck pretends to be Richard duke of York ; defeated 

on Blackheath. 

1494 Hans Sachs the shoemaker poet flourished. 
Jamaica discovered by Columbus. 

1495 The land peace established at the Diet of Worms. 
Portugal. Emanuel. 

1496 Sebastian Cabot discovers Newfoundland and North America 

for Henry VII. of England. 
Spain by the marriage of Philij) I. of Austria with the heiress 
of Arragon and Castile accrues to Austria. 

1497 Sweden. John II. 

The Portuguese under Vasco de Gama first sail to the East In- 
dies by the Cape of Good Hope. 
South America discovered by Amerigo Vespucci. 

1498 Hans Holbein Swiss painter born ; died 1554. 
The return of the Medici. 

France. Louis XII. duke of Orleans surnamed the Father of 

his People. 
Poland. The Wallachians treacherously carry off 100,000 

Poles and sell them to the Turks as slaves. 

1499 Spaniards landed in Venezuela or Little Venice- 
Prussia. Joachim. 

The Moors expelled from Castile. 

Perkin Warbeck executed. 

Maximilian admits the independence of the Swiss. 

1500 Treaty with Ferdinand of Arragon for the conquest and parti- 

tion of Naples between France and Spain. 
Birth of Charles V. the Great of Germany. 
Cabral discovers the Brazils. 
Savonarola and IMachiavelli flourish at Florence. 
The Turks conquer the Morea. 

1502 Poland. Alexander prince of Livonia. 

Coast of North America explored by Cortereal a Portuguese. 

Sehaffhausen joins the Swiss union. 

Fourth voyage of Columbus. 

Igmael Shah Soafi makes himself sole sovereign of Persia. 

University of Wittenburg. 

1503 James of Scotland marries Margaret of England. 
Pope Pius III. Pope Julius II. 

Ottoman empire at peace with Venice. 

1504 Spain. Philip I. of Austria and his queen Joan. 

Thi kingdom of Naples and Sicily united to the Spanish mon- 
archy. 



150 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1505 Shillings first coined in England. 

Almeida sails to the East Indies, reduces Ceylon, etc. 
War between Persia and the Ottoman empire. 
John Knox the great Scottish reformer born ; lived 67 years, 
Spain. Joan alone over both kingdoms. 

1506 Columbus died at Valladolid. 

1507 Poland. Sigismund I. 

The New World first called Anierica after Amerigo Vespucci by 

Waldseemuller of Fribourg. 
Board of American trade at Seville. Cardinal Ximenes. 

1508 The Spaniards colonize Cuba, Jamaica and Porto Rico. 
Negro slaves imported into Hispaniola. 

League of Cambray against the Venetians. 
Maximilian enters Italy to be crowned by the Pope ; joins the 
League of Cambray. 

1509 Henry VIII. king of England joins the League of Cambray. 

' Gardening inti-oduced into England from the Netherlands 
whence vegetables were imported hitherto. 
Russia. Basil IV. carries his victorious army into the East till 
1534. 

1510 Albuquerque military eonunander of Portugal begins conquests 

in the East Indies. Settlement of Darien. 
Holy League to expel the French from Italy. 
The council of Tours to support the king of France against the 

Holy League. 

1511 Cuba conquered by 300 Spaniards. 
Council of Pisa in Italy. 

1512 Florida discovered by Ponce de Leon. 

Turkey. Selim I. raised to the throne by the Janizaries; he 

murders his father, brothers and their sons. 
Ferdinand conquers the greater part of the kingdom of Navarre. 
Maximilian divides the empire of Germany into ten circles. 

1513 Battle of Flodden in which James IV. was slain. 
James V. king of Scotland. 

The Helvetic confederation includes every canton of Switzerland. 
Pope Leo X. (de Medici) patron of literatui-e and arts. 
The building of St. Peter's commenced. 
Pacific ocean discovered by Balboa. 

Denmark. Christian II.; confined 27 years in a dungeon, 
where he died. 

1514 .Cannon bullets of stone still in use. 

Mesopotamia and. Kurdistan added to the Ottoman empire. 
Selim takes the islands of the archipelago from the Christians. 
The Persians defeated at Kalderoon. 

1515 Francis I. king of France; invades Italy. 
Hungary. Louis II. 

Victory of Marignan. Genoa and Milan submit. 
Wolsey chancellor and cardinal. 

The celebrat«d tapestry after Raphael. Cartoons woven in the 
Netherlands. 



NINTH PERIOD— 1453-1688. 151 

A. D. 

1516 Concordat witli the Pope instead of pragmatic sanction. 
The Swiss confederacy acknowledged by France. 

Spain. Charles I.; also emperor of Germany, resigned both 

crowns and retired to a monastery. 
Cairo taken by storm. Mameluke dominions annexed to the 

Ottoman empire. 

1517 Reformation commences. Luther opposes indulgences. 
Erasmus, Melancthon and other Reformers. 

Cairo taken from the Mamelukes and Egypt reduced into a 

Turkish province by Selim I. 
Syria conquered by the Turks under Selim. 
The first edition of the whole Bible was, strictly speaking, the 

Complutensian Polyglot of Cardinal Ximenes. 
Europeans first arrive at Canton, China. 
Ibrahim Lodi, king of Delhi in India. 

First patent for importing negroes to America granted by Spain. 
Roger Ascham tutor of queen Elizabeth. 
Hans Sachs founder of Grerman drama. 
Copernicus discovers the true system of the Universe. 
Cardinal Francis Ximenes, an eminent Spanish statesman died 

aged 60. 
Mexico discovered by Francisco Fernandez. 

1518 Magellan in the service of Spain, fii'st discovered the straits of 

that name in South America. 
Portuguese trade with China commences. 
Doctrines of Luther condemned by Leo X. 
Luther summoned before the Diet of Augsburg. 
Corsairs in Algiers. 

1519 Mexico conquered by the Spanish under Cortez. 
Cardinal de 3Iedici holds rule in Florence. 

The Reformation begins at Basle ; the bishop compelled to re- 
tire. 
Charles V. emperor of Germany. 

1520 Henry VIII. for his writings against Luther receives the title 

of Defender of the Faith from the Pope. Luther burns the 
pope's bull. Magellan enters the Pacific by the strait of Ma- 
gellan. 

The emperor of France visits England. Meeting of Henry and 
Francis at the " Field of the Cloth of Gold." 

Solyman the Magnificent Turkish emperor. 

Sweden. Christian II., the " Nero of the North," massacres all 
the Swedish nobility t<5 fix his despotism. 

1521 Luther at the Diet of Worms. Gustavus Vasa with his Dale- 

carlians, begins the liberation of Sweden. Eastern Archi- 
pelago discovered. Cortez takes the city of Mexico August 
13 of this year. 

John III. king of Portugal. 

First French war with Charles V. 

Belgrade taken by storm. 

William Cecil, Lord Burleigh, English statesman, lived 77 years. 



152 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

1521 The first ship that sailed round the earth and hence determined 

its being globular, was Magellan's, or Magelhoen'a ; he was a 
native of Portugal, in the service of Spain, and by keeping 
a westerly course he returned to the same place he had set 
out from in 1519. The voyage was completed in three years 
and twenty-nine days ; but Magellan was killed on his home- 
ward passage at the Philippines in this year. 

1522 Francis I. laid the foundation of what is now called the Old 

Louvre at Paris. 
Pope Adrian VI. 
Rhodes taken from the Turks by the Knights of St. John, Dec. 

25. Reformation in Scotland. 
John Jewell born, English prelate and author, lived 49 years. 

1523 Clement VII. pope; denounces Henry VIII. of England. 
Denmark. Frederic. 

Revolt under Gustavus Vasa. The Danes- expelled. Union of 

Calmar dissolved. 
Frederic I. king of Denmark and Norway. 

1524 The Chevalier Bayard killed in battle. 

Some of the states of Europe were alarmed by the' prediction 
that another general deluge would occur, and arks were every- 
where built to guard against the calamity; but the season 
happened to be a very dry one. 

Verazzani, a Florentine in the service of France, explores. the 
coast of America from N. C. to Nova Scotia. 
.1525 Prussia made an hereditary dukedom by A. de Brandenburg, 
Grand Master of the Teutonic order. Francis I. taken pris- 
oner at the battle of Pa via. 

General insurrection of the peasantry of Germany under Thomas 
Munzer. 

Conquest of India completed by the sultan Baber, founder of 
the Mogul empire. 

Albert duke of Prussia. 

1526 The Ottoman Porte subjugates the Danubian principalities. 
Charles of Germany marries Isabella of Portugal. 
Turkish invasion of Hungary. 

Lutheranism established in Germany. 

Liberation of Francis I. 

Hungary. John Sepusius; deposed. 

1527 Second French war with Charles V. 
The Medici expelled from Florence. 

Bohemia. The emperor Ferdinand I. marries Anne, sister of 
Louis the late king, and obtains the crown of Hungary. 

1528 Albert Durer, celebrated German painter and engraver, dies 

aged 57 years. 
Andrew Doria makes Genoa independent. 
Sweden. Gustavus I. Vasa. The conquest of Peru. 

1529 The name of Protestant given to those who protested against the 

Church of Rome at the diet of Spires in Germany. The re- 
ligious peace' in Switzerland. 



KINTH PERIOD — 1453-1688. 153 

A. D. 

1529 Solyman II. of Turkey witli 250,000 men is repulsed before 

Vienna. 
Treaty of Gambray. Great encouragement given to arts and 

sciences. The Louvre commenced. 
Sir Thomas More Lord Chancellor. 
Rise of Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury. 

1530 Confession of Augsburg. Knights of St. John established in 

Malta. 
Medici restored to Italy. Charles V. crowned at Bologna. 
Jorgens invents the spinning wheel for spinning flax. 
Rabelais French humorist. 
Ulrich Zuinglius the celebrated Swiss reformer was killed in a 

battle against the Reformers, aged 42 years. His body was 

burned by the victors. 
Peru invaded by Pizarro and Almagro. 

1532 Union of Norway and Denmark. 

Calvin preaches. Third French war. Siega of Marseilles. 

Henry VIII. marries Anne Boleyn. 

Robert Dudley earl of Leicester born; lived 56 years. 

1533 Ariosto Italian poet dies aged 59. 
Elizabeth of England born. 
Conquest of Peru by Cortez. 
Botanic gardens at Padua. 
Hotel de Ville built in Paris. 

Henry VIII. makes himself head of the English Church. 
Reformation in England and Ireland. 

1534 Antonio Allegri, called Corregio from the place of "his nativity, 

a small village in the duchy of Modena, was born in 1494 

and lived till this time. He was the father of the Lombardy 

school of painting. 
Russia. Ivan Basilowitz takes the title of czar, signifying great 

king, and drives the Tartars out of his dominions till 1550. 
Hungary. John Sepusius again. 
Paul III. Pope. 

Cartier discovers the river St. Lawrence. 
Denmark. Christian III. 

1535 Ignatius Loyola founds the order of the Jesuits. 
Prussia. Joachim II. 

Bishop Fisher and Sir Thomas More beheaded. 
Henry excommunicated by the Pope. 
Barbarossa seizes Tunis. The Anabaptists of Munster. 
The emperor Charles V. restores the Moorish king. 

1536 Cortez discovers California. 
Acquisition of Milan. 

Desiderius Erasmus a native of Holland, one of the great schol- 
ars of the time of the Reformation, died aged 69 years. 
Macao, China, is granted as a settlement to the Portuguese. 
Spread of the Reformation in Scotland. Protestants persecuted. 
Heniry VIII. marries Jane Seymour. 
Suppression of smaller monasteries in England. 



154 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

1536 The English statesman Sir Francis Walsingham born ; lived 54 

years. 
, Tlie Boulevards commenced .at Paris. 

1537 Cosmo de Medici duke of Tuscany. Papal bull declaring the 

American natives to be rational beings. 

1538 Suppression of the larger monasteries in England. 
The diving bell invented. 

Truce of Nice for ten days. Attempt to recover power in Italy, 
Congress of Nice between the emperor of Germany, the Pope 
and the king of France. 

1539 The first English edition of the Bible authorized. 
About this time cannon began to be used in ships. 
The " Six Bloody Articles" in England. 

Pins first used by Catharine Howard queen of England, 
Six hundred and forty-five religious houses suppressed in Eng- 
land and Wales. Hungary. John II. 

1540 Society of the Jesuits established Sept. 27, 

Variation of the compass discovered. Reformation at Greneva. 
In England no clock went accurately before that set up at 

Hampton-court (maker's initials N. 0.) 
Investiture of Milan conferred by Charles V. on Philip. 

1541 Destruction of an armament led by Charles V. against Algiers. 

1542 Mary Stuart born and made queen of Scotland. 

Henry III. assumes the title of king instead of lord of Ireland. 
A commercial treaty between Portugal and Japan. 
Fourth French war. 

De Soto dies ; is buried in the Mississippi River, which he dis- 
covered the previous year, 

1543 Silk stockings first worn by the French king. 
Copernicus dies. 

First standing army in Sweden, 

Germany and England in alliance against France. 

1544 Lutheranism in Sweden. 

Sweden. Gustavus Vasa makes the crown hereditary, and in- 
troduces the reformed religion. 

The Grison Leagues join the Swiss confederacy as allies. 

University of Konigsburg founded by Duke Albert of Prussia, 

Peace of Crespy. France gives up Italy. 

French fleet gain a victory over the English ofi" the Isle of 
Wight. 

1545 The general council of Trent begins. 

Mines of Potosi discovered in South America. 
Needles first made, Vasalius' work on anatomy. 
Sir Francis Drake English circumnavigator born; lived 51 
years. 

1546 Luther dies. War of the Smalcaldists, 

1547 First law in England, establishing the interest of money at 10 

per cent. 
Revival of Stoicism by Justus Lipsius. 
, The Turks invade Persia and capture Ispahan. 



NINTH PERIOD — 1453-1688. 155 

A. D. 

1547 Duke Maurice elector of Saxony, 

Henry II. king of France. The famous Cathai'ine de Medici 
queen. 

Edward VI. king of England. Somerset invades Scotland ; de- 
feats the Scots at Pinkie. 

The Caraccas S. A. formed into a kingdom under a captain-gen- 
eral. 

1548 Poland. Splendid reign of Sigismund. 

Formal establishment of Protestantism in England'. 
Orange trees introduced into Europe. 

1549 Lord-lieutenants of counties instituted in England. 
Telescopes invented. The English Liturgy completed and es- 
tablished by act of Parliament. 

Death of Cardinal Beaton. 

Cervantes born, author Don Quixote ; lived 69 years. 

1550 Horse guards instituted in England. 
Julius III. Pope. 

Era of English Puritans. 
■ The art of stucco in which the Romans excelled, was revived 
by D'Udine, and is now exquisitely performed in Italy and 
France, and is rapidly advancing to perfection in England. 

The sect of Unitarians began at this time. 

1552 Treaty of Passau secures religious liberty to the Protestants. 
Books of geography and astronomy destroyed in England, as 

being infected with magic. 
The book of common prayer established in England by act of 
Parliament. 

1553 The English go by sea to Archangel. 

Lucas Cranach, the elder, a painter of the German school was 
born at Cranach in 1472, and died at Wittenberg in 1553. 
His family name was Sunder, his second name he took from 
the place of his birth. 

Lady Jane Grey, daughter of the duke of Suflfolk, and wife of 
Lord Guilford Dudley was proclaimed queen of England 
on the death of Edward VI. Ten days afterwards returned 
to private life, was tried Nov. 13 and beheaded Feb. 12, 
1554, when but seventeen years of age, with her husband and 
his father. 

Mary daughter of Henry VIII. ascended the throne July 6, 
married Philip II. of Spain the following year. 

Elizabeth Croft, a girl of 18 years of age was secreted in a 
wall and with a whistle made for the purpose uttered many 
seditious speeches against the queen and prince and also 
against the mass and confession, for which she was sentenced 
to stand upon a scaffold at St. Paul's cross during sermon- 
time and make public confession of her imposture. She was 
called the Spirit of the Wall. 

While Servetus, the founder of the Unitarian sect was proceed- 
ing to Naples through Geneva, Calvin induced the magis- 
trates to arrest him on a charge of blasphemy and heresy, 



156 MODERN STNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

and refusing to retract lais opinions, lie was condemned to 
the flames which sentence was carried into execution Oct. 
27. (?) _ 

1554 Holland. William the Great succeeds his cousin Rene, to 

whom the United Provinces owe their foundation and glory; 
killed at length by an assassin hired by Philip of Spain. 

The wearing of silk forbidden to the common people of Eng- 
land. 

Hans Holbein, an eminent German painter, celebrated for his 
portraits of royal persons and his " Dance of Death," dies 
aged 56. 

1555 Ridley bishop of London, and Latimer bishop of Worcester, 

were burned at Oxford, Oct. 16, and Cranmer archbishop 
of Canterbury March 21 the year following. 300 Protestants 
were burnt alive and great numbers perished in prison. 

Reign of the illustrious Acbar, the greatest prince of Hindos- 
tan. 

Spain. Philip II. married Mary of England. 

The company of stationers of London is of great antiquity and 
existed long before printing was invented, yet it was not 
incorporated until the second year of Philip and Mary. 

The Russian Company established in England. 

Marcellus IV. Pope. 

Paul IV. Pope. 

1556 Charles V. reigning over Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary 

Spain, the Netherlands and their dependencies abdicated and 
retires from the world to the monastery of St. Just, in Spain, 
leaving his German dominions to his brother Ferdinand, and 
Spain and the Netherlands to his son Philip II. He died in 
1558. 

Sweden. Eric XIV. died in prison. 

The diet was transferred to Warsaw, the late metropolis of 
Poland from Cracow. 

1557 Portugal. Sebastian ; killed in Africa. 

1558 England. Elizabeth daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn 

ascended the throne Nov. 17. Reigned 4-1 years, 4 months, 
and 7 days, and died unmarried. 

1559 France. Francis II. married Mary Stuart afterwards queen 

of Scots ; died the year after his accession. 
Duke of Guise minister. 
Denmark and Norway. Frederic II. 
Decrease of the influence of the Hanse towns. 
Pius IV. (Medici) pope. 
Peace of Chateau Cambresis terminates the French wars in 

Italy. Tranquility for 66 years. 

1560 France. Charles IX. Catherine de Medici his mother ob- 

tained the regency, which trust she abused. Minstrels con- 
tinued till this time. They owed their origin to the gleemen 
or harpers of the Saxons. 
Queen Elizabeth was presented with a pair of black knit silk 



NINTH PERIOD — 1453-1688. 157 



A. D. 



stockings, by her silk-woman, Mrs. Montague, and slic never 
wore cloth ones any more. 

1560 Tilts and tournaments were suppressed in France. 
Socinianism was projwgated about this time, so called from its 

founders Faustus and Lgelius Socinus. 

Philip Melancthon, the celebrated coadjutor of Luther in effect- 
ing the Grerman Reformation, died aged 63 years. 

The reformation in Scotland completed by John Knox. 

1561 Hungary. Maximilian ; afterwards emperor of Germany. 
Philip II. commences his bloody persecution of I*rotestants. 
Sweden. The titles of count and baron introduced by Eric 

XIV. 
Mary queen of Scots arrives in Scotland from France. 

1562 The Escurial, the palace of the kings of Spain was begun by 

PhiHp II. 

1563 Siege of Orleans, when the duke of Guise was killed. 

Seville was the capital of Spain until this time, when Philip 
II. established his court at Madrid. 

Captain, afterwards Sir John Hawkins was the first English- 
man after the discovery of America who made a traflSc of the 
human species. 

Knives first made in England. 

The council of Trent concluded. 

1564 Tuileries one of the royal palaces of Paris commenced by Catl^- 

arine de Medici, after the plans of Philibert de Lorme ; 
continued by Henry IV. and finished by Louis XIV. 

William Shakspeare, the great poet and dramatist was born at 
Stratford-on-Avon. to which place he returned from London, 
and lived till 1616. 

John Calvin, the Swiss Reformer, born in France, died in Gen- 
eva at this time aged 55 years. 

Galilei Galileo, one of the greatest experimental philosophers, 
was born at Pisa. He died in 161-2 one of. the noblest mar- 
tyrs of science. 

Germany. Maximilian II. emperor. • 

1565 400 nobles petition against the Inquisition in the Netherlands. 
Mary Stuart marries Lord Darnley. 

Revolt of Protestants in Scotland. 

1566 The memorable siege of Malta by the Turks who were obliged 

to abandon the enterprise after the loss of 30,000 men. 
Revolt of the Netherlands from Philip IL 
39 Articles established in England. 
Turkey. Death of Solyman at Sigeth. 
Turkey. Selim II. Sweden. Eric XIV. 
Pius V. Pope. Mary's favorite Rizzio murdered. 

1567 Darnley murdered ; the queen marries earl of Bothwell ; is de- 

throned and imprisoned at Lochleven Castle, Kinross, which 
is remarkable as the place of the unfortunate queen Mary's 
imprisonment and of her escape the following year, May 2. 
James VI. king of Scotland. 



158 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A.D. 

15G7 Duke Alva of Spain sent to subdue the Netherlands. 
15G8 Count of Egmont, a Flemish nobleman who served in. the wars 
of Charles V. and Philip II. seized by the ferocious monster 
Alva, in company with his friend Count Horn and beheaded 
aged 40 years. 

Battle of Langside, between the forces of the regent of Scot- 
land, the earl of Murray and the army of Mary queen of 
Scots in which the latter suft'ered a complete defeat on May 
15. Immediately after this fatal battle, the unfortunate 
Mary fled to England and landed at Workington, in Cum- 
berland, on May IG, and was soon after imprisoned by Eliza- 
beth. 

The Huguenots defeated at St. Denis by the Catholics. 

The Duke of Alva's " bloody tribunal" at Brussels. 

1569 Bernardo Tasso, a great poet of Italy died aged 70 years. His 

chief poem was on the adventures of " Auiadis of Gaul." 

Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland fail to set Mary 
at liberty. 

Cosmo de Medici made grand-duke of Tuscany by Pius V. 

John III. king of Sweden. 

The earl of Murray, regent of Scotland assassinated by Hamil- 
ton. 

Huguenots routed at Jarnac ; Conde killed. 

1570 Rialto a renowned bridge at Venice, mentioned by Shakspeare 

in his " Merchant of Venice," was built at this time. 
Henry of Beam takes the lead of the Huguenots. 
Civil wars of the Desmonds in Ireland. 

1571 Battle of Lepanto. The great naval engagements between the 

combined fleets of Spain, Venice and Pius V., and the whole 
maritime force of the Turks. Don John of Austria com- 
manded the Christian fleet and prostrated for a time the whole 
naval power of Turkey. 

The Tartars surprise Moscow, slay 30,000 of the inhabitants 
and burn the city. 

Prussia. John George elector. 

The invention of telescopes is noticed by Leonard Digges, 

The island of Cyprus taken by the Turks. 

1572 Massacre of St. Bartholomew. 70,000 Huguenots or French 

Protestants, throughout the kingdom of France, were mur- 
dered under circumstances of the most horrid treachery and 
cruelty. It began at Paris in the night of the festival of St. 
Bartholomew, Aug. 24, by secret orders from Charles IX. 
king of France, at the instigation of the queen dowager, 
Catherine de Medici, his mother. 

Emphatically the " French Matins " imply the massacre of St. 
Bartholomew. 

Modern masks and muffs, fans and false hair for women were 
devised by the harlots of Italy and brought to England from 
France. 

Pope Gregory XIII. arranged the present calendar. 



NINTH PERIOD — 1453-1688. 159 

A.D. 

1572 The northern states of the Netherlands recognize William of 

Orange as Stadtholder. 
John Knox the great Scottish reformer, educated at Hadding- 
ton and St. Andrews for the priesthood, died aged 67 years. 

1573 Hungary. Rodolphus. 

William Laud born, English prelate, famed for his tyranny and 

superstition ; lived 72 years. 
Louis of Zuniga succeds Alva in the Netherlands. 

1574 France. Henry III. elected king of Poland; murdered Aug. 1, 

1589 by Jacque Clement a Dominican friar. In this prince 
was extinguished the House of Valois. 

The memorable siege of Leyden sustained against the armies of 
Spain, during which 6,000 of the inhabitants died of pesti- 
lence and famine. 

Turkey. Amurath III. ascends the throne ; strangles his five 
brothers. Dreadful persecution of the Christians during this 
reign. 

1575 The lUuminati heretics sprang up in Spain, where they were 

called Alumbrados. After their suppression in Spain they 
appeared in France. 

A university founded in commemoration of the siege of Leyden, 
celebrated for its colleges, medicinal gardens and valuable li- 
brary. (See 1807.) 

Poland. Stephen forms a militia composed of Cossacks, a bar- 
barous race, on whom he bestows the Ukraine. 

1576 Pacification of Ghent, November 8. 
Greenland was visited by Frobisher. 

Germany. Rodolph II. king of Bohemia and Hungary. 

The Catholic league in France against the Protestants. 

Tiziano Vecelli, better known by the name of Titian, the great- 
est of the Venetian school of painting, was born at Cadore, 
in Friuli in 1477. He died at this time aged 99 years. 

Jerome Cardan, Italian, celebrated for his eccentricities and fol- 
lies, starved himself to death to fulfil one of his own prophe- 
cies, aged 75 years. 

1577 Sir Francis Drake sailed from Plymouth, Nov. 13, and sailed 

round the globe, returned to England after many perilous 
adventures, Nov. 3, 1580; the first English circumnavigator. 

1578 Portugal. Henry the Cardinal. 

King Sebastian of Spain defeated by the Moors. 
Alexander Farnese succeeds Don Juan in the Netherlands. 

1579 Seven provinces under William, prince of Orange, revolt owing 

to the tyranny of Philip II. forming the Seven United Prov- 
inces. They met at Utrecht where they signed a treaty for 
mutual defence Jan. 23, and formed the alliance known as the 
" Union of Utrecht." 

Commencement of the Republic of Holland. They elect Wil- 
liam Prince of Orange Stadtholder. 

Louifi Camoens, the most eminent poet of his country dies aged 
62 years. 



IGO MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1580 Amazonia discovered by Francisco Orellana. 

Portugal. Anthony, prior of Crato, son of Emanuel, deposed 
by Philip II. of Spain, who luiited Portugal to his other 
dominions till 1640. 

Dr. James Usher the eminent Irish prelate is born. He was 
made archbishop of Armagh. He died in 1656 and was 
buried in Westminster Abbey. He is most renowned for his 
Chronology of Scripture. 

Charles Emanuel duke of Savoy. 

1581 Russia. The Novorogodians having intrigued with the Poles, 

Ivan (John IV.) orders the chief inhabitants to be hewn into 
small pieces before his eyes. 
The United Provinces declare themselves independent. 

1582 The science of astronomy greatly advanced by Tycho Brahe. 
Pope Gregory XIII. introduces the New Style in Italy, the 

5th of Oct. being counted the 15th. 

1583 Hugo Grotius 'or de Groot, a famous Dutch statesman, jurist 

and theologian, born at this time. He died in the service of 
Sweden in 1645, aged 62 years. 
Tobacco first brought from Virginia into England. 

1584 Cape Breton discovered by the English. 

Holland. The Stadtholder William is assassinated. Succeeded 

by Henry Philip William. 
Russia. Theodore I. 

Virginia discovered by Sir Walter Raleigh. 
Miles Standish born ; a military leader of the Pilgrims in New 

England. He died in 1656. 

1585 Davis Strait discovered by the English navigator John Davis, 

whose name it bears, on his voyage to find a northwest pas- 
sage. 

The Turks driven out of Persia by the famous Schah Abbas. 

Cardinal de Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis is born, an emi- 
nent statesman and minister of France. He died in 1642 
aged 57 years and left many of his schemes to be completed 
by his successor Cardinal Mazarin. 

John Cotton a learned divine of Boston is born. Dies 1652. 

First English colony in America planted at Roanoke. 

Cornelius Jansen bishop of Ypres, founder of the sect of Jan- 
senists is born. He dies in 1638. 

Sixtus V. rose from a shepherd boy to ^ be Pope ; is active and 
energetic, corrects abuses in the church, and restores the Vat- 
ican library. 

1586 Babington's Conspiracy in the cause of Mary against Elizabeth, 

for which he with thirteen others suffered death. 
Sir Philip Sidney, the hero and poet narrowly escaped the mas- 
sacre of St. Bartholomew, was subsequently made governor 
of Flushing, and fell in an engagement at Zutphen, where 
his small body of troops was victorious, aged 32 years. 

1587 Mary queen of Scots whose death is an indelible stain upon the 

reign of Elizabeth, was beheaded in Fotheringay Castle,"in 



NINTH PERIOD— 1453-1688. 161 



A. D. 



wliicli she had been long previously confined Feb. 8, after an 
unjust and cruel captivity of almost nineteen years in Eng- 
land. The castle was ordered to be demolished by her son 
James I. of England. 

1587 John Winthrop governor of the colony of Massachusetts is 

born; died in 1649. 

1588 The famous Spanish armament, called the Invincible Armada, 

under the duke of Medina Sidonia, arrived in the English 
Channel July 19, and was defeated next day by Sir Francis 
Drake and Charles Howard. The Spanish loss was great, the 
English lost but one ship. 

A publication called the English Mercury came out under 
authority of queen Elizabeth, describing the English Armada. 

Denmark. Christian IV. 

Manufacture of paper introduced into England. * 

William Bradford second governor of Plymouth colony born ; 
died 1657. 

Henry of Guise creates a rebellion in Paris May 12. 

Paolo Cagliari, surnamed Paul Veronese, was born at Verona 
in 1530, and died at Venice at this time aged 58 years. He 
belonged to the Venetian school of painters. 

1589 Henry IV. of France and Navarre justly styled the Great, son 

of Anthony de Bourbon, so called from a fief of that name 
which fell to him by marriage, came to the throne of France. 

Murdered 1610 by Ravillac. 

Levant company make a land expedition to India. 

Anne princess of Denmark, daughter of Frederic II., was mar- 
ried to James I. of England Aug 20. She died March, 1619. 

Coaches first introduced into England. 

1590 Octavio Piinuccini of Florence was the inventor of operas. Em- 

ilio de Cavalero however disputed this honor with him. 
Band of pensioners instituted in England. 
Henry IV. besieges Paris. 
Urban VII. Pope. 
Gregory XIV. Pope. 

1591 William Hackett a fanatic personated our Saviour and was ex- 

ecuted for blasphemy. 
University of Dublin erected. 
John Fischart a poet of Mayence flourished. 
Innocent IX. Pope two months. 

1592 Massacre of the Christians in Croatia by the Turks, when 65,- 

000 were slain. 
Sweden. Sigismund I. king of Poland. 
Presbyterian church government established in Scotland. 
Michael de Montaigne the French essayist died, aged 59 years. 
Clement VIII. Pope. 

1593 Sir Thomas Wentworth earl of Stafford born; died 1641. 
Henry IV. becomes a Catholic. 

1594 The 'lukedom of Prussia is joined to the electorate of Branden- 

burg and so continues till this day. 

11 



162 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

1594 Edward Winslow governor of Plymouth colony born; died Id 

1643. Bank of England incorporated. 
John Hampden celebrated patriotic statesman born; died 1643. 

1595 Turkey. Bloody reign of Mahomet III. 

Torquato, son of Bernardo Tasso the great Italian poet, died 
aged 51 years. His immortal poem is " Jerusalem delivered." 
Dutch factories established in Java. 

1596 Rene Descartes the eminent French philosopher born ; died 

1650. 

1598 Spain. Philip III. son of Philip II. He drove the Moors 

from Grenada and the adjacent provinces. 

Elizabeth appointed Edmund Spenser poet-laureate. 

Joachim Frederick elector of Brandenburg. 

The race of Rurick which had governed Russia 700 years be- 
comes extinct. 

Bovise Godounove becomes emperor of Russia. (?) 

1599 Edmund Spenser, one of the great English poets ; studied at 

Cambridge. He died at this time aged 46 years. His great 

poem is " The Faery Queen." 
Henry IV. allows liberty of conscience to the Calvinists by the 

edict of Nantes. 
Robert Blake a celebrated English admiral born; died 1657. 

1600 Hydrostatics were revived by Galileo about this time, having 

been studied in the Alexandrian school about 300 B. C. 
The English East India Company established. 
Birth of Charles I. of England. 

1601 Roger Williams born ; educated at Oxford, England, by the 

kindness of Sir Edward Coke. He founded Rhode Island ; 
died 1683. 
Earl of Essex beheaded. 

1602 The Dutch East India Company founded. 

Charles Emanuel of Savoy attempts Geneva by surprise, scales 
the walls and peneti-ates the town ; but in the end is defeated. 

This circumstance gives rise to an annual festival commemora- 
tive of their escape from tyranny. 

Decimal arithmetic invented at Bruges. 

William Chillingworth, English theologian and author is born ; 
dies 1644. 

Cape Cod discovered by Bartholomew Gosnold. 

Agostino Caracci was born at Bologna in 1558, and died at this 
time aged 44 years. One of the Lombard school of painters. 

1603 30,578 persons perished of the plague in London alone, in this 

and the following year. It was also fatal in Ireland. 
Union of the English and Scotch crowns under James I. of 
England (James VI. of Scotland) son of Mary queen of 
Scots. 

1604 The celebrated religious conference held at Hampton Court 

palace, in order to effect a general union between the prelates 
of the church of England and the dissenting ministers. This 
conference led to a new translation of the Bible which was 



NINTH PERIOD — 1453-1688. 163 



A. D. 



executed in 1607-1611, and is that now in general use in 
England and the United States. 

1604 The Jesuits were expelled from England by proclamation of 

James I. and from Venice two years later. 
Turkey. Achmet ; succeeded by his brother. 
John Eliot, "the apostle to the Indians" born; died in 1690. 

1605 The memorable conspiracy in England, known by the name of 

the Gunpowder Plot, for springing a mine under the house 
of parliament, and destroying the three estates of the realm, 
king, lords and commons was discovered Nov. 5. This 
diabolical scheme was projected by Robert Catesby and many 
high persons were leagued in the enterprise. Guy Faux was 
detected in the vaults under the House of Lords, preparing 
the train for being fired the next day. 

Edmund Waller an English poet was born. He died in 1687. 

Hugh Calverly, having murdered two of his children and stab- 
bed his wife in a fit of jealousy, being arraigned for his crime 
at York assizes, stood mute and was thereupon pressed to 
death in the castle, a large iron weight being placed upon 
his breast. 

Quebec founded by the French. Leo XL Pope. 

Russia. Theodore II. Demetrius II. ; assassinated'. 

Paul V. Pope. 

1606 Demetrius Griska Eutropeia,a friar, pretended to be the son of 

Basilowitz, czar of Muscovy, whom the usurper Boris had 
put to death, but he maintained that another child had 
been substituted in his place, he was supported by the arms 
of Poland ; his success astonished the Russians, who invited 
him to the throne and delivered into his hands Fedor the 
reigning czar and all his family, whom he cruelly put to 
death ; his imposition being discovered, he was assassinated 
in his palace. 

Russia. Chousky. 

Sweden. Charles IX. ' 

Great fire in Constantinople. 

Dr. Gilbert discovers the power of electricity and of conductors 
and non-conductors. 

Oaths of allegiance first administered in England. 

1607 Virginia, sometimes called the Old Dominion, settled in April, 

at Jamestown on James' river ; the first white settlement in 
the United States. 

1608 Forks used in England. 

John Sigismund created elector of Brandenburg and duke of 

Prussia. 
Armiuius propagates his opinions and dies the following year. 
Removal of the Pilgrims to Leyden. 

1609 The Bermudas occupied by the English. 

After a struggle of 30 years the king of Spain is obliged to 

declare the Batavians free. 
Hungary. Matthias 11. 



1G4 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

1609 Plot of the Indians disclosed by Pochahontas. 

Annibale Caracci, by far the most distinguished of this family 

was born in 1500, and died at this time. 
Thermometer invented by Drebbel of Alcmaer. 

1610 Arundelian marbles contain the chronology of ancient history 

from 1582 to 355 B. C., and are said to have been sculptured 
264 B. C. They consist of 37 statues, 128 busts and 250 in- 
scriptions, and were found in the Isle of Paros in the reign 
of James I. about this date. They were purchased by lord 
Arundel and given to the university of Oxford 1627. The 
characters are Greek. 

Ravillac assassinated Henry IV. of France, May 14. He was 
put to the most dreadful tortures on record. 

France. Louis XIII. the Just. Mary de Medici regent. 

Hudson's Bay discovered by Henry Hudson when in search of 
a northwest passage to the Pacific ocean. 

The satellites of Jupiter were discovered by Galileo. 

The Poles place Ladislaus son of their own king Sigism'und up- 
on the throne of Russia. 

Philip III. banishes the Moors and their descendants to the 
number of 900,000 from Spain. 

Lucius Carey (Falkland) English viscount, politician and au- 
thor born; died 1643. 

The Virginia colony reduced from nearly 500 to 60. 

1611 200,000 persons perished of a pestilence at Constantinople. 
Sweden. Gustavus Adolphus II. 

Baronets first created in England by James I. May 22. 
Moscow burnt by the Poles. 

1612 Denmark. Danish East India Company established by Chris- 

tian IV. 
Germany. Matthias I. 
John Baptist Guariui Italian poet dies aged 75 years. 

1613 Pochahontas married to Mr. John Rolfe. 

The Dutch erect some trading posts at the mouth of the Hud- 
son river. 

Russia. Michael Theodore Romanoff, of the House of Roman- 
off, ascends the throne. 

1614 Logarithms invented by Sir John Napier an eminent Scotch- 

man. 

New York city founded by the Dutch. 

Last meeting of the States-general in France before the revolu- 
tion. 

North Virginia called New England by prince Charles. 

24 natives of New England carried off and sold by Hunt. 

Sir Hugh Myddleton brings the New River to London. 

1615 Richard Baxter, one of the best known nonconformists of this 

century born. He lived till 1691. Wrote " Saints' Ever- 
lasting Rest." 

1616 Bafiiu's Bay discovered by William Baffin an Englishman. 
Settlement of Virginia by Walter Raleigh. 



KINTH PERIOD — 1453-1688. 165 



1616 John Owen an independent Englisli theologian is born ; died 

1683. 
Inundation at Catalonia, where 50,000 persons perished. 
Finland ceded to Sweden. 
Conquest of Gustavus Adolphus since 1612. 

1617 Turkey. Mustapha I. succeeded by his nephew Osman I.; af- 

terward strangled by the Janizaries and his uncle restored. 
]\Iost of the inhabitants from Narraganset to Penobscot swept 
away by war and pestilence. 

1618 Germany. War of the two parties, the Evangelic union under 

Frederick elector palatine, and the Catholic league under the 
duke of Bavaria. 

Holland. Maurice a consummate general. 

Hungary. Fei-dinand II. emperor of Germany. 

The synod of Dort in Holland to which deputies are sent from 
all the reformed churches in Europe to settle the diflerence 
between the doctrines of Luther, Calvin and Arminius, prin- 
cipally upon the points of justification and grace. 

Sir Walter Raleigh's unsuccessful expedition to Guiana. After 
his return he was beheaded to please the king of Spain ; aged 
65 years. 

Beginning of the Thirty Years' War. 

1619 England. Samuel Daniel poet-laureate. 

Jacatra, now Batavia, taken and fortified by the Dutch. 

Prussia. George William elector. 

Germany. Ferdinand II. king of Hungary. 

Harvey discovers or confirms the circulation of the blood. 

John Barneveldt Dutch statesman is beheaded aged 72. 

Ludovico Caracci an Italian painter died aged 64 years. 

True laws of the planetary motions discovered by Kepler. 

Ambassadors from Japan arrived at the com-t of Paul V. to do 
him homage as the head of the Christian religion, which 
their masters had embraced under the preaching of the 
Jesuit missionaries. 

1620 Germany. Battle of Prague between the Imperialists and 

.Bohemians. The latter, who had chosen Frederic V. of the 
Palatine (son-in-law to James I. of England) for their king 
were totally defeated Nov. 7. The unfortunate king was 
forced to flee with his family into Holland, leaving all his 
baggage and money behind him. He was deprived of the 
hereditary dominions, and the Protestant interest ruined in 
Bohemia. 

English settlement of Madras. 

The broad silk woven from raw silk. 

The first negro slaves in the English colonies of North Amer- 
ica were brought to Virginia in a Dutch vessel of war. 

First settlement of New England at Plymouth Dec. 21. 

Copper money first introduced into England. 

1621 Spain.' Philip IV. son of Philip III. a reign of nearly contin- 

uous and unfortunate wars with the Dutch and French. 



166 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1621 League between Massasoit and tlie Pilgrims. 
Batavia in Java settled by tbe Dutch. 
Gregory XV. Pope. 

1622 Turkey. Mustapha I.; at length deposed again, and succeeded 

by his grandson. 
Massacre of 347 Virginians by the natives March 27. 
Algernon Sidney, English martyr of liberty and author born j 

died 1683. 
Ernest Von Mansfeld defeats Count de Tilly German military 

commander, at Wiesloch in April. 

1623 City of Albany, capital of the state of New York, founded by 

the Dutch and by them named Beaverwyck. 
Pope Urban VIII. 

Turkey. Amurath IV. ; succeeded by his brother. 
New Hampshire settled. 
The famous library of Palatine at Heidleberg sent to Rome. 

1624 George Fox born, the founder of the Society of Friends or Qua- 

kers. He was clad in a perennial suit of leather and wan- 
dered in solitude seeking some light to guide him, studying 
the Bible and himself. Cromwell befriended him. He died 
in 1690. 

Richelieu changes the government in France. 

Massacre at Amboyna. 

Settlement at Cape Ann. 

New Jersey settled. 

1625 Charles I., son of James I., king of England from March 27 to 

Jan. 30, 1649. He married Henrietta Maria, daughter of 
Henry IV. king of France, June 13. She survived the un- 
fortunate king and died in France Aug. 10, 1669. 

Buckingham prime minister. 

Armor ceased to reach below the knee in the early reign of 
Charles. 

Holland. Frederick Henry stadtholder. 

Hungary. Ferdinand III. emperor. 

The island of Barbadoes the first English settlement in the West 
Indies. 

Plague in London destroyed 35,417 persons. 

Death of John Fletcher the English dramatist aged 49 years. 

1626 Robert Boyle one of a distinguished noble Irish family, natural 

philosopher; died in 1691 aged 65 years. 

Francis Bacon, Lord Verulam, Viscount of St. Albans, one of 
the brightest luminaries in the history of English Literature 
and Philosophy, youngest son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord 
keeper of the great seal to queen Elizabeth, died aged 65 
years. 

Ernest von Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick die. 

Victory of Tilly over Christian IV. of Denmark at Lutter. 

1627 Telescopes and other instruments used in astronomy. 

The Parian marbles brought to England by the earl of Arundel. 
(See 1610.) 



NINTH PERIOD — 1453-1688. . 167 

A. D. 

1627 Death of Giles Fletcher an English poet aged 47. 
Swedes settle near the Delaware. 

1628 The discovery of the circulation of the blood by Dr. Harvey, 

furnished an entirely new system of physiological and path- 

olqgical speculation. 
Massachusetts Bay Colony founded. 
John Endicott settles at Salem, Massachusetts. 
Charlestown founded. 
Duke of Buckingham assassinated. 
The validity of the Petition of Right acknowledged. 

1629 Seven of the Cartoons of Raphael were purchased in Flanders 

by Rubens for Charles I. of England, for Hampton-court 
palace. 

Denmark. Christian IV. chosen head of the Protestant League. 

St. Peter's church at Rome completed, having been commenced 
about the middle of the 15th century by Nicholas VI. Orig- 
inally erected by Constantine. 

First church in Massachusetts formed at Salem. 

First permanent settlement of the Dutch at Manhattan. 

Christian IV. recovers his lands by the peace of Lubec. 

The Edict of Restitution published by Ferdinand II. 

1630 The Palace of Versailles, was in the reign of Louis XIII. only 

a small village in a forest thirty miles in circuit, and here 
this prince built a hunting-seat. It was finished 1708. 

Boston, Dorchester, Roxbury and Cambridge founded. 

Arrival of Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts, with about 
1500 emigrants. 

John Flavel born, an eminent English non-conformist divine ; 
died 1691. 

Isaac Barrow born, an eminent English theologian and mathe- 
matician ; died 1677. 

John Kepler the eminent German astronomer died, aged 58 
years. His works were numerous. 

Dr. John Tillotson, an English prelate born ; was of Puritan 
origin and himself a Puritan at first, but imbibed Episcopalian 
views. Died in 1694 aged 64 years. 

Pomerania surrendered to Gustavus Adolphus. 

1631 Discoveries of Galileo in astronomy were made about this time. 
The first newspaper in France was the "Gazette de France," 

established by Renaudot, and continued with few interrup- 
' tions till 1827, when it ceased and another paper assumed 

its name. 
The town of Torre del Greco, with 4,000 persons and a great 

part of the surrounding country was destroyed by Mount 

Vesuvius. 
First vessel built in Massachusetts called the "Blessing of the 

Bay," launched July 4. 
Diet of Leipsic Feb — . 

The sack of Magdeburgh by Tilly; taken May 10. 
The imperial army defeated at Leipsic and Breitenfield Sept. 7. 



168 . MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

1631 John Dryden born, one of the great English poets. He was 

employed under Cromwell during his protectorate. He be- 
came poet-laureate, was deposed at the Revolution. Died in 
1700 aged 69 years. 

Calico was first brought to England by the East India Com- 
pany. 

Gustavus Adolphus takes Mayence. 

John Smith, celebrated in Virginian History died, aged 52 
years. • 

1632 Battle of Lutzengen, or Lutzen. Called also the battle of 

Lippstadt. In this sanguinary and memorable battle Gus- 
tavus Adolphus king of Sweden, the most illustrious hero of 
his time and the chief support of the Protestant religion in 
Germany, and in alliance with Charles I. of England, was 
foully killed in the moment of victory. 

Sweden. Christina at length resigned her crown to Charles X. 

Defeat and death of Tilly at Nuremburg-on-the-Lech. 

Maryland was originally included in the patent of Virginia, 
granted under charter to Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore j 
named in honor of Henrietta Maria. 

John Locke born, one of the gi-eatest English philosophers and 
men of letters. He studied at Westminster school and Ox- 
ford. He died at the house of his friend Sir Francis Ma- 
sham, at Gates in Essex, in 1704, aged 72 years. 

1633 Connecticut first settled at Windsor by a colony from Massa- 

chusetts. 
Public Intelligencer published in England by Sir Roger L'Es- 

trange, the first vehicle of general information. 
Van Diemen's Land. This country was discovered by Tasman. 
The art of preserving flowers in sand discovered. 

1634 Albert of Wallenstein, the general of Ferdinand II. murdered 

Feb. 25. 

The peace of Prague between the German princes and the em- 
peror. 

Battle of Nordlingen. 

The Dutch take Cura§oa. 

Captains Stone, Norton and eight others murdered by the Pe- 
quot Indians on Connecticut river. 

Maryland settled by 200 Catholics. 

1635 Holland. The republic wars against Spain in the East and in 

America ; the Dutch admiral Peter Hen takes several Span- 
ish galleons, value £20,000,000 sterling. 

Richelieu encourages the Swedes in their undertakings in Ger- 
many. 

France and Sweden allied against Spain and Austria. 

Ship-money being illegally imposed by Charles I. about this 
time led to the revolution. 

Lope de Vega the great Spanish dramatist died, aged 63 years. 

1636 Saxony and Thuringia conquered by the Swedes. 
Providence settled by Roger Williams. 



NINTH PERIOD — 1453-1688. 169 

A. D. 

1636 John Hampden resists the ship-money tax. 

1637 Germany. Ferdinand III. king of Hungary. 

Benjamin Jonson a celebrated English dramatist and poet- 
laureate died, aged 64 years. 

Kare Ben Jonson stands pre-eminent among his fraternity of 
authors. 

War with the Pequot Indians in Connecticut. 

First Synod at Newtown occasioned by Ann Hutchinson. 

Trouble in Scotland occasioned by Charles' plan to overthrow 
the Scotch Presbyterian church and enforce episcopacy. 

1638 The first college established in the United States was Harvard, 

at Cambridge, Mass., by John Harvard. 
Solemn, league and covenant in Scotland against the episcopal 
government of the church and the regal authority. 

1639 The transit of Venus over the sun's disk first observed by Hor- 

rox Nov. 24. 

First printing in America at Cambridge, Mass., when the Free- 
man's Oath and an almanac were printed. 

The Turks defeat the Persians and take the city of Bagdad. 

Increase Mather American clergyman and author born ; died in 
1723. 

Benjamin Church an American military commander and author 
born ; died in 1718. 

Death of Bernhard of Weimar a German military commander. 

Philip IMassinger one of the early English dramatists died aged 
54 years. 

Martin Opitz or Opitius the father of German poetry died 
aged 42 years. 

1640 The Portuguese throw off the Spanish yoke and place John, 

duke of Braganza, on the throne. His posterity still possess 

the crown. 
Prussia. Frederick William the Great. 
Turkey. Ibrahim ; at length strangled by the Janizaries and 

succeeded by his son. 
Charles I. Stuart, calls a parliament after eleven years' delay, 

Nov. 3. 
Peter Paul Rubens celebrated painter of the Flemish school, 

born at Cologne 1577, died aged 63 years. 

1641 The Irish Catholics entered into a conspiracy to expel the Eng- 

lish and cruelly massacre the Protestant settlers in Ulster to 

the number of 40,000 persons; commenced on St. Ignatius' 

day, Oct. 23. 
Star chamber abolished in the 16th year of the reign of Charles 

I. 
Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, the Curtius of the royal 

cause was beheaded for high treason. 
New Hamp.shire united with Massachusetts. 
Sir Anthony Van Dyck celebrated painter born at Antwerp in 

1599 ; died aged 42 years. 

1642 Battle of Edgehill, between the royalists and the parliament 



170 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

army. First engagement of importance in the great civil war 
with England. Charles I. was personally present in this 
battle Oct. 23. 

1642 The Swedes defeat the Austrians at Leipsic. 

Sir Isaac Newton, England's greatest mathematician and natu- 
ral philosopher born. Plis highest honor was that of being 
president of the royal society ; was knighted by queen Anne 
and died in 1727 aged 85 years, receiving at his funeral 
honors almost equal to those paid to royalty itself. 

1643 France. Louis XIV. the Great, also styled Dieu Donne, ascends 

the throne. 
Confederacy formed under the name of the United Colonies of 

New England. 
Torricelli invents the barometer. 

1644 China. The country is conquered by the Eastern Tartars, who 

establish the present reigning house. 

July 3. Battle of Marston Moor. This was the beginning of 
the misfortunes and disgrace of the unfortunate Charles I. of 
England. Prince Rupert joined by the Marquis of Newcas- 
tle determined to raise the siege of York. They were op- 
posed by Oliver Cromwell who now first came into notice. 
Cromwell was victorious, pushed his opponents ofi" the field, 
returned to a second engagement and second victory. The 
Prince's whole train of artillery was taken, and the royalists 
never afterward recovered the blow. 

Innocent X. Pope. 

Indian war in Virginia. 

Hugo Grotius the famous Dutch statesman, jurist and theologian 
was banished, and died in the service of Sweden, aged 62 
years. 

1645 June 14. Battle of Naseby, between Charles I. and the parlia- 

ment army, under Fairflix and Cromwell. The victory was 
with the parliamentary forces, and was decisive of the fate of 
the unfortunate Charles. 

Russia. Alexis. 

War between Venice and the Turks in Candia. 

Archbishop William Laud, an English prelate, was the type of 
the churchmen at this time. He was imprisoned by the Long 
Parliament, and after lying in the Tower three years was 
beheaded, aged 72 years. 

1646 Charles I. delivered prisoner to the parliament. 

Act of Massachusetts Legislature for carrying the gospel to 

the Indians. 
Eliot preaches to the Indians. 
Second Synod of Massachusetts. 

1647 Epidemic through America. 
Holland. William II. 
Hungary. Ferdinand IV. 

The tyranny of the Spaniards leads to an insurrection at Naples 
excited by Masaniello a fisherman, who in fifteen days raises 



NINTH PERIOD— 1453-1688. 171 



A.D. 



an army of 200,000 men. Tlie insurrection subsides and 
Masaniello is murdered. 

1647 Attempt of the duke of Guise to possess the crown. 
Cromwell marches upon London to give the Independents the 

superiority in parliament. 

1648 The Protestant princes of Germany being oppressed by the 

House of Austria call in the aid of Sweden, and this leads to 

the treaty of Westphalia. 
Bohemia. The crown secured to the Austrian family by treaty. 
Denmark. Frederic III. 
Prussia. The principality of Halberstadt and the bishopric of 

Minden transferred to the house of Brandenburg. 
Bugen ceded to Sweden by Denmark. 
Charles I. escapes fi-om prison in November. 
Poland. John Casimir king. 

Humphrey Prideaux learned divine of England born ; died 1742. 
Eighty-one Presbyterians expelled from the English Parliament 

in December, which received the name of '' the Bump." 
Cromwell routs the Scotch under Hamilton. 
Cambridge platform adopted. 
The wars of Fronde ; continue five years. 

1649 Commonwealth of England. The form of the government was 

changed to a republic on the execution of Charles I. Jan. 30. 
Society for propagating the gospel in N. E. formed in England. 

1650 Air pump invented by Otho Guericke at Magdeburg. 
Holland. William III. 

Morocco. Anciently Mauritania. The descendants of Moham 
med subdued the inhabitants and formed the empire of Mo- 
rocco. 

Quakers or Friends. Originally called Seekers, from their seek- 
ing the truth. Justice Ben net of Derby gave the society the 
name of Quakers at this time because Fox (the founder) ad- 
monished him and those present with him to tremble at the 
word of the Lord. 

Prince of Wales recalled from Holland and acknowledged as 
Charles II. by the Presbyterians. 

Battle of Dunbar. The English under Cromwell obtained a 
signal victory over the Scots Sept. 3. 

John Churchill duke of Marlborough born ; lived 72 years. 

Conversion of the Indians on Martha's Vineyard. 

North and South Carolina settled. 

Bailroads with wooden rails near Newcastle. 

1651 Battle of Worcester. A large body of Scots having marched 

into England to reinstate Charles II. are signally defeated by 
Cromwell Sept. 3. The whole Scots army were either killed 
or taken prisoners. Of 8,000 prisoners most were sent to 
bond-service in the American colonies. 
Henry Ireton, unhappily for Ireland where he became lord- 
"ideputy, died. He married one of Cromwell's daughters, and 
was highly esteemed by him. 



172 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

1651 Navigation Act passed in England. 

Fenelon, Francis de Salignac de la Motte, Archbishop of Cam- 
bray born. He was a preacher of great power and eloquence. 
His works are very numerous and interesting, but the rhetor- 
ician and mystic appear in every page. He died through an 
overturn of his carriage in 1717, aged 66 years. His most 
celebrated work is Telemachus. Sumptuary law in Massa- 
chusetts. 

1652 Gorton and Roger Williams made a decree against slavery in 

Rhode Island. 
Voluntary submission of Maine to Massachusetts. 
Inigo Jones an eminent English architect died aged 80 years. 
Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope. 
The first war between the English and Dutch. 
Poor Robin's almanac. 

1653 Cromwell declares war against Holland and many naval battles 

are fought; Blake signally defeats Van Tromp. 
July 4. Praise-God-Barebones' Parliament met ; so called from 

one of the members who had thus fantastically styled himself, 

according to the fashion of the times. 
The invention of the iEolian Harp is ascribed to Kircher, but 

it was known before. 
April. Long parliament dissolved by Cromwell. 
Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector of England. 
Milton private secretary to Cromwell. 
Dec. Cromwell dissolves by force his second parliament. 
Mazarin enters Paris in triumph. 

1654 Sweden. Christina resigned her crown to Charles X. Gustavus 

duke of Deux Ponts. 
Peace of Westminster. Alliance of England with Holland. 

1655 Cassini draws his meridian line in the church of St. Patronius, 

Bologna, after Dante. 
Turkey. Mahomet IV. ; deposed and succeeded by his brother 

in 1687. 
Eustace le Sueur of the French school of painters died, having 

been born in Paris in 1617. 
The English take Jamaica under Penn. 
Waldenses persecuted by the Piedmontese. 
Law in Massachusetts requiring that " all hands not necessarily 

employed on other occasions, as women, boys and girls, should 

spin according to their skill and ability.'^ 
Alexander VII. Pope. 

1656 Hungary. Leopold emperor of Germany. 

James Naylor personated our Saviour; he was convicted of 
blasphemy, scourged and his tongue bored through with a 
hot iron on the pillory, by sentence of the House of Commons, 
under Cromwell's administration. 

The plague brought from iSardinia to Naples, being introduced 
by a transport with soldiers on board ; raged with such vio- 
lence as to carry off 400,000 of the inhabitants in six months. 



NINTH PERIOD — 1453-1688. 173 

A. D. 

1656 Portugal. Alphonsus VI. 

Tunis was reduced by Admiral Blake on tlie bey's refusing to 
give up the British captives. 

The air-gun invented by Guter of Nuremburg. 

Ireland. Cromwell and Ireton reduce the whole island to obe- 
dience since 1649. 

Ann Hibbins of Boston executed for witchcraft. 

Persecution of the Quakers in Massachusetts. 

Battle of Warsaw in July. ' 

1657 Poland obliged to acknowledge Prussia as an independent stat^ 

under Frederic William. 
Charles X. of Sweden overruns Poland. 
Emperor Leopold takes up arms to secure the crown of Spain 

for his son. 
Eobert Blake the celebrated English admiral died aged 58. 

1658 Charles Gustavus of Sweden invades Denmark, besieges Copen- 

hagen and makes large conquests. 
Germany. Leopold I. king of Hungary. 
Cromwell dies, and is succeeded in the protectorship by his son 

Eichard Sept. 3. 
Dunkirk surrendered to England. 

1659 The Dcirdanelles were built by the emperor Mahomet IV. 

and were thus named from the contiguous town of Dardanus. 

They are two castles, one called Sesto^, seated in Romania, 

the other called Abydos, in Natolia, commanding the entrance 

of the strait of Gallipoli. 
Peace of the Pyrenees. Marriage of Louis XIV. to Maria 

Theresa of Spain. 
Richard Cromwell resigns the protectorship. 
Rump parliament restored, and dissolved by the army in April. 
Two Quakers, Robinson and Stephenson, executed in Boston. 

1660 Restoration of the Stuarts in England. 
Charles II. May 29. 

Hyde, earl of Clarendon chancellor and prime minister. 
Insurrection of the fifth monarchy men against Charles II. 
Denmark. The crown made hereditary and absolute. 
India. Reign of Aurungzebe ; his dominions extending from 

10 to 35 degrees in latitude and nearly as much in longitude, 

and his revenue amounting to £32,000,000 sterling. 
Prussia. Order of Concord instituted by Christian Ernest duke 

of Prussia, to distinguish the part he had taken in restoring 

peace to Europe. 
Arts and sciences begin to flourish in Sweden. 
Van Ryn Rembrandt a celebrated painter of the Dutch school, 

born near Leyden in 1604, died aged 56 years. 
Navigation Act confirmed and extended. 
Casimir king of the Poles makes peace wjth Sweden. 
Charles XI. of Sweden. 
Di'ogo Valasquez de Silva born at Seville, Spain ; died aged 66 

years. He belonged to the Spanish school of painting. 



174 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

1660 Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde earl of Clarendon, mar- 
ried James II. in Sept. She died before James ascended the 
throne. 

16G1 Julius Mazarin, Cardinal, died aged 59. He was an Italian by 
birth ; his first public appearance was in Lombardy. He af- 
terward became prime minister of France, and his name is 
inseparably connected with the first part of the reign of 
Louis XIV. 
Charles RoUin an eminent French histoi'ian born. His chief 
work, which is not yet superseded in popularity, is his an- 
cient history. He died at the age of 80 years. 
New parliament in England. Alliance with Portugal. 

1662 Charles II. is said to have first encouraged the appearance of 

women on the stage of England, but the queen of James I. 
had previously performed in a theatre at court. 

An earthquake throughout China buries 300,000 persons at 
Pekin alone. 

The Iloyal Society established at London July 15 by Charles XL 

Dunkirk sold by Charles II. for £500,000 to Louis XIV. of 
France. 

Matthew Henry born one of the most popular of English com- 
mentators on the Scriptures; died itli aged "52 years. 

Catherine of Portugal, daughter of John IV. and sister of 
Alphonso VI. was married to Charles II. of England, May 
21. Survived the king, returned to Portugal and died Dec. 
21, 1705. 

Blaise Pascal, one of the most eminent of the literary men of 
France died aged 39 years. His " Provincial Letters" utterly 
routed the Jesuits. His last and greatest work, published by 
his friends after his death, was in defence of Christianity. 

1663 The first idea of a steam-engine was suggested by the marquis 

of Worcester in his " Century of Inventions" as "a way to 

drive up water by fire." 
Bombay taken by the English. 
Charter of Carolina, and a colony settled soon after. 
Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, an allegory perfect in its way. 
The French Academy of Inscriptions instituted. 

1664 The English wrest New York from the Dutch. 

New Jersey granted to Lord Berkely and George Carteret. 
Eliot's Indian Bible printed at Cambridge. 
French East India Company organized. 

1665 Spain. Charles II. 

Persecution of Jausenists in France. 

Nicholas Poussiu died aged 71 years. He was born at Ande- 
lay in Normandy, and may rightly be considered as the origi- 
nator of the French school of painters. 

Memorable plague in London which carried off 68,596 persons. 
It was thought the infection was not totally destroyed till the 
great conflagration of the following year. 

Six towns of Christian Indians in Massachusetts. 



NINTH PERIOD — 1453-1688. 175 

A. D. 

1666 Great Fire in London, Sept. 2. Destroyed 89 cliurcTies inclu- 

ding St. Paul's, city gates, the Royal Exchange, the Custom 
House, Guildhall, Sion College, and many other public build- 
ings besides 13,200 houses laying waste 400 streets. This 
conflagration, not without strong suspicions of treason, con- 
tinued three days and nights, and was at last only extin- 
guished by the blowing up of houses.. 

Tea first used in England. 

The Aciidemy of Sciences instituted in France. 

Chain-shot to destroy the rigging of an enemy's ships invented 
by the Dutch admiral DeWitt. 

The canal of Languedoc which joins the Mediterranean with the 
Atlantic Ocean was commenced. 

1667 The method of preparing phosphorus from bones discovered by 

Charles William Scheele, an eminent Swedish chemist. 

Clement IX. Pope. 

Dr. Jei-emy Taylor, the great preacher of this century, a pre- 
late of the Irish church died, aged 55 years. His " Holy 
Living and Dying," is perhaps of all his writings the best 
known. 

The ceding of New York to England is confirmed by the peace 
of Breda, having been surrendered to the English under 
Richard Nichols in 1664. 

War with Spain. Louis XIV. of France claims Spanish 
Netherlands for his wife ; invades Belgium. 

Dr. Jonathan Swift, the celebrated Irish satirist born. His im- 
mortal work is " Gulliver's Travels." He died in 1745, aged 
,78 years. 

Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon was banished from England. 
Died in exile in 1674, aged 65 years. 

1668 Sir William Davenant poet-laureate died, aged 63 years. 
Portugal. Revolution at Lisbon ; king deposed. Peter II. suc- 
ceeds. 

Triple Alliance. The celebrated treaty of alliance was ratified 
between the States-General and England against France, for 
the protection of the Spanish Netherlands. Sweden after- 
wards joined in the League, Jan. 28. 

Louis XIV. compelled to surrender the greater part of his con- 
quests in the Spanish Netherlands. 

Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

1669 Candia or Crete obtained from the Venetians by the Turks 

after a siege of 24 years, during which more than 200,000 
people perished. 
Poland. Abdication of John Casimir. 

1670 Bees first introduced into New England by the English. 
Cabal. In English history a council which consisted of five 

lords supposed to be pensioners of France, and distinguished 
by the appellation of Cabal, from the initials of their names. 
Sii; Thomas Clifford, the lord Ashley, the duke of Bucking- 
ham, lord Arlington and the duke of Lauderdale. 



176 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1670 Denmark. Christian V. 
Clement X. Pope. 

1671 Conspiracy of Blood and his associates who seized the duke of 

Ormond, wounded him and would have hanged him ; and who 
afterwards stole the crown. Blood died in disgrace in 1680. 
The Austrian government executes the leaders of the insurrec- 
tion in Hungary. 

1672 White slaves were sold in England to be transported to Vir- 

ginia ; average price for five years' service £5, while a negro 
was worth £25. 
^ The memorable revolt of Messini. 

The Poles deliver up Cameniec with 48 towns and villages in 
the territory of Cameniec to Mahomet IV. the Turkish sul- 
tan. This is the last victory by which any advantage , ac- 
crued to the Ottoman Turks or any province was annexed to 
the ancient bounds of their empire. 

Birth of Peter I. the Great ; statesman and warrior. 

Louis XIV. carries his arms against Holland. His opponents 
John de Witt and his brother taken and assassinated by the 
mob. 

1673 Mary Beatrice princess of Modena, daughter of Alphonso d'Este 

duke, married James II. Nov. 21. At the revolution in 
1688 she retired with James II. to France, and died at St. 
Germains in 1718, having survived her consort 17 years. 

Test Act passed in England. 

Marquette and Joliet discover the Mississippi river. 

Salvator Rosa a celebrated painter of the Lombard school died 
aged 59 years. • 

167 i Pondicherry, formerly the capital of French India, first settled 
by the French. Spain and Germany join the war against 
France. 

John Milton one of the chief poets and greatest men of England 
dies aged 66 years. His task in writing two " Defences of 
the People of England " totally destroyed his already im- 
paired vision. He afterwards fulfilled the prediction uttered 
in one of his former books by bringing out the great English 
epic " Paradise Lost." He carried his original thought one 
step further and wrote " Paradise Regained." " Samson Ag- 
onistes " was his last poem. 

In his domestic life Milton endured much trouble. Deserted 
for a while by his first wife he saw no relief but in divorce. 

His daughters in his age and blindness treated him with notori- 
ous want of love. His universal fame now rests on his poems, 
which were hardly known and not at all appreciated during 
his day. 

Poland. John Sobieski. 
1675 Greenwich Observatory. The English began to compute longi- 
tude from the meridian of this place. Some make the date 
1679. 

War with Philip king of the Wampanoogs in New England. 



NINTH PERIOD — 1453-1688. 177 

A.D. _ 

1675 Indian war in Virginia. 

Samuel J). Clark an English theologian and philosopher born ; 
he died in 1729. 

1676 Motion of the sun round its own axis proved by Halley. 
Russia. Theodore III. 

King Philip killed ; his tribe destroyed. 
Jamestown burned. 
Bacon's rebellion in Virginia. 
Innocent XI. Pope. 

1677 War between Russia and Turkey. 

1678 The pretended conspiracy of the French, Spanish and English 

Jesuits to assassinate Charles II. revealed by the infamous 

Titus Oates, Dr. Tongue and others. 
The Habeas Corpus Act passed in England. 
Ruins of Palmyra in the deserts of Syria discovered by some 

English travelers from Aleppo. These ruins, chiefly of white 

marble, prove Palmyra to have been more extensive and 

splendid than Rome itself 
Statue of Charles I. erected. This was the first equestrian 

statue erected in Great Britain. 

1679 Meal tub plot in England. 

Peace of Fontainebleau concluded between France and Denmark. 
New Hampshire made a royal province. 
Peace of Nimeguen. 

1680 Charleston, S. C. first settled. 

Lord Stafibrd of England, convicted of high treason as a con- 
spirator in the Popish plot to assassinate Charles II., be- 
headed Dec. 29, making on the scafibld the most earnest prot- 
estations of his innocence. 

A great comet appeared and from its nearness to the earth 
alarmed the inhabitants. It continued from Nov. 3 to March 
9 following. 

Foundation of the Prussian monarchy established between 1640 
and 1680. 

1681 Bomb-vessels invented in France. 

Penny-post first set up in London and its suburbs by a Mr. 

Murray, upholsterer. 
Calderon de la Barca, Don Pedro, the famed writer of dramatic 

poetry in Spain dies aged 80 years. 
Strasburg taken from the Germans by Louis XIV. 
Pennsylvania granted to William Penn. 
Dr. Edward Young EngHsh poet born. Died 1765. 

1682 Philadelphia founded by William Penn. 
Russia. Ivan V. 

Robert C La Salle French na^gator and author sails down the 

Mississippi. 
Claude Lorraine an Italian painter died aged 82. 

1683 Rye House Plot. A conspiracy to assassinate Charles II. and 

hi*, brother the duke of York afterwards James II., at a place 
called Rye House, on the way to London from New Market. 

12 



178 3I0DERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

1G83 This design was frustrated by the king's house at New Market 
accidentally taking fire, which hastened the royal party away 
eight days before the plot was to take place, March 22. The 
patriot Algernon Sidney suffered death on a false charge of 
being concerned in this conspiracy Dec. 7. 

James duke of Monmouth a natural son of Charles II., was ban- 
ished from England for a conspiracy known as Monmouth's 
rebellion. 

A complete explanation of the theory of the tides by Sir Isaac 
Newton, who laid hold of this class of phenomena to prove 
universal gravitation, about this time. 

Vienna seized by Mahomet IV., but relieved by John Sobieski 
of Poland. 

The code of king Christian of Denmark published. 

1684 Hungary. The duke of Lorraine loses 30,000 men in a fruit- 

less attempt to take Buda from the Turks. 

The first idea of a telegraph on the modern construction was 
suggested by Dr. Robert Hook, a celebrated English mathe- 
matician and philosopher. 

Peter Corneille an eminent French dramatic poet died aged 78 
years. 

Jacob Ruysdael a celebrated Dutch landscape painter died aged 
48 years. 

Robert Leighton an able Scotch prelate died aged 71. 

Peace concluded with France at Regeusburg. 

George Frederic Handel the great musical composer of Ger- 
many born. After some years of blindness he died 1759 
aged 75 years. 

1685 Gates was tried for perjury and being found guilty he was fined, 

put in the pillory, publicly whipped from Newgate to Tyburn, 

and sentenced to imprisonment for life ; but was pardoned 

and a pension granted him in 1689. 
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. 
Massacres and exiles of the l*rotestants. 
England. James II. king. 
Rebellion of the duke of Monmouth in England and Argyle in 

Scotland. Both defeated and executed. 
Bartholomeo Esteven Murillo a great painter of Spain died 

aged 67 years. He studied under Castillo and Velasquez, 

and carried on his art chiefly at Seville. His greatest 

works are altar pieces to various churches. 

1686 The duke of Lorraine carries Buda by storm and delivers up the 

Mohammedans to the fury of the soldiers. 
An inundation at Yorkshire, when a rock opened and poured 

out water to the heighfrof a church steeple. 
Air pump invented by Otho Guericke. 
The Newtonian philosophy first published in England. 

1687 The roof of the Acropolis at Athens which had stood 2000 

years, was destroyed in the Venetian siege. 
The Turks took possession of Athens. 



TENTH PERIOD— 1688-1776. 179 

A. D. 

1GS7 Hungary. Joseph king. 

Turkey. Mahomet IV. deposed by Solyman III. 

Louis XIV. enlarged Versailles into a magnificent palace which 

was finished iu 1708. 
E. Andros tries to take away the charter of Connecticut. 
Edmund Waller an English poet died aged 82 years. 
Henry More, one of the brilliant scholars and philosophers in 

the time of Charles II. died, aged 83 years. 



Tenth Period. 

FROM the revolution IN ENGLAND TO THE AMERICAN REVO- 
LUTION — 88» YEARS. 

1688 William Prince of Orange, having married Mary daughter of 

James II. is called to the British throne. 

A political party called Jacobites from Jacob Baradseus, a Syi 
ian existed in England. They were the partisans of James 
II. and. were so named after his expulsion in 1688. 

John Dryden poet-laureate was deposed. 

Prussia. Frederick elector, who in 1701 was made king. 

The memorable revolution took place in England, styled by Vol- 
taire as the era of English liberty. James II. had rendered 
himself hateful to his subjects by his tyranny and oppression, 
and soon after the landing of the prince of Orange at Torbay, 
Nov. 5, the throne was abdicated by James who fled. 

New York and New Jersey added to the jurisdiction of New 
England. 

War with the Indians in New England, which contiuued sev- 
eral years. 

Alexander Pope a classic English poet born, who began writing 
at a very early age ; died 1744 aged 56 years. 

1689 Alexander VIII. Pope. 

Peter I. the Great became sole ruler of Russia. 

The Revolution in England was consummated by William III. 
and his queen Mary daughter of James II., being proclaimed 
Feb. 13, and crowned April 2. 

Assiento, a contract between the king of Spain and other pow- 
ers, for furnishing the Spanish dominions in America with 
negro slaves. It was vested in the South Sea Company 
1713. 

French war in North America. The first war between France 
and England, which was carried on also by the American 
colonies. 

The memorable act to exclude Roman Catholics from ascending 
the throne of Great Britian was passed, and the crown of 



ISO MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

England was settled upon the present royal family by the act 
of June 12, 1701. 

1689 Sir Edmund Audros deposed at Boston, Mass. 

Emanuel Swedenborg, an eminent philosopher and religious 
teacher born; he died 1772. He was a native of Sweden. 

1690 First factory at Calcutta. 

Battle of Boyne gained by William III. over James in Ireland, 

July 1. 
The duke of Schomberg killed. 
English settlements of Schenectady, N. Y., 'Casco, Me., and 

Salmon Falls, N. H. destroyed by a party of French. Port 

Royal, N. S. reduced by Sir William Phipps. Expedition 

against Canada unsuccessful. 

1691 The horrible Glencoe massacre of the unoffending and unsus- 

pecting inhabitants, the Macdonalds, merely for not surren- 
dering in time to king William's proclamation. About 
38 men were brutally slain,, and women and children were 
turned out naked in a dark and freezing night and perished 
by cold and hunger. This black deed was perpetrated by 
the Earl of Argyle's regiment. 

Turkey. Achmet II. 

Innocent XII. Pope. 

1692 Earthquake at Jamaica which totally destroyed Port Boyal, 

whose houses were engulfed 40 fathoms deep, and 300 per- 
sons perished. 

Battle of La Hogue between the English and Dutch combined 
fleets under admirals Russel and Rooke, and the French fleet 
commanded by admiral Tourville. 

Thomas Shadwell poet-laureate died. 

1693 The second college in the United States was William and Mary's 

in Virginia. 
An earthquake in Sicily which overturned 54 cities and towns 
• and 300 villages. Of Catania and its 18,000 inhabitants, not 

a trace remained; more than 100,000 lives were lost. 
Syracuse was destroyed by an earthquake with many thousand 

of its inhabitants, Jan. — 
Bayonets first used. 
Bank of England originally projected by a merchant named 

Patterson. 
Bank of England established by king William. 
First public lottery drawn. 

1694 First institution of stamp duties. 

Fran9ois Marie Arouet de Voltaire the great French writer 
born. Died in 1778 aged 84 years. 

1695 The truth of the Pythagorean system was fully demonstrated by 

Sir Isaac Newton. 
Turkey. Mustapha II. eldest son of Mahomet IV. 
Bartholomew D'Herbelot, a learned oriental scholar of France 

died aged 70 years. 
Henry Purcell English musical composer died aged 37 years. 



TENTH PERIOD 1688-1776. 181 

A. D. 

1G95 Jotn de la Fontaine a famous French fable writer died aged 74 
years. 

1696 Plate with the exception of spoons was prohibited in England 

at public houses. 
Thirty Indian churches in New England. 

1697 Kamtschatka was taken possession of by Russia. 

Peace of Ryswick concluded between England, France, Spain 

and Holland. 
Sweden. Charles XII. 
Poland. Death of Sobieski. Frederick Augustus chosen to 

succeed him. 
Jean la Bruyere, a French moralist died aged 52 years. 

1698 Number of Indians in Massachusetts about 4,000. 

1699 Denmark. Frederic IV. 
Grermany. Peace of Carlowitz. 

Great number of Philadelphians died of yellow fever. 
Sir William Temple an eminent English statesman died aged 
71 years. 

1700 Clement XI. Pope. 

Rutgers College established at New Brunswick, N. J. 

Battle of Narva in which Peter the Great of Russia was totally 
defeated by the renowned Charles XII. of Sweden. 

Spain. Philip V. duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV. of 
France. 

The Dutch and Protestants of Germany introduce the New 
Style by omitting the last eleven days of Feb. 

Yale College in Connecticut founded. 

John Dryden, one of the great Enghsh poets died, aged 69 
years. After the accession of James II. he adjured Protes- 
tantism, and avowed himself a Romanist, and " The Hind 
and the Panther " was written to justify and commend his 
conversion. 

James Thomson a classic Scotch poet is born; died in 1748. 
His greatest poem is " The Seasons." 

1701 Satellites of Saturn discovered by Cassini. 

Frederick III. in an assembly of the states, puts a crown upon 
his own and upon the head of his consort, and is proclaimed 
king of Prussia by the title of Frederick I. 

War of Succession in Spain. 

General Catinat defeated and Savoy and Piedmont made allies 
of Austria by prince Eugene. 

Society for propagating the gospel in foreign parts incorporated. 

1702 Holland. John William Frizo. 
Prussia. Guelders taken from the Dutch. 

Poland dismembered by Russia, Prussia and Austria. 
The king of Sweden changes the constitution of that kingdom. 
The English and Dutch destroy the French fleet at Vigo. 
Surrender of Warsaw to Charles XII. 

England. Anne successor to William III. She was daughter 
of James II. and married to Prince George of Denmark. 



182 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1703 Simon Frazer, Lord Lovat, forms a conspiracy against queen 

Anne. 
The Man of the Iron Mask died after a long imprisonment. 
Russia. Peter builds St. Petersburg. 
Turkey. Achmet III. 
Charles XII. deposes Augustus king of Poland. 

1704 Gibraltar taken from the Spaniards by admiral Brooke. 
Arabian Nights' Entertainments was translated into French by 

Galland. 

1705 Grermany. Joseph I. king of Hungary and Bohemia. 

1706 Battle of Ramilies between the English under the duke of 

Marlborough and the allies on one side, and the French on 
the other. The English were victorious. 
Treaty of Union between England and Scotland. 

1707 Kingdom of Naples completely conquered by prince Eugene. 
Poi'tugal. John V. 

Prussia. Frederick I. seizes Neufchatel of Neunburgh, and Va- 
lengia and purchases the principalities of Tecklenburgh. 

The Scilly islands, ten in number, where occurred the memora- 
ble shipwreck of the British squadron under Sir Cloudesley 
Shovel. 

The first British parliament when Scottish representatives are 
admitted. 

1708 Lisle taken by the English after three months' siege. 
Versailles finished. The usual residence of the king of France. 
Sardinia erected into a kingdom and given to the duke of 

Savoy. 
Battle of Oudenarde won by Marlborough and prince Eugene. 
Charles XII. made an expedition against Moscow. His army 

sufi"ered greatly from the gevere winters. 
Saybrook Platform. 

1709 Sweden. Battle of Pultowa where Charles XII. is defeated by 

the czar of Russia. He escapes to Bender. 
Battle of Malplaquet. 
The bull " Unigenitus," issued against the Jansenists. 

1710 The present edifice of St. Paul's cathedral, London, rebuilt by 

Sir Christopher Wren completed. 
Livonia, Courland, etc. conquered by Peter the Great. 

1711 Germany. Charles VI. emperor of Hungary. 
Holland. Charles Henry Frizo. 
Discovery of the ruins of Herculaneum. 

Nicholas Boileau an eminent French poet dies aged 75 years. 

1712 John Dominic Cassini a French astronomer dies aged 87 

years. 
One hundred and thirty-seven people in the vicinity of Roan- 
oke murdered by the Tuscaroras. 

1713 Prussia. Frederic William I. 

Sicily ceded to Victor Amadous duke of Savoy by the treaty of 

Utrecht. 
Acadia now called Nova Scotia settled by the French 1604 and 



TENTH PERIOD— 1688-1776. 183 



A. D. 



finally ceded to the English art this time. (See Longfellow's 
Evangeline.) 

1713 Sweden. Charles XII., after three years' protection at Bender, 

is made prisoner by the Turks. 

1714 Sophia Dorothea daughter of the duke of Zell, wife of George 

I. died a few weeks previous to his accession to the crown. 
Peace of Radstadt between France and the Germans. 
Philip V. invades Naples. 
England. House of Brunswick. George I. ; a descendant of 

James I. through the queen of Bohemia and Sophia, duchess 

of Brunswick. 

1715 Louis XV. the Well Beloved, but which surname he lost. 
Battle of Sheriffmuir between the royal army under the duke 

of Argyle, and the Scotch rebel forces who flivored the Pre- 
tender (the chevalier de St. George son of James II.), now 
commanded^by the earl of Mar. The battle was fought Nov. 
13, the very day on which the rebel forces in the same cause 
were defeated. 

Turkey. The Morea retaken by the Turks. 

Dr. Thomas Burnet one of the most famous of the cosmogonists 
of modern times died aged 80 years. 

Nicholas Malebranche a French metaphysician died aged 77 
years. 

Francis Girardon French sculptor and architect died aged 85 
years. 

Stralsund surrendered to the Prussians. 

Tuscaroras driven out of North Carolina after three years' war. 

1716 Denmark. Frederick IV. takes Holstein, Sleswick, Tonningeu 

and Stralsund, reduces Weismar and drives the Swedes out 

of Norway. 
Nahum Tate poet-laureate of England died. 
Thomas King one of the earliest celebrated ventriloquists. 

1717 The city of New Orleans founded by the French. 

James III. Stuart attempts to gain the throne of England. 
Insurrection in Thorn against the Jesuits. 
Law's Mississippi Scheme ; exploded 1720. 

1718 Siege of Frederic's Hall, rendered memorable by the death of 

Charles XII. of Sweden who was killed by a cannon shot be- 
fore its walls, and while in the trenches leaning against the 
parapet examining the works Dec. 11. 

Sweden. Ulrica Eleanora; resigned at length when her hus- 
band was elected. 

Lady Mary Wortley Montague introduced inoculation for the 
small-pox from Turkey, her own son having been inoculated 
with perfect success. 

Victor Amadeus duke of Savoy resigned Sicily to Charles VI. 
and got Sardinia in lieu of it. 

1719 Execution of Baron de Gorz. 

Joseph Addison one of England's classical prose writers died 
aged 47 years. 



184 . MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

1720 The Spaniards attacked Gibraltar and were repulsed with great 

loss. 
Sweden. Frederick landgrave of Hesse-Cassel. 
South Sea bubble in England; began April 7, was at its height 

at the end of June and quite sunk about Sept. 29. 

1721 Innocent XIII. Pope. 

1722 Czar, from Ciesar a title of honor assumed by the sovereigns of 

of Russia. 
A hurricane reduced Port Royal the third time to a heap of 
ruins. 

1724 Poland. Massacre of the Protestants at Thorn. 
Spain. Lewis I. ; reigned but a few mouths. 
Spain. Philip V. again. 

Benedict XIII. Pope. 

1725 The system of botany under Linnaeus a Swede was commenced. 
Russia. Catherine I. 

1726 Palermo nearly destroyed by an earthquake and 6,000 persons 

perished. 
1727. The Spanish again attack Gibraltar with a force of 20,000 men 

and lose 5,000, while the loss of the English is only 300. 
Russia. Peter II. 

Russia formerly a dukedom is now established as an Empire. 
The aberration of the stars discovered by Dr. Bradley. 
George II. only son of George I. king of England. 

1728 Behring's Strait explored by a Danish navigator in the service 

of Russia whose name it bears. 
Copenhagen destroyed by a fire which consumes 1650 houses, 
5 churches, the university and 4 colleges. 

1729 The Methodists may be said to have appeared formally if not 

originally at Oxford. 
North and South Carolina made separate governments. 
Massacre of French at Fort Rosalie (Natches.) 
Baltimore founded. 
Sir Richard Steele Irish essayist and dramatist died, aged 58 

years. 

1730 Corsica was dependent upon the republic of Genoa until this 

time. 
Denmark. The peaceful reign of Christian VI. who promotes 

the happiness of his subjects. 
Russia. Peter II. deposed and the crown given to Anne of 

Courland. 
Sardinia. Victor Amadeus having the title of king, abdicates 

in favor of his son. 
Turkey. Mahomet V. ; succeeded at length by his brother. 
The large body of Christians called Wesleyan Methodists, was 

founded by an excellent and pious man John Wesley. 
" Augustan Age" of English literature. 
Italy. Clement XII. Pope. 
1732 Kouli Khan usurps the Persian throne and conquers the Mogul 

empire. 



TENTH PERIOD 1688-1776. 185 

A. D. 

1732 Victor Amadeus attempting to recover Sardinia, is taken and 

dies in prison. 
Franklin's " Poor Richard's Almanac," Philadelphia, was the 

first of any note in the United States. 
George Washington born Feb. 22 at Pope's Creek, Va. 

1733 Corsica was sold to France. 

Georgia, one of the United States was granted by George IT. 
to Gen. Oglethorpe, who with forty followers founded Savan- 
nah Feb. 1. 

Polish war of succession. 

1734 Sicily. Both kingdoms are recovered by the crown of Spain, 

under Charles, son of the king of Spain. 

Battle of Parma; the confederates, England, France and Spain 
against the emperor of Austria ; both armies claimed the vic- 
tory. 

Moravian missionary society. 

Francis II. marries into the House of Brunswick. 

1735 Naples. Charles the son of Philip of Spain reigns. 
Stereotyping is said to have been suggested by William Ged of 

Edinburgh. 
Ravages of the throat distemper in New Hampshire and Mas- 
sachusetts. 

1736 Corsica was erected into a kingdom under Theodore its first 

and only king. 

1737 Wilhelmina Caroline Dorothea of Brandenburgh-Anspaeh, who 

became the wife of George II. 1704, dies Nov. 20. 
Tuscany having been created into a dukedom- in 1530 came 

into the Austrian family. 
Herculaneum was discovered'. 

1738 Kouli Khan orders a general massacre and 150,000 people per- 

ish. 
Nassau Hall College at Princeton, N. J. 
Westminster bridge begun ; finished in 1750. 

1739 Inflammable aeriform fluid evolved from coal by Dr. Clayton. 
Charles VI. concludes the peace of Belgrade. 

1740 Hungary. Maria Theresa. 

Prussia. Frederic II. surnamed the Great, 
Russia. John or Ivan VI. 
Italy. Benedict XIV. Pope. 

1741 Russia. Elizabeth. 

Prussia. Breslau ceded to Prussia. 

Royal academy founded in Sweden by Linne afterwards called 

Linnseus. 
New Hampshire became a separate state. 

1742 Bohemia. Silesia and Glatz ceded to Prussia. 

Germany. Charles VII. His capital Munich taken by the 
enemy. 

1743 French defeated at the battle of Dettingen. 

1744 Prague taken by the Prussians. 

1745 Germany. Francis I. duke of Lorraine marries the heiress of 



186 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

Austria, the celebrated Maria Theresa queen of Hungary, 
and is elected emperor 

1745 Spain. Ferdinand VI. surnamed the Wise ; he distinguished 

his reign by acts of liberality and beneficence. 
Louisburg surrendered to the N. E. troops aided by an English 

squadron. 
The allies lost the battle of Fontenoy April 30. 
The rebellion breaks out in Scotland in July. 
The battle of Preston Pans Sept. 21. 

1746 Battle of Culloden, in which the English under William, duke 

of Cumberland defeat the Scottish rebels headed by the young 

Pretender, the last of the Stuarts. 
Denmark. Frederick V. 
Lima destroyed by an earthquake, whose concussions continued 

with short intervals for four months. 

1747 Holland. The office of Stadtholder is made hereditary in the 

Orange family. 
Holland. William IV. 
Persia. Ahmed Abdalla founded the kingdom of Candahar. 

1748 Italy. Milan vested in the house of Austria by the treaty of 

Aix-la-Chapelle. 
Dr. Isaac Watts an English divine, poet and miscellaneous 
writer died aged 74 years. 

1749 India. . Defeat of the last imperial army by the Rohillas. 

The Radcliffe library Oxford was founded under the will of Dr. 
John RadcliflFe the most eminent physician of his time. 

1750 The part of Pompeii first cleared was supposed to be the main 

street. 

Portugal. Joseph. 

Esthetics, the science of the beautiful, particularly in art. The 
term invented by Baumgarten, a I'o' ..an philosopher, whose 
work " jEsthetica" was published .-a .Lis time. 

1751 Holland. William V. 

New Style ordered to be adopted in England ; and the next year 
11 days were left out of the calendar to make it agree with 
the Gregorian Calendar. 

Sweden. Adolphus Frederic, duke of Holstein. 

Alliance between Maria Theresa and the French king against 
the king of Prussia. 

1753 Corsica. The celebrated Paschal Paoli was chosen for their 

general by the Corsicans. 

Benjamin West was the first native American artist, born in 
Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1708.; painted his first por- 
trait in Lancaster at this time. 

British Museum begun at Montagu-house. 

1754 Grilbert Charles Stuart painter born in Rhode Island. 
The Quakers abolish slavery among themselves. 
Turkey. Osman II. 

Great eruption of ^tna. 

1755 Great earthquake which destroyed Lisbon. 



TENTH PElllOD— 1688-1776. 187 

A.D. 

1755 Expulsion of French settlers from Acadia. (See Longfellow's 

Evangeline.) 
Defeat of Gen. Braddock. 

1756 Calcutta taken by Surrjali Dowla. The dreadful affliir of the 

Black-hole, in which he imprisoned 146 British subjects, of 

whom 123 perished in one night. 
Theodore king of Corsica having been released from King's 

Bench died at his lodgings in Chapel St., Soho. 
John Trumbull painter born in Connecticut. 
Sweden. Conspiracies of counts Brahe and Home who are 

beheaded. 
War declared between Great Britain and Fi-ance. 

Frederick of Prussia falls suddenly on Saxony. 

1757 Calcutta retaken by Col. Clive. 

The memorable battle of Prague between the Imperialists and 

Bohemians May 6. 
Colley Cibber poet-laurate of England died. 
Turkey. Mustapha III. Syracuse again destroyed Aug. 6. 
Damien attempts to assassinate the French king. 
Battle of Rossbach. 
Augustine Calmet died aged 85 years a learned theolgian of the 

Benedictine order. His "Dictionary of the Bible" is most 

widely known of his works. 

1758 Portugal. Joseph I. is attacked by assassins and narrowly 

escapes death. 
Montcalm repulses Abercrombie at Ticonderoga. English take 
Louisburg and Fort Du Quesne. Clement XIII. Pope. 

1759 Naples. Reign of Ferdinand IV. 

Quebec conquered by the English after a battle memorable for 

the death of Gen. Wolfe, Sept. 13. 
Spain. Charles III. king of the two Sicilies. The throne of 

Spain becoming vacant, Charles who is the heir vacates the 

throne of the two Sicilies in favor of his brother Ferdinand, 

agreeably to treaty. 
Battle of Minden wherein Ferdinand defeats the French. 

1760 All Canada surrenders to the English. 

England. George III. ; grandson to his predecessor. 
The sect of Swedenborgians rose about this time. ^ 

Blackfriars bridge begun. 

1761 Charlotte Sophia, daughter of the duke of Mecklcuburgh- 

Strelitz marries George III. Sept. 8. Died Nov 17, 1818. 

1762 Russia. Peter III. dethroned and murdered; succeeded by 

Catherine II. his wife. 
Portugal. The Spanish and French invade Portugal which is 

saved by the valor of the English in this and the following 

year. 
Severest drought ever known in America. No rain from May 

to September. 

1763 The .Koran translated into English and other European lan- 

guages. 



188 MODERN STNCHRDNOLOGY. 

A. D. . . . ' . 

1763 Russia. The young prince the rightful heir, till now immured, 

put to death. 
Peace between Britain, France and Spain. 
Death of Augustus III. of Poland. 

1764 The Jesuits were put down in France by an edict of the king 

and their revenues confiscated. 
Charter of R. I. college, now Brown University. 
The parliament of England grants £10,000 to Mr. Harrison for 

his discovery of longitude by his time-piece. 
Pontiac's war with the Indians. 

1765 Germany. Joseph II. 

The Pretender died at Rome Dec. 30. 

The sovereignty of the Isle of Man annexed to the crown of 

Great Britain. 
Stamp Act passed at New York. Repealed the following year. 

1766 Denmark. Christian VII. 

1767 Expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain April 2. 
Expulsion of the Jesuits from Mexico June 25. 

An act passed by the English government taxing tea, glass, pa- 
per, &c., in the American colonies June 29. 
Expulsion of the Jesuits from Naples Nov. 3. 

1768 Petition of the Massachusetts Assembly to the king of England 

against the late tax on trade in the American colonies Jan. 20. 
The Confederation of Bar formed by the Roman Catholics of 

Poland with the object of resisting the influence of foreign 

states March. — 
Corsica united to France Aug. 5. 
An English force lands in Boston Oct. 1. 

1769 Battle of Choczim, Russia. Turks severely defeated. 
Frederic II. of Prussia and the emperor of Austria conclude a 

convention of neutrality at Neisse Aug. 25. 

1770 Lord North Prime Minister of England Feb. 6. 

A fatal affray takes place between the English soldiers and the 
people of Boston March 5. 

Capt. Cook sails along the south-east coast of Australia, lands at 
a spot which he calls Botany Bay and takes possession of the 
country by the name of New South Wales April 28. 
• Geo. Whitefield founder of the Calvinistic Methodists died Sept. 
30 aged 56 years. 

Marriage of the dauphin of France with Marie Antoinette May 
30. 

Ann Lee imprisoned for her religious belief. Born in Man- 
chester, Eng. Feb. 29, 1736. In 1758 " led by vision and in- 
spiration " she joined the society of James and Jane Wadley, 
followers of the French prophets and who had been associated 
both with the Friends and 3Iethodists. 

She became the founder of the Shakers who claim a real advent 
of Christ on the earth at this date. Died at Watervliet. N. Y. 

1771 Sweden. Gustavus III. Adolphus. 

Falkland Islands ceded to England by Spain Jan. 22. 



TENTH PERIOD — 1688-1776. 189 

A. D. 

1771 The French Parliament abolished and sis Superior Courts es- 

tablished in its place Feb. 22. 

The right to report' parliamentary debates in England estab- 
lished May 8. 

Battle of Almansee in which the North Carolinians are defeated 
by Gov. Tryon May 16. 

Death of Thomas Gray English poet July 3. 

1772 Caroline Matilda, queen of Christian VII. of Denmark, arrested 

on a charge of incontinence and afterwards banished the 

kingdom Jan. 16. 
Warren Hastings appointed governor of Bengal April 13. 
A treaty for the partition of Poland signed at St. Petersburg 

by Austria, Prussia and Russia Aug. 5. 
Revolt of oppressed natives and negro slaves in Brazil. 

1773 Calcutta made the residence of the Governor-General of India 

July 1. 
Expulsion of the Jesuits from Rome Aug. 16. 
The inhabitants of Boston throw 342 chests of the taxed tea in 

to the sea Dec. 16. 

1774 Oliver Goldsmith Irish poet, historian and essayist died April 3 

aged 46 years. 

Death of Louis XV. of France, and accession of his grandson 
Louis XVI. May 10. 

The first American Continental Congress assembles at Philadel- 
phia Sept. 5. 

Turkey. Abelhamet or Achmet IV. 

The French Parliament re-established Dec. 12. 

1775 The first action in the war of American Independence takes 

place at Lexington April 19. 

Benares (Hindostan) is ceded to the East India Company by 
Subadar of Oude May 21. 

Arrival at Boston of reinforcements from England under Gen- 
erals Howe, Burgoyne and Clinton May 25. 

George Washington appointed Commander-in-chief of the Amer- 
ican army June 15. 

Battle of Bunker Hill June 17. 

Invasion of Canada by the American forces under Gen. Mont- 
gomery Sept. 10. 

1776 Evacuation of Boston by the English; it is occupied by Wash- 

ington March 17. 
Evacuation of Canada by the Americans June 18. 



190 modern synchronology. 

Eleventh Period, 
from the american revolution tp the great rebellion 

— 84 YEARS. 

A. D. 

177G July 4. America is declared " free, sovereign and indepen- 
dent; " a declaration which is signed by the following states : 
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, 
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro- 
lina, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Georgia. 

Aug. 25. David Hume Scottish historian, philosopher and 
miscellaneous writer died aged 65 years. 

Aug. 27. Battle of Long Island. 

Oct. 13. Capture and destruction of an American squadron on 
Lake Champlain by the English. 

Oct. 28. Battle of White Pkins. 

Nov. 16. Capture of Fort Washington. 

Nov. 28. Washington crosses the Delaware. 

Dec. 8. Battle of Rhode Island. 

Dec. 26. Battle of Trenton. 
1777 Jan. 3. Battle of Princeton. 

July 2. Neckar appointed French Minister of Finance. 

July 6. Ticonderoga taken. 

July 31. The Marquis of La Fayette and other French offi- 
cers join the Americans in their struggle for independence. 

Aug. 16. Battle of Bennington. 

Sept. 11. Battle of Brandy wine. 

Sept. 19. Battle of Stillwater. 

Sept. 20. Defeat of Gen. Wayne. 

Oct. 4. Battle of Germantown. 

Oct. 17. Capitulation of the British army at Saratoga, United 
States. 

Surrender of Burgoyne. 

Nov. 15. The American Congress adopts a federal government. 

Dec. 18. Constitution of North Carolina adopted. 

Dec. 16. The independence of the United States acknowledged 
by France. 

Portugal. Mary Frances Isabella. 
] 778 July 3. Jean Jaques Rousseau, French philosopher and mis- 
cellaneous writer died aged 66 years. 

The Sandwich Islands discovered by Capt. Cook. 

Jan. 10. Carl von Linnasus, Swedish naturalist and botanist 
died aged 71 years. He was founder of the botanical sys- 
tem bearing his name. 

David Garrick English tragedian died aged 63. 

Feb. 6. Treaties of amity and commerce concluded between 
the United States and France. 

May 27. Sebastien Nicholas Adams French sculptor died aged 
73. His great work is " Prometheus Bound." 

March 31. The war between Spain and Portugal (which had 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 1776-1860. 191 



A. D. 



commenced in 1762) concluded by the Treaty of Pardo, or 
St. Ildefonso. 

1778 May 11. Death of William Pitt Earl of Chatham. 

June 13. War declared against England by France, in aid of 

the North American colonies. 
June 28. Battle of Monmouth. Washington victorious. 
July 4. Invasion of Bohemia by Frederick II. of Prussia and 

commencement of the " Potatoe War;" (so called on account 

of the numerous petty skirmishes and maneuvres respecting 

the convoys.) 
Aug. 29. Battle of Rhode Island. 
December 29. British take Savannah. 

1779 March 16. Battle of Briar Creek. 
May 13. Siege of Charleston, S. C. 

June 16. War declared between Spain and Great Britian. 
July 16. The grand siege of Gibraltar commenced by the 

Spaniards blocking up the port. 
July 16. Stony Point taken. 
Aug. 29. Sullivan defeats the Indians. 
Oct. 12. Formation of the first regiment of Irish Volunteers, 

under the Earl of Leinster to support the Parliament in 

demanding free trade. 

1780 Feb. 14. Sir William Blackstone, English judge and author 

of the well known commentaries on the laws of England, died 
aged 57 years. 

May 12. Charleston surrenders. 

June 2-7. Lord George Gordon's anti-Popery riots. 

June 23. Battle of Springfield. 

August 6. Sumpter defeats the British. 

Aug. 16. Battle of Camden. 

Oct. 2. Arrest of Major Andre an English oflSicer by the Amer- 
icans Sept 23 ; he is executed by sentence of court-martial 
as a spy. 

Oct. 7. Battle of King's Mountain. 

Nov. 20. Sumpter defeats Tarleton. 

Dec. 20. England declares war against Holland. 

Hungary. Joseph, son of Maria Theresa. 

Abolition of torture in France. 

1781 Jan. 1. Revolt of Pennsylvania line. 
Jan. 17. Battle of the Cowpens. 
March 15. Battle of Guildford. 

May 23. Resignation of the French minister Neckar. 

Aug. 5. Naval battle ofi" Dogger-bank, between the Dutch and 

English fleets ; 400 killed on each side. 
Sept. 5. Naval engagement between the French and English. 
Sept. 6. New London burnt by the British. 
Sept. 8. Battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina. 
Sept. 19. The treaty of Chunar, Hindostan, signed by Warren 

Hastings and the Nabob of Oude. Hastings receives from 

the latter £100,000 as a present. 



192 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1781 Oi;t. 19. Surrender of a British force consisting of 7,000 men 

under Lord Cornwallis, to Gen. Washington at Yorktown. 

1782 March 4. llesolution of the House of Commons, " That the ad- 

visers of further prosecution of offensive war in America are 

enemies to their king and country." 
April 1. Marquis of Rockingham English Prime Minister. 
July 13. Lord Shelburn English Prime Minister. 
Sept. 13. Total defeat of the French and Spanish fleets in the 

Bay of Gibraltar by the British. 
Oct. 8. The independence of the United States acknowledged 

by Holland, by a treaty concluded at the Hague. 
Nov. 30. A provisional treaty, acknowledging the independence 

of the United States, signed by England at Paris. 
The Inquisition abolished in Naples. 

1783 Jan. 20. An armistice concluded with Great Britain by the 

United States. 

Feb. 5. The Order of St. Patrick founded in Ireland by George 
III. It consists of the Sovereign, a grand master and 22 
knights. 

Feb. 5. The blockade of Gibraltar by the Spaniards discontin- 
ued. 

The independence of the United States acknowledged by Swe- 
den Feb. 5 ; by Denmark Feb. 25 ; and by Spain March 24. 

April 4. Duke of Portland English Prime Minister. 

Aug. 1. A violent earthquake at Japan destroys 27 towns and 
thousands of lives. 

Sept. 3. Treaty of Versailles. By this treaty peace was con- 
cluded between Great Britain, France and Spain. 

Nov. 3. The American army disbanded. 

Nov. 25. The English evacuate New York. 

Dec. 26. Pitt English Prime Minister. 

1784 Jan. 8. Cession of the Crimea to Russia by Turkey. It did not 

formally take place till Jan. 9, 1792. 

Mar. 28. Prince Frederic appointed regent of Denmark, ow- 
ing to the insanity of his father Christian VII. 

July 4. The Defenders (Roman Catholics) and Peep-'o-Day 
Boys (Presbyterians) two Irish factions organized. 

Aug. 10. Allan Ramsay Scottish portrait painter died aged 75 
years. 

Dec. 13. Samuel Johnson English lexicographer died aged 75 
years. 

1785 Feb. 8. Resignation of Warren Hastings Governor-General of 

India; he returns to England. 
Feb. 24. Death of Charles Bonaparte Judge of the Island 

of Corsica and father of Napoleon I. 
June 1. John Adams the first accredited minister from the 

United States to the Court of London. 
July 23. Conclusion of the Fursten-Bund Alliance at Berlin 

and commencement of the Germanic Confederation. 
Affair of the Diamond Necklace. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 1776-1860. 193 

A. D. 

1785 The guillotine invented. 

1786 Aug. 2. The Jife of king George Til, of England attempted by 

Margaret Nicholson. 
Aug. 17. Death of Frederick II. of Prussia; succeeded by 

Frederick William II. 
Nov. Shay's insurrection breaks out. 
Nov. Major-General Greene dies. 

1787 Mar. 4. An English settlement composed partly of negroes is 

established in Sierra Leone, Africa. 

May 13. The English government send to Australia 558 male 
and 218 female convicts. 

July 20. James Whittaker first Shaker preacher died at En- 
field, Conn, aged 36 years. Born at Oldham, England ; came 
to America in company with the celebrated " mother Ann 
Lee" in 1774. " Elder Whittaker" may be considered the 
John Wesley of American Shakers. 

Aug. 11. Nova Scotia. The first colonial see of the Anglican 
Church erected. 

1788 The new Constitution ratified by all the states except Rhode 

Island. 

John Ledyard the traveler dies. 

Jan. 26. Captain Philip the first governor of Australia founds 
the city of Sydney near Port Jackson. 

Feb. 13. Trial of Warren Hastings Governor-General of India 
begins and lasts seven years. Hastings is acquitted. 

March 3. Death of Prince Charles Edward the young Pre- 
tender, at Rome. 

Aug. 2. Thomas Gainsborough English landscape and portrait 
painter died aged 61 years. 

Oct. 12. The mental indisposition of king George III. is made 
known. 

Nov 6. Meeting of the second assembly of French nobles. 

Spain. Charles IV. 

1789 Jan. 18. Poland declares itself independent of Russia. 
March 3. The first Congress under the new Constitution meets. 
April 14. George Washington declared first President of the 

United States. 
John Adams Vice President. 
June 17. The States-General assume the title of the National 

Assembly of France. 
July 14. Destruction of the Bastile by the French populace. 
Aug. 13. The French Assembly adopts the declaration of the 

" Rights of Man." 
Sept. 22. Battle of Martinesti, Wallachia. Turks defeated by 

the Austrian and Russian army. 
Oct. 5-6. The palace at Versailles attacked by the French 

populace and the king and queen compelled to proceed to 

Paris. 
Oct. 16. The title King of France altered to the King of the 

French. 

13 



194 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

1789 Nov. 2. The property of the French clergy confiscated. 

Dec. 22. France is divided into eighty-three departments 
nearly equal in extent, the departments divided into districts, 
the districts into cantons. 

Ethan Allen and General Knyphausen died this year. 

Turkey. Selim III. 

1790 Treaty concluded with the Creeks. 

First census tal^en ; population of the United States 3,929,326. 

The territory south of the Ohio ceded to the United States, and 
a territorial government erected therein. 

Jan. 20. John Howard English philanthropist died aged 64 
years. 

Feb. 4. Visit of the French king and queen to the Assembly ; 
they agree to the Revolution. 

March 16. Abolition of Lettres de Cachet in France. 

March 29. An alliance concluded between Poland and Prussia 
at Warsaw. Prussia was induced to enter into this alliance 
in the hope of ultimately having Thorn and Dautzic ceded to 
her by Poland. 

April 17. Benjamin Franklin natural philosopher and politi- 
cian died aged 84 years. 

June 20. Abolition of hereditary nobility and titles of honor 
in France. 

July 14. Louis XIV. of France swears fealty to th& new con- 
stitution at the fete in Champ de Mars. 

July 27. Prussia concludes a convention for the settlement of 
the Netherlands with England and Austria. 

Germany. Leopold II. 

Sept. 30. General Ilarmar defeated in Indiana. 

Nov. 27. Decrees published for the humiliation of the French 
clergy by the Assembly of France. 

1791 March 2. John Wesley founder of Wesleyan Methodism died. 
March 4. The " Quebec Bill " proposed by Pitt of England, 

by which Canada is divided into the Upper and Lower prov- 
inces, and receives a representative constitution. 

April 2. Honore Gabriel Riquetti Mirabeau, one of the most 
celebrated characters of the French Revolution dies aged 42 
years. 

May 3. A new constitution promulgated in Poland. Its prin- 
cipal articles were that the Roman Catholic religion should be 
the religion of the State. 

May 14. Battle of Seringapatam, South India. Lord Corn- 
wallis defeated Tippoo Sahib. 

June 21. Louis XVI., his queen and family arrested at Var- 
ennes in their flight from Paris. 

June 25. Imprisonment of the French royal family in the Tuil- 
eries by the revolutionists. 

Aug. 27. Conference of Pilnitz. 

Sept. 15. Louis XVI. assents to the "National Constitution" 
of France, which aimed at destroying all ancient abuses. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 1776-1860. 195 

A. D. 

1792 Jan. 9. Greece is placed under Russian protection. 

Jan. 9. Treaty of Jassy between Russia and Turkey. 

Feb. 23. Sir Josbua Reynolds English painter dies aged 69 
years. He was first president of the Royal Academy, found- 
ed 1768. 

March 29. Gustavus III. king of Sweden shot at a masquer- 
ade by Count Ankerstrom ; succeeded by Gustavus Adolph- 
usIV. 

April 20. France declares war against Austria. 

May 14. Confederation of Targowitz. A confederation of Po- 
lish nobles, partisans of Russia, to restore the Russian consti- 
tution of 1775 in Poland. 

June 1, Kentucky admitted into the Union. 

June 8. War declared between Russia and Poland. 

June 20. The Tuileries attacked by the French republicans. 

June 20. Battle of Menin, Belgium. Austrians defeated. 

June. Union of Prussia, Austria and Holland against France. 

Aug. 4. John Bui'goyne English general during the Ameri- 
can revolution dies. 

Aug. 10. Massacre of the Swiss guards, storming of the Tuil- 
eries, and imprisonment of the French royal family in the 
Temple by the French revolutionists. 

Sept. 3. JMassacre of the Abbaye. The Abbaye was one of the 
♦chief prisons of Paris. 

Sept. 5. Massacre of the Royalist prisoners in Paris (among 
them the unfortunate Princesse de Lamballe) by the French 
revolutionists- 

Sept. 20. Battle of Valmy, France. 

Sept. 21.' Royalty abolished in France by the "National Con- 
vention." 

Sep.t. 22. The French Republic established. 

Germany. Francis II. 

Sept. Invasion of the Sardinian territories by the French, who 
occupy Savoy and Nice. 

Nov. 6. Battle of Jemmappes, Belgium. Austrians iiefeated. 

Nov. 27. Savoy and Nice annexed to France. 

Dec. 5. Johann C. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Austrian mu- 
sical composer died aged 36 years. 

Dec. 15. Annexation of Flanders to France. 
1793 Jan. 4. Second treaty between Prussia and Russia for the par- 
tition of Poland signed. 

Jan. 21. Louis XVI. imprisoned in the Temple and b'rought 
to trial Jan. 19, is condemned to death Jan. 20, and behead- 
ed in the Place de Louis Quinze. Thus perished, at the age 
of thirty-nine, after a reign of sixteen j'ears and a half, i)assed 
in endeavouring to do good, the best but weakest of mouarchs. 

Feb. Ij War declared against England, Spain and Holland, by 
France. 

March.?. Washington again inaugurated President and Adams 
Vice President. 



196 MODERN STNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

1793 March 10. Revolutionary Tribunal established in France. 
March 10. Insurrection in La Vendee. The final pacification 

of the province was effected by the treaty of Lu9on, Jan. 17, 
1800, nearly 1,000,000 victims having fallen in the struggle. 

March 25. Robespierre and his colleagues invested with dicta- 
torial authority by the French Republic. 

March 25. An alliance concluded between England and Rus- 
sia against France. Russia acquires considerable territory 
by the second partition of Poland. 

July 13. Assassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday. 

July 22. Treaty between Poland and Russia. 

Aug. IG. The first English church erected in Australia. 

Aug. 18. Battle of Lincelles, France. 

Sept. 1. Battle of Quesnoy, JF ranee. 

Sept. 3. War declared by Naples against the French republic. 

Sept 8. Battle of Dunkirk, France. 

Sept. 14. Arrival of Lord Macartney's embassy at Pekin, Chi- 
na; he is received by the emperor. 

Sept. 25. Treaty between Poland and Prussia. 

Oct. 16. Execution of queen Marie Antoinette. 

Oct. 16. Battle of Wattignies, France. 

Nov. 6. Execution of Philippe Egalite duke of Orleans. 

Nov. 8. Execution of Madame Roland. 

Courts for civil and criminal causes and circuits appointed in 
India by the British government. 

John Hancock, Roger Sherman and John Manly died this year. 

1794 Jan. 16. Edward Gibbon English historian died aged 57 years. 
A naval armament fitted out against the Algerines. 

Feb. Invasion of Spain by the French. 

March 24. Execution of the leaders of the Cordeliers' club. 

March 24. The Russians expelled from Cracow by. Kosciusko, 
and commencement of the Polish insurrection. 

April 5. Execution of Danton and his colleagues. 

April 16. Massacre of the Russians in Warsaw by the Polish 
•garrison and citizens. 

April 24. Battle of Cambray. French defeated. 

May 8. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier French chemist died. 

May 10. A national council for the government of the Polish 
republic established by the Poles. The king was set aside ; 
the council was to consist pf eight members and Kosciusko 
invested with dictatorial power. 

May 12. Execution of Madame Elizabeth sister of Louis XVI. 

May 18-22. Battle of Tourcoing. 

May 22 Battle of Espierres. French severely defeated. 

May 23. Suspension of the " Habeas Corpus Act " in Eng- 
land, owing to the seditious state of the country. 

June 1. The French fleet defeated off Ushant by Lord Howe. 

June 15. Cracow sun-en ders to the Prussian forces; Austria 
unites with Prussia against Poland. 

June 26. Battle of Fleurus. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 1776-1860. 197 

A. D. 

1794 July 27. The revolution of tlie Ninth Thermidor and fall of 

Kobespierre. 

July 28. Execution of Robespierre, St. Just and 70 of their 
colleagues ; termination of the Reign of Terror. 

Aug. 20. Gen. Wayne defeats the Indians at the Miami. 

Aug. 27. Death of Sir YV^illiam Jones English lawyer and ori- 
ental scholar. 

Sept. 8. The Jacobin Club, one of the numerous political as- 
sociations that came into existence just before the first French 
revolution, ordered to be closed by the French National Con- 
vention. 

Sept. 14. Battle of Bois-le-duc. 

Sept. 14 Battle of Boxtel. 

Oct. 10. Battle of Macicjowice. 

Nov. 4 Defeat of the Poles at Pxaga by the Russians under 
Suwarrow ; 12,000 Poles slain. 

Nov. 9. Warsaw taken by Suwarrow. 

Nov. 10. Inauguration of the worship of the " Goddess of 
Reason " in France. 

Nov. 19. A treaty of amity, commerce and navigation con- 
cluded with Britain by the United States. 

Oct. 28-Dec. 5. Trials of Thomas Hardy, John Home Tooke 
and John Thelwall in England for treason ; they are acquit- 
ted. 

Oeneral Sullivan, Baron Steuben, Dr. Witherspoon and Richard 
Henry Lee died this year. 

1795 April 5. Peace concluded at Basle between France and Prussia. 
April 8. Marriage of the prince of Wales with Caroline of 

Brunswick. 

April 23. Acquittal of Warren Hastings. 

May 22. Mungo Park starts from the Gambia on his voyage 
of discovery into Africa. He traced the Niger to Silla, ex- 
plored the intervening countries and returned to England ia 
1797. 

June 8. Death of Louis XVII. in the Temple. 

June 19. James Boswell biographer of Dr. Johnson dies aged 
55 years. 

July 22. Treaty of Basle between France and Spain. 

Oct 1. The whole of the isknd of Ceylon reduced to subjec- 
tion by the British. 

Oct. 24. Final partition of Poland between Russia, Austria 
and Prussia. 

Nov. 23. Battle of Laono. Austrians defeated. 

General Francis Marion, and President Ezra Stiles of Yale Col- 
lege died this year. 

1796 Jan. 7. Birth of the Princess Charlotte daughter of the Prince 

of Wales. 
Feb. 15. All the fortified stations of the Dut<ph in Ceylon ceded 

to the British by the treaty of Colombo. 
April 9. Napoleon commences his Italian victories. 



198 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1796 April 12. Battle of Montenotte, Italy. 
April 22. Battle of Mondovi, Piedmont. 
May 10. Battle of Lodi, North Italy. 

May 15. Savoy and Nice ceded to France by the treaty of 

Paris. 
June 1. Tennessee admitted into the Union. 
July 21. Robert Burns the national poet of Scotland died 

aged 37 years. 
Aug. 3. Battle of Lonato, Lonibardy. 
Aug. 17. Surrender of a Dutch fleet in Saldanha Bay, Africa, 

to Sir George Keith Elphinstone. 
Oct. 7. Thomas Reid Scottish philosopher died aged 87 years. 
Oct. 11. Spain declares war against England. 
Oct. 11. Peace concluded at Paris between France and Naples. 

Naples agrees to be neutral, and to shut her ports against all 

vessels of war belonging to belligerents that should exceed the 

number of four. 
Oct. 16. Death of King Victor Amadeus III. of Sardinia. 
Nov. 14. Battle of Areola. 
Dec. 4. Napoleon founds the Cispadane Republic in Italy; it 

is merged the following year into the Cisalpine Republic. 
Russia. Paul. 
Anthony Wayne, David Rittenhouse and Samuel Huntington, 

formerly President of Congress, died this year. 

1797 Jan. Treaty concluded with Tripoli. 

Feb. 14. Naval battle of Cape St. Vincent. 

Feb. 19. Peace of Tolentino, between France and Rome. By 

this treaty the See of Rome withdrew from all leagues against 

the French Republic. 
Feb. 27. Commercial panic in England Feb. 20; the Bank of 

England stops payment. 
March 4. John Adams inaugurated President and Thoma? 

Jefferson Vice President. 
April 18. Peace of Leoben, between France and Austria. By 

this peace Austria ceded to France the Austrian Netherlandi- 

June 14. The Republic of Genoa assumes the title of the Li 

gurian Republic. 
July. Congress declares the treaties with France annulled.^ 
July 9. Edmund Burke English statesman died aged 68 

years. 
July 24. Unsuccessful attempt of the British on Santa Cruz ; 

Admiral Nelson loses his right arm. 
Oct. 11. Battle of Camperdown. Dutch fleet defeated. 
Prussia. Frederic William III. 
Oct. 17. The Cisalpine Republic recognized by the Emperor 

of Germany. This republic was formed by the union of the 

Cispadane and Transpadane Republics by Napoleon. 
Oct. 17. Peace of Campo Formio between Austria and the 

French Republic. By this peace the emperor surrendered 

the Austrian Netherlands, the Ionian Islands, and extensive 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 1776-1860. 199 



A.D. 



territories in Italy, receiving Venice and some other places 
in return. 

1797 Dec. 10. Return of Napoleon Bonaparte to Paris; lie is feted 

as the " Pacificator.'' 

1798 Jan. 4. Confiscation of all English merchandise in France. 
Feh. 23. Invasion of Italy by Napoleon Bonaparte; the Pope 

made prisoner. 

March 20. The French proclaim the Roman republic. 

April 20. Habeas Corpus Act again suspended in Grreat Brit- 
ain. 

April. The Helvetian Republic established in Switzerland by 
France. 

May. Congress passes an act for raising a provisional army. 

May 20. Napoleon Bonaparte embarks for Egypt. 

Battles of Kilcullen May 23 ; Naas May 24 ; Oulart May 27. 

Lord Edward Fitzgerald's rebellion breaks out in Ireland; he 
is arrested in Dublin May 19, and dies in prison. 

July. Washington appointed Lieutenant-General and Com- 
mander-in-chief. 

July 21. Battle of the Pyramids, Egypt. 

Aug. 1. Battle of the Nile, Egypt; French defeated. 

Nov. 19. Trial and capital sentence of Wolfe Tone, the Irish 
rebel, who commits suicide. 

Nov. 19. Ferdinand IV. King of Naples having published a 
manifesto against the French marches against them in Italy 
and enters Rome. 

Dec. 4. Discovery of Bass's Straits by Bass and Flinders, 
which establishes the fact that Australia and Tasmania are 
distinct islands. 
Dec. 9. Charles Emanuel II. king of Sardinia deposed by the 
French and compelled to retire to Leghorn. 

Dec. 29. Russia joins England and Austria in a coalition 
against France. She secedes in 1799 and joins with France. 

1799 Jan. 14. Capture of Gaeta by the French Jan. 4. Ferdinand 

of Naples deserts his capital, leaving it in the hands of the 

French. 
Jan 23. The Parthenopean republic established by the French 

at Naples. 
Feb. 6. Syria invaded by Napoleon Bonaparte. 
March 7. Jaffa stormed by the French. 
April 24. Battle of Cassano, Lombardy. 
May 4. Battle of Seriugapatam, South India. 
May 20. Retreat of Napoleon Bonaparte from Syi'ia, after his 

repulse at St. Jean d'Acre. 
May 23. Battle of the Adda. 
June 5. Battle of Zurich, Switzerland. French defeated by 

the Austrians. 
June 17. Naples retaken by the French ; scenes of vengeance 

and massacre ensue. 
June '19, Battle of Trebia. 



200 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1799 June 22. Second coalition against France formed by England, 

Russia, Germany, Turkey, Portugal and Naples. 
July 15. Discovery of Moreton bay, Australia, by Flinders. 
July 25. Battle of Aboukir, Egypt. 
Aug. 12. Tbe Neapolitans capture Rome. 
Aug. 15. Battle of Novi, Italy. 
Aug. 30. Surrender of the Dutch fleet at the Texel to the 

British Admiral Mitchel. 
Sept. 19. Battle of Bergen. 
Nov. 10. The French Directory dissolved and a provisional 

government established. 
The American navy consists of 42 vessels carrying 950 guns. 
The seat of government of Pennsylvania removed to Lancaster. 
Dec. 14. Death of George Washington, first President of the 

United States, aged 67 years. 
Dec. 24. Napoleon Bonaparte chosen First Consul of France. 
Portugal. John VI. 

1800 April 25. William Cowper English poet died aged 69 years. 
May 31. Napoleon Bonaparte crosses the Alps into Italy. 
Aug. The seat of the United States government removed from 

Philadelphia to Washington. 

Dec. 3. Battle of Hohenlinden. Austrian loss nearly 20,000. 

Dec. 16. The armed neutrality of 1780 revived. The revival 
of this confederacy was signed by Russia, Denmark and Swe- 
den Dec. 16 and by Prussia three days after. 

Dec. 24. Unsuccessful attempt on the life of Napoleon Bona- 
parte by means of an infernal machine. 

Dec. 26. Battle of the Mincio. 

Dec. 27. Hugh Blair, D. D. Scotch divine died aged 82 years. 

Dec. 30. The czar of Russia invites the contending sovereigns 
of Europe to settle their diflFerences by a private combat at 
St. Petersburg. 

1801 Jan. 1. Legislative Union of Great Britain with Ireland. 
Jan. 22. The United Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland 

holds its first meeting. 

Feb. 9. Treaty of Luneville between Germany and the French 
republic. In this peace the course of the Rhine was fixed as 
the limit between France and Germany. 

Feb. 18. Spain declares war against Portugal at the instiga- 
tion of Napoleon. 

March 4. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President and Aaron 
Burr Vice President of the United States. 

March 21. Battle of Alexandria. 

March 24. Paul I. of Russia assassinated by a party of noble- 
men under Generals Benningsen and Pahlen ; succeeded by 
Alexander. 

March 28. Peace concluded between France and Naples by the 
treaty of Florence. 

April 2. Bombardment of Copenhagen which puts an end to 
the Armed Neutrality. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 1776-1860. 201 

A. D. 

1801 July 1. Insurrection of the negroes of Hayti, West Indies, un- 

der the negro general, Toussaiut I'Ouverture against the 

French ; they declare themselves independent. 
July 15. Concordat concluded between Rome and the French 

republic, which re-established the papal authority though in 

a modified form in France. 
Sept. 11. Re-establishment of the Roman Catholic religion in 

France. 
Oct. 8. Peace concluded between France and Russia. 
Oct. 9. Peace concluded between France and Turkey. 

1802 Louisiana ceded to France by Spain. 

New Orleans closed against the United States. 

Ohio admitted into the Union. 

Gen. Daniel Morgan died aged G6 years. 

Jan. 25. The Cisalpine republic remodeled as the Italian re- 
public. 

March 25. The treaty of Amiens concluded. The contracting 
parties were France, Holland and Spain on the one side and 
Great Britain on the other. England was to cede all the 
French, Spanish and Dutch colonies acquired during the war 
except Trinidad and Ceylon. 

May 3. Invasion of Hayti, West Indies by the French under 
Le Clerc, who compel Toussaint I'Ouverture to surrender ; 
he is taken prisoner to France. 

May 19. Institution of the Legion of Honor. 

June 4. Abdication of Charles Emanuel II. king of Sardinia 
in favor of his brother, the duke of Aosta afterwards Victor 
Emanuel I. 

Aug. 2. Napoleon Bonaparte appointed First Consul for life. 

Sept. 11. Piedmont incorporated with the French republic. 

1803 March 2. Samuel Adams a distinguished statesman during the 

American revolution died aged 81 years. 
April 30. Louisiana purchased from the French government 

by the United States. 
May 16. Renewal of the war between England and France 

owing to Napoleon's aggressions. 
June 12. Battle of Ahmednuggur. 
June 24. A massacre of the English takes place at Kandy, 

Ceylon, by the natives. 
July 23. The insurrection of Robert Emmett breaks out in 

Ireland. * 

Aug. 18. Death of James Beattie Scottish poet. 
Sept. 23. Battle of Assaye. 

Nov. Another insurrection of the negroes of Hayti, West In- 
dies, against the French breaks out under Dessalines a negro ; 

the French quit the island. 
Dec. 17. Peace concluded between the British and the Rajah 

of Berar, Hindostan, who cedes Cuttack to the British. 

1804 Jan. 30. Mungo Park sets out on his second voyage of dis- 

covery into Africa from which he never returned. 



202 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A.D. 

1804 Feb. 6. Joseph Priestley English dissenting divine and natu- 

ral philosopher died aged 71 years. 

Brown University R. I. established. 

March 8. Suppression of the convents in Prussia. 

March 21. Execution of the duke of Enghien. 

May 18. France formed into an empire and Napoleon pro- 
claimed emperor of the French. 

July 12. Alexander Hamilton American soldier and statesman 
died aged 47 years. 

Aug. Tripoli bombarded by the Americans. 

Oct. 8. The negro Dessalines is crowned emperor of Hayti, 
West Indies, under the title of James I. 

Dec. 2. Coronation of Napoleon I. by the Pope at Notre Dame. 

Dec. 12. Spain declares war against England. 

1805 March 4. Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President and George 

Clinton Vice President of the United States. 

April 11. Russia again joins the coalition against France. 

April. France changes the form of the government in Hol- 
land. Schimmelpenninck is placed as Grand Pensionary at 
the head of affairs. 

May 9. Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller German 
poet, dramatist and historical writer died aged 46 years. 

May 25. William Paley English divine died aged 62 years. 

May 26. Coronation of Napoleon I. at Milan as king of Italy. 

He includes Sardinia in his kingdom. 

June. Treaty of peace concluded with Tripoli. 

June 4. Annexation of Genoa to France. 

July 26. A terrible earthquake occurs at Naples ; 20,000 lives 
are destroyed. 

The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts founded. 

Aug. 9. Third coalition against Franca formed by England, 
Russia, Naples and Austria. 

Sept. 26. Invasion of Germany by France. 

Oct. 5. Death of Lord Cornwallis Governor-General of India 
aged 67 years. 

Oct. 20. Battle of Ulm. 

Oct. 21. Naval battle of Trafalgar. 

Dec. 2. Battle of Austerlitz. 

Dec. 26. The title of King conferred on the Elector of Bava- 
ria by Napoleon I. 

1806 Feb. 10. Lord Grenville English Prime Minister. 

The Townley marbles purchased by the British Museum for 
£20,000. 

Jan. 23. William Pitt English statesman and son of the 
earl of Chatham died aged 47 years. 

Feb. 8. Entrance of the French into Naples. This was owing 
to Ferdinand IV. having broken faith with France by join- 
ing the coalition. The Neapolitan court is removed to Sicily 

Feb. 13. Napoleon I. proclaims himself Emperor of Rome and 
the Pope his viceroy. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD— 1776-1860. 203 

A. D. 

1806 Feb. 15. Coronation of Joseph Bonaparte as king of Naples. 
Feb. 22. James Barry English painter and professor of paint- 
ing in the Royal Academy died aged 65 years. 

April. 1. The Prussians seize Hanover, and proclaim Fred- 
erick William III. king, whereupon England declares war. 

June 5. Louis Bonapartx3 established as k4ng of Holland by 
Napoleon I. 

June 27. Capture of Buenos Ayres by the English, and a 
large amount of treasure secured. 

July 4. Battle of Maida. 

July 12. The Confederation of the Ehine firmed. On the 
overthrow of the old German Empire, Napoleon induced 
several rulers of German States to separate themselves from 
the German body and to enter into a Confederation of which 
he was named Protector. 

Aug. 16. Francis II. of Germany abolishes the title of Em- 
peror of Germany, and assumes thaf of Francis I. Emperor 
of Austria. 

Sept. 13. Death of Charles James Fox English statesman 
and orator. 

Oct. 6. Fourth coalition against France formed by England, 
Prussia, Russia and Saxony. 

Oct. 8. Prussia declares war against Napoleon I. 

Oct. 14. Battles of Auerstadt and Jena. 

Oct. 17. James I. Emperor of Hayti assassinated by his sub- 
jects, who place his lieutenant, Christophe, at the head of 
aifairs. 

Nov. 21. Publication of the Berlin Decree. The publication 
of this decree was Napoleon's first step towards what has 
been called the Continental System. 

1807 Jan. The university of Leyden was nearly destroyed by the 

catastrophe of a vessel laden with 10,000 lbs. weight of gun- 
powder blowing up and demolishing a large part of the town 
and killing many jDCople. » 

Jan. 7. Turkey declares war against Russia, owing to the 
occupation of Wallachia and Moldavia by the Russians, and 
afterwards against England. 

Jan. 25. Battle of Mohrungen. 

Jan 27. Aaron Burr arrested for a conspiracy. 

Jan. 28. Gas is introduced for lighting the streets of London. 

Feb. 8. Battle of Eylau. 

Feb. 19. Sir John Duckworth forces the passage of the Dar- 
danelles and burns a Turkish squadron at Gallipoli. 

March 23. The slave-trade is abolished in the domains of Great* 
Britian, by 47 Geo. III. c. 36. The Act to take effect from 
May 1. Mr. Granville Sharp was the first individual in 
England who stood forward as the advocate of the Africans, 
a/id with him the movements for the abolition of the traffio 
in human flesh organized. 

March 31. Duke of Portland English Prime Minister. 



204 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1807 May 29. Selim III. of Turkey deposed by Mustapha IV. 
Juui 14. Battle of Friedland. 
July 7-9. Treaty of Tilsit. This peace was concluded between 

France and Russia July 7, and two days afterwards between 

France and Prussia. 
July 25. >Conspiracy of the Prince of Asturias against the 

lives of his parents the King and Queen of Spain. 
Sept. 5. Bombardment of Copenhagen. 
Oct. G. War between Russia and Sweden. This arose from 

Sweden not complying with the request of Russia to accede 

to the principles of the Armed Neutrality. 
Oct. 18. Entrance of the French army into Spain, en route 

for Portugal. 
Oct. 27. Treaty between France and Spain for the partition 

of Portugal signed at Fontainebleau. 
Nov. 8. Russia declares war against England, and refuses to 

divulge the secret articles of the treaty of Tilsit. 
Dec. 17. Publication of the Milan Decree. 
Dec. 22. A general embargo imposed by the United States 

Government on all vessels, (repealed March 1, 1809.) 
1808. Commodore Barron of the "Chesapeake" tried and sentenced 

to be suspended for five years. 
Jan. 1. The importation of African slaves into the United 

States prohibited by Congress. 
Jan. 21. The royal family of Portugal, driven from Lisbon 

by the French, reach Brazil. 
Feb. 27. Napoleon I. demands the cession of the districts 

north of the Ebro from Spain, in exchange for Portugal. 
March 19. Charles IV. of Spain abdicates in favor of his son 

Ferdinand VII. 
March 23. The French under Murat enter Madrid. 
May 2. Insurrection of the Spaniards at Madrid, and massa^ 

ere of the French. The insurrection suppressed by Murat 

with great barbarity. 
May 5. Charles IV. of Spain renounces the crown in favor 

of Napoleon I. by the treaty of Bayonne. 
May 6. Abdication of Ferdinand VII. of Spain. 
3Iay 21. The French enter Rome Feb. 2; Napoleon I. annexes 

the Papal States to the kingdom of Italy. 
June 6. Napoleon I. confers the crown of Spain on his broth- 
er Joseph Bonaparte. 
July 15. Joachim Murat elevated to the throne of Naples, 
July 20. Battle of Baylen. 
July 30. Entrance of Joseph Bonaparte into ^ladrid as king 

of Spain July 20. He is compelled to retire. 
Aug. 21. Battle of Vimeira. 

Aug. 25. Entrance of the Spanish army into iMadrid. 
Sept. 25. A central junta established at Madrid. 
Nov. 22. Battle of Tudela. 
Dec. 4. Capture of Madrid by Napoleon I. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 17 76-1 SCO. 205 

A. D. 

1808 Serfdom abolished in Prussia. 
Denmark. Frederic VI. 
Turkey. Malimoud IT. 

1809 Jan. 14. Great Britain concludes a treaty "witli the supreme 

junta of Spain, by yhich she engages to assist Spain with all 
her forces against the French, and to recognize no other king 
of Spain than Ferdinand VII. 

Jan. 16. Battle of Corunna. 

Jan. 22. Return of Joseph Bonaparte to Madrid. 

March 4. James Madison inaugurated President and George 
Clinton Vice President of the United States. 

March 13. Gustavus IV. king of Sweden deposed by his un- 
cle, who succeeds as Charles XIII. 

Jan. 27-March 17. Impeachment and acquittal of the Duke 
of York. 

April 6. The fifth coalition against France formed by Eng- 
land and Austria. 

April 15. The Poles unite with France; an Austrian army 
under the Archduke Ferdinand enters Poland. 

April 23. Warsaw occupied by the Austrians. 

May 5. Russia declares war against Austria. 

May 5. Opening of the Council of State at Madrid by Joseph 
Bonaparte. 

May 12. Sir Arthur Wellesley crosses theDouro and enters 
Spain. 

May 17. Ntipoleon I. declares Rome a free and imperial city 
of the French empire. 

May 21-22. Battles of Aspern and Essling. 

June 1. The Austrians evacuate Warsaw. 

July 5-6. Battle of Wagram. 

July 27. Battle of Talavera. 

Sept. 18. The " 0. P." (Old Prices) riot commences at Covent 
Garden Theatre. 

Oct. 14. Treaty of Schonbrunn between France and Austria. 

Nov. 19. Battle of Ocana. 

Dec. 6. Mr. Perceval English Prime Minister. 

Dec. 15. Napoleon divorced from his wife Josephine. 

1810 March 23. Publication of the Rambouillet decree by Napoleon 

I. which prohibits French vessels from entering the ports of 
the United States, and orders the seizure of all American ves- 
sels arriving in French waters. 

April 1. Marriage of Napoleon with Maria Louisa of Austria. 

June 20. The Swedish government prohibits intercourse with 
Great Britain, at the command of Napoleon I. 

July 1. Louis Bonaparte king of Holland abdicates his throne 
in favor of his eldest son. 

Jufy 9. Incorporation of Plolland with the French empire. 

Aug. 8. The agitation for the repeal of the Union commences 
in Ireland. 

Aug. 21. Marshal Bernadotte declared Crown Prince of Sweden. 



206 MODERN" SYNCIIROXOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1810 Sept. 17. A plot for the overthrow of the Spanish authority 

in Mexico formed under Hidalgo. 
Sept. 18. Joachim Murat king qf Naples makes an unsuccess- 
ful attempt to take Sicily. 

1811 March 5. Battle of Barossa. 

May. Engagement between the " President" and " Little Belt." 
June 2. Henry Christophe president of Hayti in 180G crowned 

king of that island by the title of Henry I. 
Nov. 7. Battle of Tippecanoe ; Indians defeated by Gen. Har- 
rison. 

1812 Jan. 11. Additional force of 10,000 men authorized by the 

United States government. 

March 14. An alliance concluded by Prussia with France and 
Austria. 

April 5. Russia and Sweden form a coalition against France. 

June 16. Lord Liverpool English Prime jMinister. 

June 18. War declared against Great Britain by the United 
States. 

June 24. The French under Napoleon I. invade Russia. 

June 28. The genei-al diet at Warsaw proclaims the re-estab- 
lishment of the kingdom of Puland. 

July 12. Gen. Hull invades Canada. 

July 18. Treaty of Orebro between Great Britain, Sweden 
and Russia. 

July 22. Battle of Salamanca, Spain. 

Aug. 9. Battle of Brownstown. 

Aug. 12. The British army enters Madrid. 

Aug. 16-17. Battle of Smolensko, Russia ; French defeated. 

Aug. 19. Capture of the British frigate " Guerridre" by the 
American ship '-Constitution." 

Aug. 27. Norway guaranteed to Sweden by Russia in ex- 
change for Finland. 

Sept. Gen. Harrison takes command of the northwestern army. 

Sept. 7. Battle of Borodino, Russia. 

Sei^t. 14. Entrance of the French into Moscow; the town 
burnt by the inhabitants. 

Sept. 22. Sir A. Wellesley invested by the Spanish Cortes 
with the supreme command of the Spanish forces. 

Oct. 13. Battle of Queenstown. , 

Oct. 17. Capture of the British sloop " Frolic " by the Ameri- 
ican sloop " Wasp." 

Oct. 19. The French commence their retreat from Russia. All 
the hopes which Napoleon had built on the possession of 
Moscow were disappointed ; famine and desolation stared him 
in the face, and as the Russians gathered round on all sides 
it wa.s evident that nothing could save his army but a speedy 
retreat or peace. 

Oct. 25. Capture of the British frigate " Macedonia " by the 
American frigate '' United States." 

Nov. 26. Battle of Beresiua, Russia; French loss over 20,000. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 1776-1860. 207 

A. D. 

1812 Aug.-Nov. The Americans invade Canada and are compelled 
to surrender after several sanguinary battles. 

Dec. 29. " Java " British frigate taken by the " Constitution." 
1<S13 Feb. 23. Capture of the British sloop " Peacock " by the 
American ship " Hornet." 

March 16. Sixth coalition against France formed by Russia 
and Prussia. 

March 4. James Madison inaugurated President and Elbridge 
Gerry Vice President of the United States. 

Berlin evacuated by the French. 

April 15. IMobile taken by a body of the American army. 

April 27. York and Upper Canada taken. 

May. Fort Meigs besieged by the British ; Gen. Clay defeated. 

May 27. Capture of Fort George, Canada, by the Americans. 

May 29. British defeated in an attempt on Sackett's Harbor. 

May 31. Invasion of Silesia by Napoleon I. 

June 1. Capture of the American frigate "Chesapeake" by 
the British frigate " Shannon." The action which only 
lasted a quarter of an hour was fought near Boston. 

June 21. Battle of Vittoria, Spain. French defeated by Wel- 
lington. Loss severe. 

June 23. Admiral Cockburn defeated at Craney Island. 

July 28. Battle of the Pyrenees. 

July 28. The India trade thrown open by Geo. III. 

Aug. 14. Capture of the American sloop "Argus" by the Brit- 
ish frigate " Pelican." 

Aug. 26. Battle of Katzbach and Dresden. Allies defeated, 

Aug. 31. Capture of St. Sebastian. 

Sept. 5. "War declared against Sweden by Denmark. 

Battle of the Thames. Tecumseh killed. 

Sept. 10. Capture of an English squadron on Lake Erie by 
the Americans under Com. Perry. 

Aug.-Sept. Severe famine in Poland. 

Oct. 19. Battle of Leipsic. Napoleon defeated with great 
loss and retreats towards the Bhine. 

Nov. 1. Expedition against Montreal. 

Nov. 11. Battle of Williamsburg. 

Nov. 19. Fort Niagara taken. 

Nov. 30. The Prince of Orange lands in Holland, and is pro- 
claimed Sovereign Prince. 
1814 Jan 23. Return of Pius VII. to Rome. 

Jan. 29. Battle of Brienne, France. 

Feb. 3. Naples concludes an alliance with Austria, Jan. 11, 
and with England. 

Feb. 17-18. Battles of Fontainebleau and Montereau. 

March 7. Battle of Craonne, France. 

Marcfh 9-10. Battle of Leon, Napoleon defeated. 

March 20. Battle of Tarbes, AVellington defeats the French. 

March 20. Capture of the American frigate " Essex" by the 
British frigates " Phoebe " and " Cherub." 



208 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A.B. 

1814 Marcli 30. Surrender of Paris to the allied armies. The fol- 
lowing day the emperor of Russia and King of Prussia 
entered Paris at the head of 36,000 men, amidst the accla- 
mations of the people. 

April. 4. Dissolution of the Kingdom of Italy. 

April 4. Abdication of Napoleon in favor of his son (born 
March 20. 1811.) 

April 10. Battle of Toulouse, France. 

April 21. United States ship " Frolic " taken. 

April 28. " Epervier " taken by the " Peacock." 

May 3. Bourbon dynasty restored to France in the person of 
Loviis XVIII. AYearied with the imperial yoke, and with 
continual war, France hailed the return of peace with accla- 
mations of joy and hope. 

May 4. Arrival of Napoleon at Elba. 

May 14. Ferdinand VII. of Spain solemnly restored at Mad- 
rid. 

May 29. Josephine Empress of France died aged 51 years. 
She was daughter of Count Tacher de la Pagerie. 

May 30. Peace of Paris. This important treaty was conclu- 
ded between France on the one side and Great Britain, Rus- 
sia, Austria and Prussia. 

June 7. Visit of the Emperor of Russia and King of Prussia 
to England. 

July 3. Fort Erie taken by Gen. Brown. 

July 25. Battle of Chippewa. 

July 25. Battle of Bridgewater. 

Aug. 1. A free constitution adopted by Holland March 28 : 
the ten provinces of Belgium are annexed to Holland. 

Aug. 7. Restoration of the Jesuits and the Inquisition at 
Rome by Pope Pius VII. 

Aug. 14. Prince Christian, afterwards King of Denmark, 
elected King of Norway May 17 ; he is compelled to abdi- 
cate by the Swedes. 

Aug. 15. Battle of Fort Erie. 

Aug. 24. The city of Washington seized by the British, the 
Capitol and other public buildings burnt : battle of Bladens- 
burg. 

Aug 30. Battle of Bellair. Americans defeated. 

Sept. 1. " Avon " taken by the " Wasp." 

Sept. 11. Capture of an English squadron by the Americans 
on Lake Champlain. 

Sept. 12. Battle of Baltimore. 

Oct. 2. Congress at Vienna holds its sittings. The Congress 
was composed of the Kings of Prussia and Denmark, the 
Emperor of Russia, the King of Bavaria, and other sover- 
eign princes, with the plenipotentiaries from Great Britain, 
Austria, Spain, France, Portugal, etc. After an anxious sus- 
pense, it stipulated the conditions on which France was to 
hold her position among the powers of Europe. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD — 1776-1860. 209 

A. D. 

1814 Nov. 4 Charles XIII. King of Sweden accepts the constitution 

adopted by the diet of Eidsvold (April 11), which declares 
Norway a free, independent, indivisible, and inalienable state, 
united to Sweden under the same king. 

Dec. 14. Victor Emanuel I. of Sardinia restored to his king- 
dom, and returns to Turin : Geneva is annexed to Sardinia. 

Dec 24. Treaty of peace between the United States and Great 
Britain signed at Ghent. The articles of this treaty chiefly 
related to the disputes respecting boundaries, for the deter- 
mination of which it was agreed that commissioners should 
be reciprocally appointed. 

Death of Sir William Howe, Commander-in-chief of the Brit- 
ish forces in America during the revolution from 1775 to 
1778. 

The Heteria, a secret society for the independence of Greece 
founded. 

1815 Jan 1. Second repulse of the British at New Orleans. 
Jan 8. Signal defeat of the British at New Orleans. 

Jan 15. United States frigate " President" taken by a British 
squadron. 

March 1. Return of Napoleon from Elba; he lands at Cannes 
with 1,000 men. 

March 15. New alliance against Napoleon formed by England, 
Austria, Prussia and Russia. 

March 16. Austria cedes most of her Belgian possessions to 
Holland, February 23 ; the Prince of Orange assiunes the 
title of king of Holland. 

March 19. Departure of Louis XVIII. from Paris and restor 
ation of the French empire. 

March 20. The independence of Switzei'land acknowledged by 
the Congress of Vienna. 

March 25. Treaty of Vienna. The chief articles of the treaty 
concerned Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and Germany. As 
regards Italy the king of Sardinia was reinstated in his terri- 
tories according to the boundaries of 1792, with some altera- 
tions on the side of Geneva. 

March 29. Abolition of the slave-trade in France by Napoleon 
I. 

April. Massacre of the American prisoners at Dartmoor, Eng- 
land. 

April 10. War declared by Austria against Naples, owing to 
the latter having united with Napoleon I. 

April 27. The whole of Kemaoon, Hindostan, ceded to the 
British. 

May. Com. Decatur sails with a squadron to Algiers. 

May 3. Battle of Tolentino, Italy. 

May 16. Flight of Murat king of Naples from Italy. 

June 15. Invasion of Belgium by Napoleon. 

June 16. Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras, Belgiuni; duke 
of Brunswick killed. 

14 



210 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1815 June 17. Restoration of Ferdinand IV. to the throne of Na- 

ples under the title of Ferdinand I. king of the Two Sicilies. 

June 18. Battle of Waterloo, Belgiixm. Wellington defeats 
Napoleon with severe loss. 

June 18. An Algerine frigate of 44 guns captured by the 
" Guerri^re." 

June 20. Cracow, Poland, made a free republic. The Czar 
Alexander I. is proclaimed king of Poland at Warsaw. 

June 22. Second abdication of Napoleon. 

July 6. Return of Louis XVIII. to Paris. 

July 15. Surrender of Napoleon to Captain Maitland of H. M. 
S. the » Bellerophon." 

Aug. 8. Napoleon transferred to H. M. S. " Northumberland" 
at Torbay and sent to St. Helena. 

Sept. 9. John Singleton Copley American historical painter 
died aged 78 years. 

Sept. 26. The Holy Alliance, a treaty between Russia, Austria 
and Prussia couched in the most solemn language, in which 
the contracting parties declared their resolution to take for 
their sole guide, both in their domestic administration and 
foreign relations the precepts of the holy religion of Christ 
their Saviour. " Subsequent events seem to indicate that a 
resolution to support the authority of each other against any 
revolutionary movement among their subjects was the real 
object of this mystical combination of princes, veiled by so 
thick a mantle of religion. 

Oct. 13. Murat ex-king of Naples lands in Calabria and at- 
tempts to recover his throne Oct. 8. He is captured, tried 
by court-martial and shot. 

Oct. 16. Arrival of Napoleon at St. Helena. 

Nov. 20. Second peace of Paris between the French and the 
allies. France was now deprived of j^art of tlie territories 
which the peace of 1814 had left her. The sum of £28,000,- 
000 was to be paid to the allies for the expenses of the war. 

Dec. 7. Michael Ney executed aged 46 years. He was duke 
of Elchingen, prince of Moskwa and Marshal of France. 

Dec 16. Erection of Brazil into a kingdom by John, Prince 
Regent of Portugal. 

The Phigalian marbles purchased by the British Museum for 
£19,000. 

1816 Jan. 12. A decree issued by the allied sovereigns permanently 

excluding the Bonaparte family from the throne of France. 
May 2. Marriage of the Princess Charlotte of Great Britain 

with Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg. 
Oct. A treaty concluded by Gen. Jackson with the Indians. 
Dec. 2. Serious riots in London which originate at a meeting 

held in Spa Fields. 

1817 Jan 1. United States bank opened for business at Philadel- 

phia. 
Feb. 3. Commencement of the " Green Bag " inquiry. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD — 1776-1860. 211 

A. D. 

1817 Marcli 4. James Monroe inaugurated Presklent and D. D. 

Tompkins Vice President of the United States. 

Sept. 22. Cash payments partially resumed by the Bank of 
England. 

Sept. 23. Treaty between Great Britain and Spain for the sup- 
pression of the slave-trade. 

Oct. 15. Thaddeus Kosciusko Polish General and patriot died 
aged 71 years. 

Oct. 18. A treaty abolishing slave-trade signed between Eng- 
■ land and the king of Madagascar, Radama the Great, at Tam- 
atave. 

Nov. 6. Death of the Princess Charlotte of Great Britain. 

1818 Feb. 5. Death of Charles XIII. king of Sweden and accession 

of Marshal Beruadotte under the title of Charles John XIV. 
April. The Seminoles defeated and disj>ersed by Gen. Jackson. 
May 9. Conclusion of the Pindaree war. 
May 26. The king of Bavaria grants a constitutional charter 

to his subjects. 

1819 Feb. 23. A treaty for the cession of Florida signed at Wash- 

ington and ratified by the United States. 

May 24. Birth of queen Victoria. 

May. The first steamship sails for Europe. 

Aug. 16. England. Manchester monster Reform meeting. 

Aug. 23. Com. Perry dies in the West Indies. 

Sept. 12. Lebrecht Von Blucher died aged 77 years. A Prus- 
sian field-marshal whose energy and boldness gained him the 
appellation of " Marshal Forward." 

Dec. The Alabama territory admitted into the Union. 

1820 Jan. 23. Death of Edward duke of Kent, the fourth son of 

George III. 

Jan. 29. Death of king George III. and accession of George 
IV. his eldest son. 

Feb. 10. The " Missouri Compromise." This compromise, 
•j drawn up by Mr. Clay, enacted that slavery should not exist 
except in Missouri north of latitude 36° 30'. 

Jan.-Feb. A revolution breaks out in Spain against Ferdinand 
VII. headed by Raphael Y. Nunez del Riego. 

March 25. Expulsion of the Jesuits from Russia. 

July 13. Gen. Pepe heads an insurrection of Carbonari, and 
compels the King of the Two Sicilies to grant a new consti- 
tution. 

Oct. 1. Revolt of the garrison at Oporto, Aug. 24 : the revo- 
lution spreads to Lisbon : the revolutionists of Oporto estab- 
lish a constitutional junta at Lisbon. 

Oct. 20. The State of Florida ceded to the United States by 
Spain. 

Aug. 19-Nov. 10. Trial of Queen Caroline. One of the first 
steps of George IV. after his accession, was an unsuccessful 
attempt to procure a divorce from his consort Caroline of 
Brunswick. 



212 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1820 Nov. King Christophe of Hayti commits suicide, and Boyes 

becomes president of the whole island. 
Maine admitted into the Union as a state. 

1821 Feb. 24. John Keats English poet died aged 24 years. 
March 4. James Monroe and Daniel D. Tompkins inaugurated 

President and Vice President for a second term. 

March 9. Portugal adopts a new constitution. The articles 
of this constitution secured freedom of person and property, 
the liberty of the press, legal equality, and the abolition of 
privileges, the admission of all citizens to all offices and the 
sovereignty of the nation. 

March. 13. Abdication of Victor Emanuel I. King of Sar- 
dinia, in consequence of a popular insurrection, and accession 
of his brother Charles Felix. 

March 20. Invasion of Naples by the Austrians at Ferdinand's 
request, March 7 ; capitulation of Naples to the Austrians. 

March 23. Naples occupied by the Austrians, and a provis- 
ional government appointed. 

May 1. The Bank of England resumes cash payments. 

May 5. Death of Napoleon Bonaparte at Saint Helena. 

July 4. The court of Portugal again established at Lisbon. 

July 19. Coronation of George IV. of Great Britain. 

Aug. 3. San Martin proclaims Peru free and independent of 
Spanish rule, July 28 ; he becomes protector. 

Aug. 7. Death of Queen Caroline at Hammersmith. 

Aug. 21. Riots at Lisbon against the new constitution. 

Revolutions in Rio Janeiro and other districts of Brazil. 
King John VI. of Portugal returns to Lisbon, leaving Don 
Pedro regent of Brazil. 

1822 Jan. 1. The Greeks formally proclaim their independence of 

Turkish sovereignty. 

Jan. 25. The independence of Chili acknowledged by Portu- 
gal. 

March 19. The independence of the South American govern- 
ments acknowledged by the United States government. 

April 11. Scio taken by the Turks from the Greeks; a fear- 
ful massacre of the inhabitants ensues. 

June 22. The Greeks take Athens. 

July 8. Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet died aged 30 
years. 

July 13. Corinth recaptured by the Tm-ks from the Greeks. 

Battle of Thermopylae. 

A-ug. 6. Defeat of the Turks by the Greeks in the passes of 
Barbati, Dervenekai and Thermopyla?. 

Sept 21. Brazil declares its independence of Portugal. Don 
Pedro, Regent of Brazil, refuses to recognize the authority 
of the King of Portugal, and is proclaimed " constitutional 
Emperor of Brazil." 

Oct. 2. Corinth taken by the Greeks from the Turks. 

1823 March 8. Abdication of Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 1776-1860. 213 

A. D. 

1823 April 6. Invasion of Spain by the French to support Ferdi- 
nand VII. At no period was Spaia in a more unsettled state 
than now, and nothing less than a desperate struggle between 
despotism and revolution could be calculated on. 

June 11. The Spanish Cortes depose Ferdinand VII. of Spain, 
and compel him to retire with them to Cadiz. 

July 15. The Church of St. Paul at Rome destroyed by fire. 

Aug. 31. The French obtain the entire mastery of the Penin- 
sula. 

Sept. 28. Dissolution of the Spanish Cortes. 

Oct. 1. Restoration of Ferdinand VII. of Spain. 

Nov 7. Execution of Raphael del Riego the Spanish patriot. 
1S24 Jan. 10. Death of Victor Emanuel I. ex-King of Sardinia. 

Feb. 22. Eugene de Beauharnais, son of Josephine, the first 
wife of Napoleon I. and of Vieomte Alexander de Beau- 
harnais, died aged 43 years. 

April 19. Death of Lord Byron at Missolonghi. 

May 13. Don Miguel, son of John VI. of Portugal, deprived 
of the <3ommandership-in-chief of the Portuguese army, for 
rebellion against the constitution ; he escapes into France. 

June 10. The Legislative Council of Australia established. 

July 3. The Turks destroy Ipsara and massacre the Greek 
inhabitants. 

Sept. 16. Death of Louis XVIII. of Prance, and accession of 
his brother Charles X. 

Oct. 4. A Federal constitution established in Mexico, on the 
plan of the United States. 

Oct 12. The Oreek Provisional Government established. 

The Marquis de La Fayette visited the United States. 
1825 Jan. 1. The independence of Oolombia, South America, rec- 
ognized by Great Britain. 

Jan. 4. Death of Ferdinand I. of the Two Sicilies. 

March 4. John Quincy Adams inaugm-ated President of the 
United States and John C. Calhoun Vice President. 

April 16. Henry Fuseli Swiss painter of the English Acad- 
emy died aged 83 year's. 

April 17. The independence of Hayti recognized by France. 
The ports of Hayti were thrown open to all nations, but 
with certain exclusive advantages to the French. 

May 13. The independence of the Brazilian empire recognized 
by Portugal. 

July 24. The provisional government of Greece seeks aid from 
England against Turkey. 

Dec. 1. Death of Alexander I. of Russia and a<!cession of his 
brother Nicholas L ; he was crowned Sept. 3, 1826. The 
Grand Duke Constantine, Nicholas' eldest brother, bid re- 
signed his right in 1823. 

Dec. 6. Commercial panic in England commences. 

Dec. 29. Jacques Louis David, French painter aud revolution- 
ist died aged 77 years. 



214 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

18-u Feb. 13. American Temperance Society instituted at Boston. 

Feb. 18. Death of John VI. of Portugal; Don Pedro pro- 
claimed king, and the Infanta Isabella regent during his ab- 
sence in Brazil. 

April 11. Missolonghi, Greece, surrenders to the Turks after 
a long siege. 

April 26. Don Pedro grants a constitutional charter based on 
liberal principles and establishes two Chambers for Portugal. 

May 2. King Pedro resigns the Portuguese crown to his 
daughter Maria 11. on condition that she marries Don Miguel, 
and retains the empire of Brazil. 

June 15. Massacre of the Janizaries by the Turks. 

July 4. The ex-Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson 
died. 

Sept. 28. War declared by Russia against Persia. 

Oct. 4. Don Miguel swears at Vienna to respect the Portu- 
guese constitution. 

Oct. 29, Betrothal of Maria II. of Portugal to Don Miguel. 

Nov. 28. The Spanish government disclaims any connection 
with the Portuguese revolution. 

Dec. 25. An English force lands at Lisbon to aid the Portu- 
guese against the Miguelites. 

1827 March 26. Ludwig von Beethoven German musical composer 

died aged 57 years. 

April 30. Canning English Prime Minister. 

The French National Guard disbanded. 

May 17. Capture of Athens. 

July 6. A treaty concluded at London, between England, 
France and Russia, for the pacification of Greece, in which 
the three contracting parties engage to equip a fleet for the 
purpose of staying the further progress of hostilities, and to 
erect Greece into a kingdom. 

Sept. 8. Lord Goderich English Prime Minister. 

Oct. 20. Naval battle of Navarino j naval power of Turkey an- 
nihilated. 

Nov. 5. The French Chamber of Deputies dissolved ; creation 
of 76 new peers. 

Nov. 19-20. Election riots at Paris. 

Dec. 19. The Infant Don Miguel proclaimed regent of Portu- 
gal. 

1828 Jan. 26. Duke of Wellington English Prime Minister. 

Feb. 2. The Panhelion or Grand Council of State in Greece 

established. 
Feb. 22. Treaty of Turkmanshai between Persia and Russia. 
March 3. Pedro I. Emperor of Brazil formally renounces 

all claim to the crown of Portugal. 
April 26. Greece is divided into departments. 
April 26. War declared by Russia against Turkey, on account 

of the latter refusing to carry out the treaty of Akierman, 

and to acknowledge the independence of Greece. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 1776-1860. 215 

A. D. 

1828 May 13. Tariff bill, imposing heavy duties on British godds. 
June 30. Don Miguel assumes the title of king of Portugal. 
July 27. Death of Radama the Great king of Madagascar, and 

accession of one of his wives Ranavolana Manjaca, the bitter 
persecutor of the Christians. 

1829 Feb. 27. Battle of Tarqui in which the Peruvians are defeated 

by the Colombians. 
March 4. Andrew Jackson inaugurated President and John 

C. Calhoun Vice President of the United States. 
May 8. Charles Abbot, Lord Colchester, English statesman 

died aged 72 years. 
May 24. Coronation of Nicholas I. of Russia, at "Warsaw, as 

king of Poland. 
May 30. Sir Humphrey Davy, English natural philosopher 

died aged 51 years. 
July 23. The Greek national assembly commences its sitting 

at Argos. 
Aug. 8. The Polignac administration formed in France. 
Aug. 20 Capture of Adrianople by the Russians. 
Sept. 11. A Spanish expedition for the recovery of Mexico sails 

from Havana, July 5 ; it surrenders to the Mexican general 

Santa Anna. 
Dec. 14. A decree for the abolition of Sutteeism, or burning 

of widows in India, published by the English government. 

1830 Jan 7. vSir Thomas Lawrence, the most celebrated portrait 

painter of his age died aged 61 years. 

March 29. Salic law abolished in Spain by Ferdinand VIL 

April 23. Turkey acknowledged the independence of Greece. 

May 7. A treaty concluded between the tlnited States and the 
Ottoman Porte : the ports of the United States are again 
opened to British commerce. 

May 19. The French Chamber of Deputies dissolved. 

May 21. Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg declines the crown 
of Greece. 

June 22. The pillory used for the last time in London. 

June 26. Death of king George IV. and accession of William 
IV. 

July 5. Algiers conquered by the French. 

July 27. The French revolution of 1830 commences. 

July 31. Flight of the French royal family from St. Cloud; 
duke of Orleans lieutenant-general of the kingdom. 

Aug. 2. Abdication of Charles X. of France. 

Aug. 7. Accession of the duke of Orleans to the French throne 
as Louis Philippe I. The duke of Orleans was chosen king 
by 219 votes against 33 by the Chamber of Deputies. 

Aug. 17. Charles X. of France seeks refuge in England. 

Nov. 10. An insurrection breaks out at Brussels in favor of 
the independence of Belgium from the rule of Holland Aug. 
25. ; the insurgents take Antwerp Oct. 27 ; the national con- 
gress at Brussels proclaims the independence of Belgium. 



216 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A.D. 

1830 Nov. 24. Earl Grey English Prime Minister. 

Dec. 17. Simon Bolivar, a South American and the liberator 
of Bolivia from the Spanish yoke died aged 47 years. 

Dec. 20. The independence of Belgium recognized by the 
conference of the great powers assembled at London, to pre- 
vent war between Holland and Belgium. 

1831 Jan. 25. The Polish diet declares Poland independent and pro- 

claims the throne vacant. 

Jan. 30. Prince Adam Czartoryski elected president of the 
Polish national government. 

Feb. 6. A Russian army of 114,000 men under Diebitsch en- 
ter Poland. 

Feb. 20. Battle of Grochow ; Russians defeated. 

April 6. Abdication of Pedro I. emperor of Brazil in favor of 
his infant son Don Pedro ; he embarks for Europe. 

April 10. Battle of Seidlice. 

June 27. Death of Constantine Grand Duke of Russia. 

July 21. Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg chosen king of Bel- 
gium. 

Sept. 8. The Russians attack Warsaw Sept. 7 ; the town sur- 
rendered by the Poles. 

Sept. 9. Coronation of king William IV. of Great Britain. 

Oct. 9. The Greeks rise against the Government of the count 
Capo d'Istrias their president on account of his servility to 
the Russian interest, and he is assassinated. 

Oct. 20. Nicholas I. of Russia announces the termination of 
the Polish war. 

Oct. 26. The cholera first appears in England at Sunderland. 

Nov. 15. The great powers conclude a treaty at London with 
Belgium defining the limits of the new kingdom. 

Nov. 17. Venezuela, New Granada and Colombia, S. America, 
again become separate states. 

Dec. 28. Repeal of the hereditary peerage decree in France. 

1832 Feb. 8. Death of Rev. George Crabbe English poet aged 78. 
Feb. 26. An imperial ukase published by the czar constituting 

Poland an integral part of the Russian empire. 
March 22. Johann Wolfgang Goethe the greatest modern poet 

of Germany died aged 83 years. 
July 9. Disembarkation of Don Pedro, ex-Emperor of Brazil, 

at Oporto, July 8 ; he assumes the Regency of Portugal in 

behalf of his daughter, Maria II. 
Aug. 7. The Irish Reform Bill passed. 
Aug. 8 The election of Prince Otho of Bavaria as king of 

Greece approved of by the Greeks, 
Aug. 26. Adam Clarke, LL. D. English theologian died aged 

72 years. 
Sept. 9-19. The troops of Don Miguel defeated in their 

attempt to seize Oporto from the royalists with great loss. 
Sept. 21. Sir Walter Scott, Scotch novelist and poet died 

aged 61 years. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD — 1776-1860. 217 

A. D. 

1832 Oct 25. Appointment of the Queen of Spain as regent, owing 

to the illness of the king. 
July-Oct. The commercial world of America agitated by a 

violent panic. 
Nov. 19. The life of Louis Philippe attempted. 
Dec. 21. Battle of Konieh, Syria. Turkish loss 30,000. 
Dec. 23. The siege of Antwerp, Nov 30; taken by the 

French. 
Revolt of Texas from Mexico. 

1833 Jan. 4. Ferdinand VII. of Spain re-assiimes the govei-nment. 
March 4. Andrew Jackson commences his second term as 

President of the United States, Martin Van Buren Vice 

President. 
May 4. Convention of Kutayah, which ends the war between 

the Pasha of Egypt and Turkey. 
May 11. Glen. Santa Anna elected President of Mexico. 
July 5. Admiral Napier of England assumes the command of 

Don Pedro's fleet, June 8; he captures the fleet of Don 

Miguel at St. Vincent. 
Aug. 14. The Court of Delegates abolished in France. 
Aug. 28. Slavery abolished throughout the British Empire, 

by William IV. which takes efi"ect from Aug. 1, 1834. The 

slave owners receive £20,000,000 as compensation. 
Sept. 22. Entrance of Maria II. of Portugal into Lisbon. 
Sept. 29. Death of Ferdinand VII. of Spain and succession of 

his daughter Isabella II. under the regency of her mother 

the queen dowager Christina. 
Oct. 4. Don Carlos proclaimed king of Spain at Bilboa in Bis- 
cay. 
Nov. 30. Spain divided into 43 provinces. 

1834 Jan. 29. A treaty for the surrender of Polish refugees to the 

Russian authorities concluded by Russia with Austria and 

Prussia. 
April 10. The Rajah of Coorg, Hindostan, deposed and his 

dominions ceded to the British. 
April 21. Grreat Britain, France and Portugal form the quad- 
ruple alliance with Spain for establishing Isabella II. on the 

throne. 
Don Pedro of Portugal concludes an alliance with Great Britain, 

France and Spain. 
April 22. Termination of the East India Company's monopoly 

in the trade with China. 
June 13. Don Carlos takes refuge in England having been 

driven from Portugal. 
July 9. Return of Don Carlos to Spain. 
July 19. Lord 3Ielbourne English Prime Minister. 
July 25. Death of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English poet, 

philosopher and theologian. 
Sept. 20. Maria II. queen of Portugal having attained her 

majority swears fidelity to the constitution. 



218 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1834 Sept. 24. Death of Don Pedro of Portugal. 

Oct. 25. Decree of banishment issued against Don Carlos by 
the queen of Spain. 

Nov. 3. The Chinese government interdicts the opium trade. 

Nov. 22. Duke of Wellington again English Prime Minister. 

Dec. 1. Marriage of Maria II. of Portugal with Augustus 
duke of Leuchtenberg. 

Dec 27. Charles Lamb, English humorist, poet and miscella- 
neous writer died aged 59 years. 

Dec. 31. Sir Robert Peel English Prime Minister. 

1835 March 2. Death of Francis I. of Austria and accession of Fer- 

dinand I. 
April 20. Lord Melbourne's second administration. 
May 16. Mrs. Felicia Dorothea Hemans, English poetess died 

aged 41 years. 
June 18. Death of William Cobbett English writer. 
June 28. Total abolition of the slave-trade on the part of Spain. 
Aug. 27. The queen of Madagascar prohibits the teaching of 

the Bible in her island, Feb. 6, and the missionaries who 

came in 1818 are obliged to depart. 
Nov. 20. James Hogg the Ettrick Shepherd, Scottish poet 

died aged 63. 
Sept. 23. Vincenzo Bellini, Italian musical composer died aged 

33 years. 

1836 Marriage of Maria II. of Portugal with Ferdinand Augustus of 

Sase-Coburg Gotha. 
Aug. 13. Owing to the rapid spread of the Carlist juntas in 
Saragossa, Valencia, Seville, Malaga, and Cadiz, and finally 

• in Madrid, the Queen Regent of Spain proclaims the consti- 
tution of 1812. 

Aug. 21. Defeat of Carlists by Spanish loyalists -at Lodosa. 
Oct. 29. Attempt of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte to create an 

insurrection at Strasbourg signally fails. 
Nov. 6. Death of Charles X. ex-king of France. 
Dec. 28. Spain recognizes the independence of Mexico. 

1837 March 4. Martin Van Buren inaugurated President and Rich- 

ard M. Johnson Vice President of the United States. 
May 9. An amnesty for political oflFenders published in 

France. 
June 20. Death of king William IV. of Great Britain, and 

• accession of Queen Victoria. Separation of Hanover from 
* Great Britain. 

Sept. 4. Martial law proclaimed in Catalonia, Spain. 

Oct. 5. Hortense de Beauharnais, sister of Eugene de Beau- 

harnais, and queen of Holland died aged 54 years. 
Oct. 13. Capture of Constantiua by the French. 
Dec. 14. Battle of St. Eustace. 
Dee 29. The American steamer " Caroline " burnt by the 

Canadian royalists for having brought assistance to the rebels. 

1838 Rebellion of the " Sons of Liberty " under Papineau, at Mon- 



ELEVENTH PERIOD — 1776-1860. 219 

A. D. 

treal, Canada, commences in the early part of 1837. 

1838 Jan 5. American citizens prohibited from aiding the Cana- 

dians in their revolution against the British Government, 

by the President of the United States. 
Eeb. 10. A treaty for the surrender of Polish refugees signed 

by Russia, Austria and Prussia. 
April 4. An insurrection breaks out in Lisbon February 13; 

the Portuguese Cortes adopt a new constitution, to which 

Mai'ia II. swears fidelity. 
May 20.- Death of Talleyrand, French diplomatist. 
June 28. Coronation of queen Victoria. 
June. Ferdinand II. (Bomba) king of the Two Sicilies, grants 

the monopoly of Sicilian sulphur to a private company, in 

opposition to a treaty concluded with Great Britain. 
July 12. France declares war with Mexico. 
July 31. The first Irish Poor Law Bill passed. 
Aug. Slavery abolished in the East Indies by the English 

government. 
Aug. 16. A commercial treaty concluded with England and 

France by Turkey. 
Oct. 27. Banishment of Carlist families from Madrid. 
Nov. 17. The Canadian rebellion suppressed; battle of Pres- 

cott, U. C. 
Nov. 30. Mexico declares war against France. 
Fearful famine in the northwestern provinces of India, in this 

year. 

1839 Rev. Archibald Alison, Scotch clergyman and miscellaneous 

writer died aged 82 years. 

March 9. Peace concluded between France and Mexico at 
Vera Cruz. 

March 18. Edict of the Chinese commissioner Lin, to seize 
all opium from the British subjects at Canton. 

May. Hostilities again break out between Egypt and Turkey. 

June 27. Turkey. Abdul-Medjid. 

Aug. 17. The crew of the British schooner " Black Joke " at- 
tacked and murdered by the Chinese lying ofi" Canton. 

Sept. 4. Indecisive sea-fight between the British and Chinese 
in the bay of Coalloon, China. 

Sept. 14. Don Carlos takes refuge in France. 

Oct 9. The United States bank suspends payment. 

Denmark. Christian VIII. • 

1840 Jan. 5. Edict of the emperor of China interdicting all trade 

and intercourse with England forever. 
Jan. 10. The penny postage comes into operation in Great 

Britain. 
Feb. 10. Marriage of Queen Victoria with Prince Albert of 

Saxe-Gotha. 
March 1. M. Thiers French Minister of foreign affairs. 
May 28. Capture of Morella, Spain, by the Spanish royalists 

from the Carlists. 



220 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

1840 INIay. Hostilities commenced between Great Britain and Naples 

owing to the refusal of Ferdinand II. to discontinue the mo- 
nopoly of Sicilian sulphur, April 17 ; the monopoly is abol- 
ished and peace restored. 

June 10. Attempt on queen Victoria's life by Edward Ox- 
ford. 

June 29. Lucien Bonaparte brother of Napoleon died aged 65 
years. 

July 15. Russia, England, Austria, Prussia and Turkey con- 
clude a treaty at London for the expulsion of Ibrahim Pasha 
from Syria. 

July 23. The " coup d'etat " in Brazil ; the emperor is declared 
of age and assumes the head of affairs. 

Aug. 6. Descent of Prince Louis Napoleon and 50 followers 
at Viraeroux near Boulogne. He is repulsed by the troops 
and taken prisoner. 

Sept. 16. General Espartero Prime Minister of Spain. 

Octi 6. Louis Napoleon sentenced to imprisonment for life at 
Ham. 
' Oct. 11. Abdication of the queen regent of Spain. This step 
was not taken entirely on political grounds. 

Oct 15. Life of Louis Philippe of France attempted by Dar- 
mes. 

Oct 29. M. Guizot French Minister of Foreign Affairs. 

Nov. 21. Birth of the Princess Royal of Great Britain. 

England, Austria, Russia and Prussia undertake to expel the 
Egyptians from Syria ; Beyrout bombarded Sept. 10 ; Acre 
taken by the British and Austrian fleets Nov. 3 ; the Egyp- 
tians quit Syria. 

Dec. 15. The remains of Napoleon I. (which had been trans- 
ferred from St. Helena by the consent of England) re-inter- 
red in the Hotel des Invalides, Paris. 

Prussia. Frederic William IV. 

1841 Jan 20. Hong Kong ceded to Great Britain by the Chinese 

commissioner Keshin, and an indemnity of 6,000,000 dollars 
agreed to be paid to the English before 1846. The Emperor 
disavowed the treaty January 27, and hostilities again com- 
menced Feb. 22. 

Feb. 10. Upper and Lower Canada united into one province. 

March 4. William Henry Harrison inaugurated President 
• and John Tyler Vice President of the United States. 

April 4. President Harrison died and John Tyler became 
President of the United States. 

April 6. Jerusalem placed under the protection of the Turk- 
ish government. 

April. New Zealand becomes an independent colony. 

May 8. Gen. Espartero declared sole regent of Spain during 
the queen of Spain's minority. 

May 30. The British under Sir Le Fleming Senhouse, attack 
Canton, and gain the heights behind the city, May 25 ; the 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 1776-1860. 221 



A. D. 



attack on Canton abandonded by the British, and a ransom 
of 6,000,000 dollars paid to the British Government. 

1841 June 1. Death of Sir David Wilkie, Scottish artist. 

July 11. Peace restored between Egypt and Turkey; Me- 
hemet Ali, Pasha of Egypt, made hereditary viceroy of 
Egypt, but deprived of Syria. 

Sept. 8. Sir Robert Peel English Prime Minister. 

Oct. 2. Gen. O'Donnell heads an insurrection in favor of the 
regency of the queen dowager of Spain at Pampeluna. 

Oct. 13. Capture of Chinhae, Oct 9, and Ningpo by the Brit- 
ish from the Chinese. 

Nov. 7. The Protestant bishopric of Jerusalem erected under 
the protection oft Great Britain and Prussia; the Ptev. S. M. 
Alexander consecrated first bishop, the queen of England 
assigning to his jurisdiction Syria, Chaldaea, Egypt and Abys- 
sinia. 

Nov. 9. Birth of the Prince of Wales. 

Nov. & Dec. Affair of the United States brig " Creole," which 
leads to a dispute with England. This vessel, an American, 
was on her voyage to New Orleans with a cargo of slaves; 
they mutinied, murdered the owner, wounded the captain, 
and compelled the crew to take the ship to Nassau, New 
Providence, where the Governor, considering them as passen- 
gers, allowed them, against the protest of the American con- 
sul, to go at liberty. 

1842 Jan. 6-13. Evacuation of Cabul, Afghanistan, by the British ; 

hostages are placed in the hands of Akbar Khan ; a dread- 
ful massacre ensues of about 26,000 men, women and chil- 
dren. 

May 30. Attempt of John Francis to shoot queen Victoria. 

June 12. Rev. Thomas Arnold, D. D., head master of Rugby 
school died, aged 47 years. 

July 13. Death of the duke of Orleans, heir to the throne of 
France. 

Aug. 9. Arrival of Lord Ashburton at New York as special 
ambassador from the British Government to the United 
States. April 1. Signing of the treaty of Washington, 
better known as the Ashburton treaty, by the American and 
English plenipotentiaries. It defined the boundaries be- 
tween the United States and the British American posses- 
sions. 

Aug. 29. Treaty of Nankin between China and Great Britain. 

Oct. 41. Cabul evacuated by the British after destroying the 
fortifications and the Afghan war concluded. 

Oct. 20. Grace Darling, English heroine died aged 27 years; 
celebrated for rescuing the crew and passengers of the For- 
farshire steamboat when it struck on the Hawker's rocks, 
Sept. 5, 1838. 

Oct. 29. Death of Allan Cunningham Scotch poet, novelist 
and miscellaneous writer. 



222 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

1842 Nov. 13. An insurrection breaks out at Barcelona against the 

Spanish government. 
William Bromley English line engraver died aged 73 years. 
He engraved the Elgin marbles for the British Museum. 

1843 March 21. Robert Southey, English poet, biographer and mis- 

cellaneous writer died aged 69 years. 

March 24. Scinde annexed to the British empire in India, 
March 12 ; Sir Charles Napier appointed the governor. 

May 18. The Free Church established in Scotland. In this 
year occurred the memorable disruption ol" the Church of 
Scotland. 

May 2G. A revolution breaks out at Malaga, Spain, against the 
Spanish government. • 

June 9. Washington Allston painter, born in South Carolina, 
died at Cambridge, Mass., aged 64 years. 

June 12. An insurrection again breaks out at Barcelona, and a 
revolutionary junta established. 

June 20. Hong-Kong made the British seat of Government 
in China, and placed under the governorship of Sir H. Pot- 
tinger. 

July 2. Samuel Hahnemann, German physician and founder 
of the Homoeopathic school died, aged 88 years. 

July 27. Canton opened to the British under the regulations 
of the treaty of Nankin. 

Aug. 16. Gen. Espartero deprived of all his titles by the new 
Spanish government. 

Sept. 14. A revolution at Athens establishes a new ministry; 
a new constitution for Greece prepared by the National Assem- 
bly, enforces ministerial responsibility and national represen- 
tation. 

Sept 20. Nicholas, heir to the throne of Russia born. 

Nov. 8. Isabella II. the young queen of Spain, declared by 
the Cortes to be of age. General Narvaez appointed lieu- 
tenant-general of the kingdom. 

Nov. 10. John Trumbull painter, born in Connecticut, died 
in New York, aged 87 years. 

Nov. 20. Barcelona surrenders to the Spanish royalists. 

Nov. 28. The independence of the Sandwich Islands recognized 
by England and France by a treaty signed at London. 

Exploration of Western Australia by Laudor and Lefray. 
1844. Jan. 15-Feb. 12. Trial of Daniel O'Connell at Dublin for 
sedition ; he is found guilty and sentenced to a year's impris- 
onment and a fine of £2,000. He was released Sept. 5 the 
same year. 

Feb. St. Domingo declares itself an independent republic. 

March 8. Death of Charles John XIV. king of Sweden and 
accession of his son Oscar. 

March 23. Return of Christina queen dowager of Spain to 
Madrid. 

April 12. The Texans conclude a treaty with the United States 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 1776-1860. 223 

A. D. 

for the annexation of Texas to the Union. 

1844 June 15. Death of Thomas Campbell LL. D. Scottish poet, 

aged 67 years. 
June 25. Joseph Smith founder of Mormonism died aged 39 

years. 
July 6. The United States recognize the independence of the 

Sandwich Islands. 
July 19. Sir Robert Peel's Bank Charter Act receives the 

royal assent. 
July 28. Joseph Bonaparte, oldest brother of Napoleon died 

aged 76 years. 
Aug. 30. Francis Baily, English mathematician and astrono- 
mer died aged 70 years. 
Sept. 6. Peace concluded between Morocco and France. The 

Emperor of Morocco agreed to outlaw Abd-el-Kader, and to 

prevent troops from assembling on his frontier. 
Oct. 6. King Louis Philippe visits England. 
Nov. 13. An insurrection breaks out in Spain under Zurbano. 
Nov. 14. John Abercrombie M. D. Scotch physician and 

author died aged 63 years. 
Nov. 15. Gen. Prim sentenced to 16 years' imprisonment for 

rebelling against the Spanish Government. 

1845 Texas annexed to the United States. 
Anti-rent riots in New York. 

Jan. 21. Execution of Zurbano, the Spanish rebel. 

Feb. 21. Rev. Sydney Smith founder and editor of the " Edin- 
burgh Review," died aged 76 years. 

Feb. 22. Purchase of the Danish possessions in India by the 
British. 

March 4. James K. Polk inaugurated President and George 
M. Dallas Vice President of the United States. 

May 3. Thomas Hood, English poet, humorist and miscellane- 
ous writer died aged 47 years. 

May 18. Don Carlos renounces his claim to the Spanish throne 
in favor of his son. 

May 24. Sir John Franklin, with Captains Crozier and Fitz- 
james, in H. M. ships " Erebus " and " Terror," sailed on an 
Arctic expedition of discovery and survey from which they 
never returned. 

June 4. War declai-ed against the United States by Mexico, 
on account of the annexation of Texas to the Union. 

Aug. 9. Visit of the queen of England to Germany. 

Sept. 23. The Irish National Board of Education established. 

Dec. 21-22. Battle of Ferozeshah, India. 

1846 Feb. 22. Expulsion of the Austrians from Cracow by the 

Poles. 
March 9. Treaty of Lahore, and end of the Sikh war. 
April 10. Life of Louis Philippe attempted by Lecompte. 
April 24. War with Mexico. Hostilities commence on the 

Rio Grande. 



224 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

184G 3Iay 8. Battle of Palo Alto. Gen. Taylor defeats the Mexi- 
cans. 

May 9. Battle of Resaca de la Palma, IMexico. 

May 25. Escape of Louis Napoleon from the fortress of Ham. 

June 12. A treaty for the settlement of the Oregon boundary 
question concluded between the United States and Great 
Britain ; the United States possessing territoi-y up to 49° 
N. Latitude, leaving free to England the navigation of the 
Columbia. 

June 16. Cardinal Mastai Ferreti raised to the popedom, by 
the title of Pius IX. 

June 22. Death of Benjamin Robert Haydon, English histor- 
ical painter. 

June 26. Repeal of the Corn Laws by Sir Robert Peel. 

July 6. Lord John Russel English Prime Minister. 

Commodore Sloat takes possession of California. 

New Tariif bill passed establishing " ad valorem " duties. 

July 8. Christian VIII. of Denmark declares by letters patent 
his intention to extend the Danish law of female succession 
to the whole of his dominions. 

July 25. Louis Bonaparte, father of the present emperor of 
the French died aged 68 years. 

July 29. Life of Louis Philippe of France again attempted 
by Joseph Henri. 

Aug. 22. Annexation of New Mexico to the United States. 

Sept. 13. Don Carlos escapes from France, and removes to 
London. 

Sept. 23. Battle of Monterey, Mexico. Captured by Gen. Tay- 
lor after a siege of three days. 

Oct. 10. Marriage of the queen of Spain to her cousin Don 
Francisco d'Assiz, Duke of Cadiz. 

Oct. 12. A provisional government established at Oporto, Por- 
tugal, under Count das Artas leader of the insurgents. 

Oct. 17. An amnesty pronounced by the Spanish Government 
in favor of Spanish political offenders. 

Oct. 31. Defeat of the Portuguese insurgents by the royal 
troops at Evora, Portugal. An English fleet, under Admiral 
Parker anchors in the Tagus, to aid the Portuguese Govern- 
ment against the Miguelites. 

Nov. 14. Tampico, Mexico, occupied by the United States 
troops. 
1847 Jan. 19.' Massacre of the American inhabitants of New Mex- 
ico by the Mexican population. 

Feb. 17. Death of William Collins, English landscape painter. 

Feb. 22. Battle of Buena Vista; Mexicans severely defeated. 

Feb. 28. Battle of Sacramento. Col. Doniphan defeats the 
Mexicans. 

March 29. Vera Cruz, Mexico, surrenders to Gen. Scott. 

April 18. Battle of Cerro Gordo; Mexicans defeated by Gen. 
Scott. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 1776-18G0. 225 

A. D. 

18-17 April 27. Death of Lord Henry Wellesley diplomatist. 

May 4. The life of the queen of Spain attempted by La Riva. 

May 15. Death of Daniel O'Conuel, the leader for the eman- 
cipation of the Irish Catholics. 

May 15. Fearful destitution prevails in Ireland owing to the 
famine, which had been steadily increasing since 1845 ; the 
Enghsh government applies £10,000,000 for the relief of 
the people. 

May 31. Death of Thomas Chalmers, Scottish divine aged 
67 years. 

May. Poland created a Russian Province ; Russian laws, taxes 
and language introduced. 

June 15. Maria II. of Portuga#publishes a conciliatory proc- 
lamation to the insurgents June 9 ; the Portuguese insurgent 
general, Sa-da-Bandeira, and a large number of his officers 
submit. 

June 30. Capitulation of the revolutionary junta at Oporto, 
Portugal, to the Spanish troops. 

Aug. 20. Battles of Contreras and Churubusco; Mexican 
army defeated with great slaughter. 

Sept 3. A resolution of the Swiss diet declares the Sonder- 
bund illegal, July 20 ; the Sonderbund resists the decree, and 
civil war ensues. 

Sept. 8. Bloody battle of Molino del Rey ; Mexicans defeated 
by Gen. Worth. 

Sept. 12-14. Chepultepec stormed and the city of Mexico 
taken by assault by the American army under Gen. Scott. 

Nov. 24. The army of the Sonderbund defeated at Freiburg 
by the confederate Swiss Nov. 13, and afterwards at Lucerne. 
The struggle ended in the submission of the Sonderbund, the 
suppression of the monasteries, and the expulsion of the 
Jesuits from Switzerland.* 

Dec. 18. Death of Maria Louisa, widow of Napoleon Bona- 
parte. 
1848 Jan. 12. Insurrections arise at Palermo, Sicily, against the 
Neapolitan Government; a provisional government pro- 
claimed. 

Feb. 2. Upper "California ceded to the United States. 

Feb. 8. A new constitution granted by Charles Albert, king 
of Sardinia to his kingdom, establishing a free press and 
two legislative chambers. 

Feb. 21. Suppression of the proposed grand Reform banquet 
at Paris. 

Feb. 22. Treaty of peace with Mexico signed at Guadaloupe, 
Hidalgo. 

Commencement of the French revolution of 1848, and resigna- 
tion of M. Guizot. The reign of Louis Philippe was with- 
out any fixed principles, and a continued system of trimming, 
both in his foreign and domestic policy, combined with his 
insatiable avarice, led to great discontent in France. 

15 



226 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1848 Feb. 24. Abdication of Louis Philippe in favor of his grand- 
son, the count of Paris ; he escapes with his family from 
Paris. 

Feb. 26. France proclaimed a republic; a provisional govern- 
ment appointed, consisting of I)upont de I'Eure, Lamartine, 
Arago, Marie, Garnier Pages, Ledru Rollin, and Cremieux. 

March 3. Arrival of the ex-king and queen of the French in 
England. 

March 4. Grand funeral procession in Paris in honor of the 
victims of the revolution. 

March 13. Insurrection at Vienna, and flight of prince Met- 
ternich. The revolutionary spirit that had long been smoul- 
dering in Germanj#at last appeared in Vienna. Kossuth 
carried, in the Diet at Pesth, an address to the Emperor, 
demanding a national government purged from all foreign 
influence. 

March. 14. An insurrection breaks out at Berlin against the 
government. 

March 18. Lombardy revolts against the Austrians. 

March 21. Abdication of Louis Charles, king of Bavaria, in 
favor of Maximilian Joseph II. 

March 22. Venice unites with Lombardy against the Austri- 
ans. 

An insurrection breaks out in Venice under Daniel Manin, 
against the Austrians and the Republic proclaimed. After 
a long siege, the city surrendered Aug. 22, 1849. 

March 23. Charles Albert king of Sardinia aids Milan and 
Venice in their insurrection against Austria. 

April 22. The Pope declares war against Austria. 

April 23. The Prussians defeat the Danes and take possession 
of Schleswig. 

May 7. An executive coniniission, consisting of Lamartine, 
Arago, Garnier Pag^s, Marie, and Ledru Rollin, elected by 
the National Assembly to govern France. 

May 15. Riots in Naples, owing to the off"ensive government 
of Ferdinand II. 

May 19. The treaty between Mexico and the United States 
ratified, by which Mexico cedes California and New Mexico 
to the United States. 

May 30. Louis Philippe and his family condemned to perpet- 
ual banishment by the National Assembly. 

June 13. Louis Napoleon elected a member of the French 
National Assembly. 

June 28. Gen. Cavaignac elected President of the French 
Council. 

June 29. Lombardy annexed to Sardinia. 

July 4. The Venetian assembly votes the incorporation of 
Venice with Sardinia. 

July 11. Election of the Duke of Genoa by the Sicilians as 
king of Sicily. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 1776-1860. 227 



Aug. 0. An armistice concluded between tlie Sardinian and 
Austrian armies. 

Sept. 6. Abdication of Mehemet Ali Viceroy of Egypt, and 
accession of his son Ibrahim. 

Sept. 7. Messina taken by the Neapolitans from Sicily. 

Sept. 11. The Hungarian revolution breaks out at Pesth. 

Sept. 12. A new constitution promulgated in Switzerland, the 
basis of which is a federal assembly, a federal council and a 
federal tribunal ; Berne selected as the federal city. 

Sept. 26. Louis Napoleon takes his seat in the National Assem- 
bly as representative for Paris. 

Sept. 28. The Hungarian Diet appoint a provisional govern- 
ment under Kossuth and Count Batthyanyi. 

Oct. 9. Smith O'Brien and others tried at Dublin, and con- 
demned to death for inciting the Irish people to rebellion. 
The sentence was commuted to transportation July 9, 1849. 
An amnesty was granted to Smith O'Brien May 3, 1856, 
and he shortly afterwards returned to Ireland. 

Nov. 9. Death of Ibrahim Viceroy of Egypt, and accession 
of his son Abbas. 

Nov. 12. Berlin declared in a sUite of siege. 

Nov. 24. Pope Pius IX. quits Rome in disguise. 

Dec. 2. Abdication of the Emperor Ferdinand I. of Austria 
in favor of his nephew Francis Joseph. 

Dec. 5. The king of Prussia issues a new constitution to his 
subjects. Prussia had been promised a representative con- 
stitution in 1815, but nothing as yet had been done. The 
French revolution of 1848 vibrated through Germany, and 
Prussia was the first to feel its influence. 

Dec. 20. Louis Napoleon declared president elect of the 
French republic. 

Jan. 5. Capture of Pesth by the Austrians under Prince Win- 
dischgratz from the Hungarians. 

Jan. 13. Battle of Chillian wallah. 

Jan. 29. Military demonstration to stifle an anticipated insur- 
rection of the Red Republicans in France. 

Feb. 8. The '• Constituent Assembly " meets at Rome, Feb. 5 ; 
it declares the Pope deprived of all temporal power and pro- 
claims the Roman Republic. The executive power of the 
new republic was placed in the hands of Mazzini, Armcllini 
and Saffi ; all church property was confiscated. 

Feb. 18. Appeal of Pope Pius IX. for assistance to the Roman 
Catholic powers. He flies to Gaeta. 

Feb. 19. Native Christians of Madagascar bitterly persecuted. 

March 4. Zachary Taylor inaugurated President and Millard 
Fillmore Vice President of the United States. 

March 23. Abdication of Charles Albert king of Sardinia in 
favor of his son Victor Emanuel II. 

Hostilities resumed between Sardinia and Austria, March 20 ; 
battle of Novara ; Sardinians totally defeated. 



228 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D 

1849 March 25. Hostilities recommence between the Danes and the 
army of Schleswig-Holstein. 
April 14. The Hungarian Chambers assert the national inde- 
pendence of Hungary and proclaim Kossuth governor. 
April 25. Disturbances arise in Canada owing to the Rebellion 
Losses Indemnity Bill ; the insurgents burn the Parliament 
house at Montreal. 
April 26. A French ai-my under Marshal Oudinot occupies 

Civita Vecchia in support of the papacy. 
April 27. Russia supports Austria against the Hungarians. 
May 10.' Martial law proclaimed in Prussia. 
May 13. Capture of Syracuse by the Neapolitans April 23, 

and of Palermo, Sicily. 
May 21. Death of Maria Edgeworth, Irish novelist aged 82. 
July 3. The French commence the siege of Rome June 3 ; it 

surrenders June 30 ; Marshal Oudinot enters the city. 
July 15. Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly at Rome 

July 4 ; the papal authority restored. 
Aug. 6. A peace concluded between Austria and Sardinia at 

Milan. 
Aug. 11. The President of the United States publishes a 
proclamation against the marauding expedition of Gen. Lopez 
to Cuba. Notwithstanding this proclamation Lopez landed 
600 men at Cuba, and after a short struggle took the town 
of Cardenas from the Spaniards. 
Sept. 8. Frederic William IV. of Prussia declared head of 
the Bavarian Imperial constitution by the Frankfort assem- 
bly. 
Sept. 12. Pope Pius IX. publishes an amnesty, and promises 

judicial and administrative reforms. 
Oct. 6. Execution of Count Batthyanyi, Hungarian statesman. 
Denmark. Frederic VII. 
1850 Feb. 6. The king of Prussia swears fidelity to the constitu- 
tion. 
Feb 8. OflPer of the intervention of the French government 

in the Anglo-Greek question accepted by Lord Palmerston. 
Feb. 23. Sir William Allan, celebrated Scotch historical painter 

died aged 68 years. 
Feb. 27. Treaty signed at Munich between Austria, Bavaria, 

Saxony and Wurtemberg to maintain the German union. 
April 12. Return of Pope Pius IX. to Rome. 
April 18. Diplomatic relations between England and Spain 

restored. 
April 19. The Bulwer-Clayton treaty. This treaty between 
England and the United States, relative to the establishment 
of a, communication by ship canal between the Atlantic and 
Pacific Oceans, was signed at Washington April 19, and rati- 
fications were exchanged there Jxily 4, 1850. 
April 23. William Wordsworth, English poet-laureate died 
aged 80 years. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 1776-1860. 229 



April 26. The Greek government agrees to the demands of 
Great Britain. 

May 17. Gen. Lopez conducts another marauding expedition 
against Guba for the purpose of annexing that island to the 
United States, but is repulsed at Cardenas by the Spanish 
authorities. 

June 22. An American Squadron enters the Tagus, to enforce 
■certain claims of the United States. 

July 2. Death of Sir Robert Peel aged 62 years. 

July 9. President Taylor died ; Millard Fillmore became 
President. 

Aug. 15. Admission of California into the United States as a 
free state. 

Aug. 17. Denmark cedes her possessions on the coast of Africa 
to Great Britain. 

Aug. 26. Death of Louis Philippe, ex-king of France. 

Sept. 18. The FugitiTe Slave Bill passed by the American 
Congress. This bill imposed a fine of ^1,000 and six months' 
imprisonment on any person harboring fugitive slaves, or aid- 
ing in their escape. Repealed June 13, 1864. 

Sept. 30. Papal bull establishing a Roman Catholic hierarchy 
in England. 

Oct. 3. First battle of the Tacping rebellion in China. 

Oct 20. Destruction of a Chinese piratical fleet in the Bay of 
Tonquin, China, by the three British vessels, ^' Columbine," 
" Fury," and " Phlegethon." 

Nov. 29. Convention of Olmutz for the pacification of Ger- 
many. 

Lord Francis Jeffrey, Scottish judge and editor of the " Edin- 
burgh Review " died aged 77 years. 

Texas boundary settled by the payment of $10,000,000 to Texas. 

New Mexico and Utah admitted as Territories. 

Slave trade in the District of Columbia abolished. 

Jan. 10. Resignation of Gen. Narvaez the Spanish Minister. 

Jan. 27. John James Audubon, American naturalist died aged 
71 years. 

March 16. A concordat signed by Spain with Rome. 

April 16. Minot's Ledge lighthouse, Boston Harbor, carried 
away. It was last seen standing about 3 o'clock P. M. 

April 25. A concordat with Tuscany signed by Rome. 

May 1. Opening of the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park by 
queen Victoria. 

May 8. A " Southern Rights " convention assembles at Charles- 
ton, S. C. Resolutions passed for a dissolution of the Union. 

July 4. Ecclesiastical Titles Bill introduced by Lord John 
Russell, which declares the Papal Bull establishing a Roman 
Catholic hierarchy in England null and void, and imposes a 
fine of £100 on all who shall endeavor to carry it into effect. 

July 10. Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, inventor of the da- 
guerreotype irocess <lied aged 72 years. 



230 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1851 Aug. 12. Nicaragua route opened between New York and San 

Francisco. 

Aug. 21. Great riot in New Orleans gi-owingout of tlie Cuban 
expedition. The Spanish Consul seeks protection and is 
placed in the city prison for safety. 

Sept. 27. Telegraphic communication established between 
France and England. 

Aug.^ept. Failure of the third expedition of Gen. Lopez 
against Cuba ; he and his followers taken prisoners ; Lopez 
garotted and the rest sent prisoners to Spain where they were 
set at liberty after some negotiation. 

Oct. 4. Death of Don Manuel de Godoy the Prince of Peace 
at Paris. 

Oct. 29. Arrival of a British fleet at Rangoon owing to dis- 
putes having arisen between Great Britain and the Burmese 
empire. 

Oct. 31. Princess Louisa heiress to the throne of Sweden born. 

Nov. 4. Proposal of the French President to restore universal 
suffrage; rejected by the National Assembly Nov. 13. 

Nov. United States steam frigate Mississippi sent to Turkey 
for Kossuth ; receives him in the Dardanelles. Kossuth re- 
fused a passage through France ; arrives in New York Dec. 5. 

Dec. 2. The "-coup d'etat." Louis Napoleon dissolves the 
Legislative Assembly, establishes universal suifrage, proposes 
the election of a French President for ten years and declares 
Paris in a state of siege. 

Dec. 3-4. Sanguinary conflicts in Paris ; the troops victorious. 

Dee. 19. Joseph William Mallord Turner, English landscape 
painter died aged 76 years. 

Dec. 21-22. Voting throughout France for the election of a 
President of the republic for ten years takes place; affirma- 
tive votes 7,481,231 ; neg-ative votes 640,737. 

Dec. 14. Principal room of the library of Congress destroyed 
by fire. 

1852 Jan. 1. Roman Catholic clergy prohibited from holding of- 

fice in the Queen's Colleges in Ireland by the statutes of the 
synod of Thurles. 

Louis Napoleon installed at Notre Dame as President of France ; 
he takes up his official residence at the Tuiieries. 

Jan. 10. Transportation of 575 persons to Cayenne by the 
French government for having opposed the " coup d'etat." 

Jan. 12. The king of Prussia revives the council of state. 

Jan. 15. The French President promulgates a new constitu- 
tion ; the whole executive power to be vested in the Presi- 
dent, who is to be advised by a state council, a senate of no- 
bles and a completely powerless legislative assembly, whose 
transactions at the demand of five members may be secret. 

Jan. 23. Decree compelling the Orleans family to sell all their 
real and personal property in France within a year. 

The Ohio State House entirely consumed by fii'e. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 1776-1860. 231 

A. D. 

1852 Jan. 25. Restoratioa of titles of nobility in France. 

Feb. 14. Turkey concludes a treaty with France respecting the 
Holy Places of Palestine. 

Feb. 17. All national holidays, except the birthday (Aug. 15) 
of the Emperor Napoleon, abolished in France. 

Feb. 25. Death of Thomas Moore the national poet of Ire- 
land. 

Feb. 28. Lord Derby English Prime Minister. 

April 14. Rangoon, Burmah stormed and taken by the Brit- 
ish under Gen. Godwin. 

May 8. International treaty relative to the succession of the 
crown of Denmark signed at London. 

May 26. Dispute between Great Britain and the American 
Government respecting the alleged encroachments of Amer- 
ican vessels on the British fisheries. 

May 28. Opening of the Industrial Expedition at Berlin. 

June 1. Ireland connected with England by submarine tele- 
graph. 

June 29. Henry Clay, a distinguished American statesman 
died aged 75 years. He was elected speaker of the House 
of Representatives in 1811; appointed Secretary of State in 
1824 and was three times an unsuccessful candidate for the 
Presidency. 

July 1. Discovery of a plot to assassinate the President of 
the French, at Paris. 

July 9. Capital punishment for political offences abolished in 
Portugal ; various reforms introduced. 

Aug. 8. Permission granted to M. Thiers and other exiles 
to return to France. 

Sept. 13. The French Senate prays " the re-establishment of 
the hereditary sovereign power in the Bonaparte family." 

Sept. 14. Death of Arthur Wellesley, duke of Wellington, aged 
83 years. 

Oct. 24. Daniel Webster, one of the greatest statesmen and or- 
ators of the United. States died aged 70 years. 

Nov. 18. The public funeral of the duke of Wellington takes 
place in London at an expense of £12,000. 

Nov. 21. France canvassed for votes regarding the restoration 
of the empire: — Ayes 7,839,552; noes 254,501; null 63,- 
669. 

Nov. 26. Address to the women of America on slavery adopted 
by the duchess of Sutherland and signed by upwards of 500,- 
000 Englishwomen. 

Dec. 2. The President of the French declared emperor of 
France by the title of Napoleon III. 

Death of Horatio Greenough, American sculptor and author. 

1853 Jan. 4. Gen. Narvaez the Spanish Minister exiled to Vienna. 
English coalition Ministry, and lord Aberdeen Prime Minister. 
Jan. 11. Caloric ship Ericsson makes her trial trip to the Po- 
tomac. 



232 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A.D. 

1853 Jan. 29. Marriage of Napoleon III. with Eugenie de Montijo, 

Countess of Tcba, at the church of Notre Dame. 
Feb. 4. Pardon of 4,312 French p)Htical oflPeuders. 
Feb. 18. Attempt to assassinate the emperor of Austria by 

Libney. 
March 4. Frankhn Pierce inaugurated President of the United 

States. W. R. King sworn in as Vice President at Cumbre, 

Island of Cuba, Mar. 24; he died April 18. 
March 9. The Caffre war in Africa ends. 
March 12. Re-establishment of a Roman Catholic hierarchy 

in Holland announced. 
The Dublin Industrial Exhibition opened. 
May 30. The ship " Advance " commanded by Dr. Kane, sails 

on an Arctic expedition ; she returns Oct. 11, 1856. 
June 28. The income tax extended to Ireland. 
June 30. Conclusion of the Burmese war. 
July 2. A Russian army of occupation under the command 

of Prince Grortschakoif, enters the Danubian principalities. 
July 8. American expedition under Com. Perry arrives at 

Japan. 
July 14. The Porte protests against the occupation of the 

principalities by Russia. 
The Exhibition of the Industry of all Nations opened at New 

York. 
Aug. 22. Marriage of the duke of Brabant heir apparent of 

Belgium with the archduchess Maria of Austria, 
Sept. 7. The Taeping rebels, China, take Woochang Jan. 12, 

Amoy March 18, Nankin March 19, and Shanghai. 
Sept. 9. Remaining portion of " Table Rock " at the falls of 

Niagara breaks oiF. 
Sept. 26. A grand national council of the Turkish nations in- 
sists on the evacuation of the principalities by Russia. 
Oct. 5. Turkey declares war against Russia. 
Oct. 30. The British fleet enters the Bosphorus. 
Nov. 9. Inauguration of the Washington aqueduct. 
Nov. 15. Death of Maria II. of Portugal and accession of her 

son Pedro V. under the regency of his father. 
Treaty concluded between France and Spain for the protection 

of llterai-y property. 
Nov. 20. ReconciUation of the two branches of the Bourbons 

at Fohrsdorf. 
Dec. 16. Gen. Santa Anna elected dictator of Mexico for life. 

He had formerly been President from 1833-1845. 
Dec. 19. King-consort recognized as regent of Pedro V. 
1854. Jan 2. Silvio Pellico Italian patriot died a victim to Austrian 

tyranny aged 65 years. 
Jan. 4. Entrance of the aUied fleets into the Black Sea at the 

request of the Porte. 
Jan. 6. The Turks victorious at Citate with a loss to the Rus- 
sians of 3,000 men. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 1776-18G0. 233 

A. D. 

185-4 Feb. 17. John Martin English artist died aged 6Q years. 

Feb. 22. The queen of Spain deehires her whole kingdom in a 
state of siege owing to the hated interference of queen Chris- 
tina. 

Feb. 27. Ultimatum of England and France sent to St. Pe- 
tersburg. 

March 8. A commercial treaty concluded with the United 
States by Japan. 

March 12. Treaty of alliance signed at Constantinople between 
Great Britain, France and Turkey. 

March 19. The Czar " did not judge it suitable to give an an- 
swer." 

March 23. The Russians under Gortschakoff pass the Danube 
and occupy the Dobrudscha ; severe conflict j the Turks re- 
tire. 

March 28. Declaration of war by England and France against 
Russia. 

The Porte demands the Greek government to prevent its sub- 
jects from aiding the Albanian rebels, March 19; the de- 
mand rejected and war declared. 

April 20. Miss Dix's bill ameliorating the condition of the in- 
digent insane vetoed. 

April 22. Bombardment of Odessa by the English and French 
fleets. 

April 23. Manifesto of Nicholas I. of Russia, asserting that 
his only object in the war with Turkey is the defence of the 
Christian faith. 

April 24. Marriage of the Emperor of Austria to the Princess 
Elizabeth of Bavaria. 

April 28. The Government of the United States announces 
its neutrality in the Eastern question. 

April 30. James Montgomery, Scottish poet died aged 83 
years. 

May 18. The allied Powers declare Greece in a state of block- 
ade. 

June 7. A reciprocity treaty between the United States and 
Great Britain concluded at Washington respecting Newfound- 
land fishery, international trade, etc. 

June 10. The Crystal Palace opened at London. 

June 28. A military insurrection, headed by Gen. O'Donnell 
breaks out in Spain ; Madrid declared in a state of siege. 

July 13. Bombardment of Greytown, Central America, by a 
United States man-of-war, in retaliation for an insuJt ofi"ered 
to the American Consul by the Spaniards. 

July 17. An insurrection breaks out at Madrid, in conse- 
quence of the unpopularity of the Queen-mother; she is 
compelled to leave the kingdom. 

July 19. Espartero, Duke of Victory, placed at the head of 
afi"airs by the Queen of Spain ; end of the Spanish rebellion, 

July 24. An amnesty published by the queen of Spain. 



234 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1854 Sept. 6. The Prussian government after mucli vacillation de- 

clares its intention to remain neutral in the Eastern question. 

Sept. 14. The Allies land at Old Fort in the Crimea. 25,000 
British, 25,000 French and 8,000 Turks. 

Sept. 20. Battle of Alma, Crimea ; Allies victorious. 

Evacuation of the Danubian Principalities by the Russians. 

Sept. 23. The Russian fleet sunk in the harbor of Sebastopol 
by Menschikoff. 

Sept. 26. Balaclava occupied by the British. 

Sept. 29. Death of Marshal St. Arnaud, the French comman- 
der-in-chief, in the Crimea. 

Oct. 17. Siege of Sebastopol commences. 

Oct 25. Battle of Balaclava, Crimea. 

Nov. 5. Battle of Inkermann, Russian loss 9,000. 

Nov. 18. Edward Forbes, English naturalist died aged 39 
years. 

Nov. 25. John Kitto, English biblical scholar died aged 50 
years. 

Dec. 2. Austria enters into an alliance with Great Britain and 
France. 

Dec. 8. The Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary made 
an article of faith by the Roman Catholic Church, by a bull 
promulgated. 

Dec. 30. All the slaves of the Portuguese crown declared free. 
, Death of J. Harrington, last survivor of the battle of Lexing- 
ton. 

1855 Jan. 26. Sardinia joins England and France against Russia. 
Jan. 29. England. Resignation of the Aberdeen Ministry. 
Feb. 3. The Spanish Cortes declare the people the sole source 

of power. 

Feb. 8. Liberty of worship denied in Spain. 

Feb. 12. Lord Palmerston English Prime Minister. 

Feb. 17. Battle of Eupatoria, Crimea. 

F'eb. 28. The Roman Catholic religion established by law in 
Spain, but all creeds tolerated. 

March 2. Death of the Emperor Nicholas of Russia ; acces- 
sion of Alexander II. ; no change of policy. 

March 10. Death of Don Carlos at Trieste. 

March 15. The Conference of the four great Powers on the 
Eastern question commenced at Vienna. The conference 
terminated without producing any satisfactory result, June 4. 

March 2L General fast day throughout England in conse- 
quence of the Russian war. 

March 31. Charlotte Bronte, English novelist died aged 39 
years. 

May 9. A Sardinian arfnj of 10,000 men lands in the Crimea, 
under General La Marmora. 

May 15. The Industrial Exhibition opened at Paris. 

June 6. Sebastopol a third time bombarded. 

June 17. Sebastopol a fourth time bombarded. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 1776-1860. 235 

A. D. 

1855 June 18. The Allies repulsed at tlie Malakhoff and the Re- 
dan. 

June 24. Hyde Park riots against Lord Grosvenor's Sunday 
Trading Bill. 

June 28. Death of Lord Raglan of England. 

July 6. Dispute between Great Britain and the American gov- 
ernment regarding the enlistment of American citizens to 
serve in the English army. 

Aug. 16. Battle of Tchernaya, Crimea; Russians defeated. 

Aug. 18. Austria concludes a concordat with Rome, by which 
the Pope receives almost absolute power in Austria. 

Aug. 18-27. Visit of queen Victoria to the emperor of the 
French. 

Sept. — The French take the Malakhoff; the English assault 
the Redan without success ; the Russians retire from Sebas- 
tapol to the north forts and the Allies enter the city ; the 
Russians destroy or sink the remainder of their fleets. 

Sept. 16. Pedro V. assumes the government of Portugal. 

Sept. 29. The Russians defeated by the French in a cavalry 
action at Eupatoria. 

The Turkish garrison of Kars under Gen. Williams repulses 
the Russians. 

Oct. 2. The king of Denmark publishes a new constitution. 

Nov. 3. Passmore Williamson released from jail where he had 
been three months in the Wheeler slave case. 

Nov. 6. The Turks under Omar Pasha defeat the Russians 
and force the passage of the Ingour. 

Nov. 11. An insurrection breaks out again at Saragossa. 

Nov. 21. A treaty signed by France and England w^th Swe- 
den, by which the latter power engage&to cede no territory to 
Russia and receives the pi'omise of assistance from the other 
powers in the event of Russian aggression. 

Nov. 25. Capitulation of Kars. 

Dec. 8. Abdication of Santa Anna dictator of Mexico ; he is 
succeeded by Martin Carrera, who abdicates and is succeeded 
by Alvarez, Sept. 12; Alvarez abdicates and is succeeded by 
Comonfort. 

Dec. 16. Proposals of peace, approved by the Allies, sent to 
St. Petersburg by Austria. 

Dec. 18. Death of Samuel Rogers, English poet. 

Dec. 23. British Arctic vessel Resolute found and brought to 
New London by an American whaler. 
1856 Feb. 2. N. P. Banks, Jr. of Mass. elected speaker of the 
House of Representatives of U. S. after a contest of nine 
weeks by a plurality of three votes. 

Feb. 25. The plenipotentiaries of France, Austria, Great Brit- 
ain, Russia, Sardinia and Turkey (Prussia being afterwards 
admitted) meet at Paris and agree to an armistice to continue 
in force till the 31st of March. 

Feb. 29. A suspension of hostilities agreed upon in the Crimea. 



236 MOOERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

185G INIarcli 30. Treaty of Paris between RiLSsia and Turkey, Great 
Britain, Fi-ance and Sardinia. This treaty consisted of thirty- 
four articles. Turkey was admitted into the European sys- 
tem and the contracting parties guaranteed its independence. 
The freedom of the Danube was secured, the rectification of 
the Russian frontier in Bessarabia promised and the " status 
quo ante bellum " in Asia determined upon. 

March 31. The property of the ecclesiastics in Mexico seques- 
trated. 

April 17. Quebec made the seat of the Canadian government. 

May 22. Senator Sumner of Mass. assaulted in the U. S. Sen- 
ate by Preston S. Brooks of South Carolina. 

May 27. A political amnesty granted to the Poles by Alexan- 
der II. of Russia. 

May 28. The British envoy to the United States ordered to 
quit Washington. 

June 24. The President of the United States recognizes the 
filibuster Gen. Walker as President of Nicaragua. 

July 9. The Crimea evacuated. The English lost : killed in 
action and died of wounds about 3,500 ; died of cholera, 4,- 
244; of other diseases nearly 16,000; total loss nearly 24,- 
000 (including 270 ofEcers); 873 were disabled. The war 
added to the national debt £41,041,000. The French lost 
about 63.500 men ; the Russians about 500,000. The army 
sufifcred greatly by sickness. 

July 12. A decree of amnesty for the Hungarian political 
ofienders of 1848 and 1849 published by the Austrian gov- 
ernment. 

July 14. Resignation of the Espartero ministry, which is suc- 
ceeded by that of Gen. O'Donnell ; tumults at 3Iadrid. 

Sept. 1. Sir Richard Westmacott, English sculptor died aged 
81 years. 

Sept. 7. Coronation of Alexander II. of Russia at Moscow. 

Oct. 12. Resignation of the O'Donnell administration in 
Spain ; Gen. Narvaez placed at the head of afiairs. 

Nov. 1. Commencement of war between England and Persia. 

Nov. 4. James Buchanan, the pro-slavery candidate, elected 
to the presidency of the United States, after a severe contest 
with Col. Fremont, the representative of the anti-slavery 
party. 

Dec. 2. A treaty defining the frontier line between Spain and 
France signed at Bayonne. 

Dec 24. Death of Hugh Miller, Scottish geologist. 
1857. Jan 2. Andrew Ure M. D., Scottish chemist and writer on 
chemistry died aged 79 years. 

Feb. 12. George Peabody gives $300,000 to establish a free 
literary and scientific institute at Baltimore. 

March 4. James Buchanan inaugurated President and John 
C. Breckenridge Vice President of the United States. 

A ti-eaty of peace between England and Persia signed at Paris. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD— 1776-18G0. 237 

A. D. 

1857 Diplomatic relations between Austria and Sardinia broken off. 

March G. The Dred Scott decision delivered by Chief Justice 
Taney. It is proclaimed that " negroes have no rights " 
which white men are bound to respect. 

April 11. First intelligence of the Indian mutiny received in 
England. 

May 2. Louis Charles Alfred de Musset, one of the most cel- 
ebrated of modern French poets died aged 47 years. 

May 5. The Art Treasures Exhibition opened at Manchester 
by Prince Albert. 

May 12. The Sepoy mutineers establish their head-quarters at 
Delhi, and proclaim the king of Delhi Emperor. 

May 27. The British troops under Gen. Anson advance on 
Delhi. 

Martial law proclaimed in India. 

June 1. Total destruction of the Chinese fleet in Canton 
waters by the English under Commodore Elliot, May 25 and 
27 and by Sir M. Seymovir. 

June 8. Douglas Jerrold, English humorist, novelist and dra- 
matic writer died aged 54 years. 

June 14. A commercial treaty signed by Russia with France. 

June 25. Surrender of the British at Cawnpore, India, to Na- 
na Sahib, by whom they are nearly all murdered the following 
day. 

June. The Indian mutiny spreads throughout Bengal. 

July 4. The Indian rebels commence the siege of the residency 
at Lucknow July 1 ; death of Sir Henry Lawrence. 

June 17. Cawnpore recaptured by General Havelock. 

July 19. Battle of Bithoor; Sepoy rebels defeated by Have- 
lock. 

July 25. Revolt at Dinapore; British repulsed at Arrah, Hin- 
dostan. 

Aug. 3. Eugene Sue, French novelist died aged 53 years. 

Aug. 6-10. Visit of Napoleon III. and Empress to England. 

Aug. 24. General financial panic begins in the United States. 

Sept. 8. Loss of the " Central America" and 450 lives. 

Sept. 14-20. Storming and capture of Delhi, India, by the 
British. The king of Delhi captured Sept. 21 ; his son and 
grandson slain by Col. Hodson Sept. 22. 

Sept. 23. Commencement of the religious revival in the United 
States. 

Sept. 25. Meeting of the emperors of France and Russia at 
Stuttgardt. 

Sept. 26. The besieged residency at Lucknow relieved by Sir 
Henry Havelock, Sept. 25 ; Sir James Outram left in com- 
mand. 

Sept. Religious riots break out at Belfast, owing to the Roman 
Catholics opposing the attempt of some Protestant ministers 
to introduce open-air preaching. 

Oct. 13. Commercial panic in New York. 



238 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1857 Oct. 26. A new ministry formed in Spain under Admiral Ar- 

mero. 

Oct. 29. Deatli of the French general Cavaignac. 

Nov. 9. " Lecompton Constitution " adopted by the Kansas 
convention. 

Nov. 12. Great commercial panic in England; suspension of 
the Bank Charter Act of 1844. 

Nov. 17. The besieged residency at Lucknow rescued from the 
Indian rebels by the British forces under Sir Colin Campbell, 
Sir James Outram and Sir Henry Havelock. 

Nov. 22. Lucknow evacuated by the British. 

Nov. 25. Death of Sir Henry Havelock a distinguished Brit- 
ish general. 

Nov. 28. Birth of the Prince of Asturias, heir to the throne of 
Spain. 

Dec. 6. Battle of Cawnpore. On the breaking out of the 
Sepoy rebellion in 1857, the English residents including 
women and children about 900 persons, were besieged within 
a narrow entrenchment by the native soldiers who had re- 
volted. After a heroic but unsuccessful defence, the rebel 
leader " Nana Sahib," on the 24th of June consented to let 
them proceed unmolested to Allahabad if they surrendered 
their treasury and war material. But no sooner had they 
embarked than they were fired upon by the rebels and all 
who were not killed were taken back to Cawnpore. Other 
prisoners were brought in and all barbarously slaughtered 
July 15. Havelock defeated the rebels July IG and next 
day entered the town, when the horrors that had been enacted 
became known. On the 6th of Dec. Sir John Campbell 
arrived with a force of 25,000 strong and completely routed 
the rebels. 

Dec. 8. Theobald Matthew, Irish Roman Catholic died aged 
67 years. Better known as Father Matthew the Apostle of 
Temperance. 

Dec. Commercial failures in one year ending Dec. 25, 1857 
amount to 5,123. Liabilities $291,757,000. 

1858 Jan. 5. Canton bombarded and taken by the English and 

French Dec. 28-29, 1857 ; entrance of the victors who 
capture Commissioner Yeh and other authorities. 

Jan. 14. Xavier (^'isturitz is placed at the head of Spanish 
aifairs. 

Jan. 25. Marriage of Prince Frederick William, eldest son of 
the Crown Prince of Prussia, with the Princess Royal of 
Englandr 

Feb. Benito Juarez declared Constitutional President of Mex- 
ico at Vera Cruz ; civil war ensues. 

Feb. 14. The United States army defeat the Mormons in an 
engagement at Eco-Cannians, Utah. 

Jan 27-March 19. Trial of the king of Delhi, who is sen- 
tenced to transportation. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD— 1776-1860. 239 

A. D. 

1858 March 21. Sir Colin Campbell marches to Lucknow, Feb. 11 ; 

the siege commences March 8 ; and the city finally captured. 
March 28. Nicaragua places herself under the protection of 

the United States. 
March 30. Gen. Roberts takes Kotah, India, from the Sepoy 

rebels. 
April 4. Sir Hugh Rose takes Jhansi, India, and severely 

defeats the Sepoy rebels. 
April 15. Marshal Pelissier appointed French ambassador at 

the Court of St. James. 
April 30. The " English Kansas bill " passed both Houses of 

Congress. 
May 23. Minnesota State Government organized at St. Paul. 
June 15. Massacre of the Christian inhabitants at Jeddah. 

The Mohammedans attacked the Christian residents, and 

murdered upwards of twenty, including the English vice- 
consul and the wife of the French consul. 
Ary Scheffer, Dutch painter of the French school died, aged 

63 years. 
June 28. Property qualification of members of the English 

Parliament abolished. 
July 1. Gen. O'Donnell again placed at the head of Spanish 

afiairs. 
Aug. 5. Completion of the Atlantic telegraph. 
Aug. 7. Ottawa made the capital of Canada. 
Aug. 26. Treaty of commerce and friendship between the Ty- 
coon of Japan and Great Britain. 
Sept. 1. The government of the East India Company ceases. 
Oct. 7. The Crown Prince of Prussia appointed regent during 

the king's life. 
Oct. 9. Treaty of friendship between France and Japan. 
Nov. 1. The queen of England proclaimed .sovereign of India, 

Lord Canning receiving the title of Viceroy. 
Dec. 23. A revolution breaks out in Hayti ; Faustin I. deposed 

and a republic proclaimed under the presidency of Geffrard. 
Dec. 31. Russia concludes a commercial treaty with Great 

Britain. 

1859 Jan. 27. Birth of Frederick William Victor Albert eldest son 

of the Princess Royal of Prussia. 

Jan. 28. William Hickling Pi-escott, American historian died 
aged 63 years. 

Jan. 30. Marriage of the Princess Clotilde eldest daughter of 
Victor Emanuel II. to Prince Napoleon cousin of the empe- 
ror of the French. ^ 

Feb. 2. General Miguel Miramon elected President of Mexico 
by the revolutionary junta Jan. 6; abdication of Zuloaga. 

April 11. Entrance of General Miramon into Mexico.; he as- 
sumes the presidency, and governs without respect to the laws 
of life or property. 

April 23. Departure of the French army from Paris for Italy. 



240 ' MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A.D. 

1859 April 25. A French force disembarks at Genoa to the assist- 
ance of the Sardinians. 

April 29. Victor Emanuel II. of Sardinia takes command of 
his army in person having confided his government to prince 
Eugene of Savoy, his cousin. 

April 30. Victor Emanuel II. declines the dictatorship of Tus- 
cany, but accepts the command of the Tuscan forces. 

May 3. France declares war against Austria. 

May 5. Charles Robert Leslie, English painter died aged 65. 

May 6. Friedrich Heinrich Alexander Von Humboldt, Prus- 
sian naturalist and traveler died aged 90 years. 

May 10. Napoleon III. leaves Paris to assume the command 
of the army in Italy ; the empress appointed regent in his 
absence. 

May 20. Battle of Montebello, Piedmont ; Austrians defeated. 

May 22. Death of Ferdinand II. king of the two Sicilies. 

May 25. Tuscany joins France and Sardinia against Austria. 

May 30-31. Battle of Palestro ; Austrians defeated. 

June 4. Battle of Magenta ; the French and Sardinian army 
commanded by Louis Napoleon defeats the Austrians. 

June 5. Death of Prince Metternich, Austrian statesman. 

June 7. David Cox, English water-color landscape painter died 
aged 76 years. 

June 8. Louis Napoleon III. and Victor Emanuel enter Milan 
and proclaim the annexation of Lombardy to Sardinia. 

June 11. The Austrian army crosses the Adda and enters the 
Quadrilateral. 

June 18. The Derby Ministry of England defeated on the Re- 
form Bill ; Parliament dissolved April 23 ; resignation of the 
Ministry June 11; formation of the Palmerston-Russell ad- 
ministration. 

June 24. Battle of Solferino, Lombardy ; Austrians defeated. 

Armistice agreed upon to July 6. 

June-July. Great religious revival in Ireland. 

July 8. Death of king Oscar of Sweden, and accession of his 
son Charles XV. 

July 11. Treaty of Villafranca. Preliminaries of peace were 
signed here between the Emperor of Austria and the Empe- 
ror of the French. 

July 13. Juarez, constitutional President of Mexico, confiscates 
the ecclesiastical property of his kingdom. 

July 14. Denmark connected with Great Britain by submarine 
telegraph. 

July 16.. Napoleon III. returns to Paris. 

July 17. Death of Queen Consort of Portugal. 

July 21. Abdication of Leopold II. Grand Duke of Tuscany, 
in favor of his son Ferdinand IV. 

July 31. Persecution of the Christians in Candia by Turkey. 

Aug. 8. The tribes of the Caucasus reduced to subjection by 
Russia. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 177G-1860. 241 

A. D. 

1S59 Aug. 16. Tuscany declares in favor of a united kingdom of 
Italy under the sceptre of Victor Emanuel. 

Aug. 28. Leigh Hunt, English poet, essayist and miscellane- 
ous writer died aged 75 years. 

Sept. 7. Capture of the Circassian leader Schamyl. Under 
their leader Schamyl the Circassians strenuously resisted 
Russian domination till his. capture Sept. 7, 1859. Vaidar, 
their last stronghold, capitulated to the Russians in 1864. 
The Circassians now, to the number of nearly 1,000,000, left 
their country for Turkey, and many died from privation on 
the shores of the Black Sea. 

Sept. 28. Carl Ritter, Prussian geographer died aged 80 years. 

Oct. 3. J. Y. Mason U. S. Minister to France died at Paris. 

Oct. 17. A negro insurrection breaks out at Harper's Ferry. 

John Brown with a score of followers crossed the Potomac at 
Hai-per's Ferry and entered Virginia, where he incited the 
slaves to take up arms against their masters. After a short 
time Brown was captured and formally tried for treason ; 
found guilty, he bore his misfortune with the greatest com- 
posure and when asked upon the scaffold to give a sign when 
he was ready he answered " I am always ready." He died 
in the midst of slaves and slave owners — his countrymen ; 
and now no countryman of his can look at his place of execu- 
tion and call himself a slave owner or a slave. 

Oct. 22. Spain declares war against Morocco. 

Oct. 23. Indecisive battle between the forces of the Argentine 
Republic and of Buenos Ayres, near the city of Buenos 
Ay res. 

Nov 28. Death of Washington Irving, American novelist and 
historical writer. 

Dec. 8. Thomas de Quinoey, English writer died aged 74. 

Dec. 28. Death of Lord Macaulay. 

Deaths in the United States this year. George W. Doane Epis- 
copal bishop of New Jersey, poet, etc. aged 60 years. Rufus 
Choate, jurist, advocate and senator aged 60 years. Horace 
Mann, statesman and educationist aged 63 years. 
1860 Jan 15. Count Cavour again placed at the head of Sardinian 
affairs. 

Jan. 16. Count Cavour undertakes the formation of a new 
Italian ministry. 

Jan. 20. Sir William Ross, English portrait painter died aged 
66 years. 

Feb. 1. Pennington of N. J. elected speaker of the House of 
Representatives after balloting nearly two months. 

Feb. 25. The French government demands the cession of Sa- 
voy from Italy. 

March 18. Emilia annexed to Sardinia. 

March 22. The annexation of Tuscany to Sardinia effected. 

March 26. Pope Pius IX. excommunicates all who have taken 
any part in the rebellion of his provinces. 
16 



242 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1860 April 3. Count of Montemolin eldest son of the late Don Car- 
los proclaimed king of Spain at Tortosa by Gen. Ortega; the 
rebellion opposed by his own troops. 

April 23. A democratic convention in the United States as- 
sembles at Charleston to secure the election of Stephen A. 
Douglas as President. 

April 25. Admission of Jews to judicial appointments in Prus- 
sia. 

April 26. Peace definitively concluded between Spain and Mo- 
rocco. 

May 1. Appeal of Pope Pius IX. to the Roman Catholics of 
every nation for a loan of 50,000,000 francs. 

May 2. An amnesty proclaimed by the Spanish government 
in favor of political offenders. 

May 9. Gen. Zuloaga deposes Miramon, and a.?sumes the pres- 
idency of Mexico May 1 ; arrested by Miramon. 

May 14. Embarkation of Garibaldi for Sicily at Genoa May 
5 ; lands at Marsala May 10 ; and assumes the dictatorship 
of the island in the name of King Victor Emanuel II. 

May 15. Battle of Calatifimi ; Neapolitans defeated by Gari- 
baldi. 

May 16. The Republican convention of the United States 
assembles at Chicago, and nominates Abraham Lincoln of 
111. for the Presidency, Hannibal Hamlin of Maine for Vice 
President. 

May 27. Capture of Palermo by Garibaldi. 

May 28. Massacre of the Maronites in the neighborhood of 
Beyrout and the Lebanon by the Druses. 

June 3. Terrible tornado in Iowa and Illinois. 

June 8. Evacuation of Upper Italy by the French troops. 

June 9. George Payne Rainsford James, English novelist and 
miscellaneous writer died aged 59 years. 

June 14. The French take possession of their Piedmontese 
acquisitions. 

Battle of Melazzo, Italy ; Neapolitans defeated by Garibaldi. 

June 21. Another massacre of the Maronites takes place near 
Beyrout and the Lebanon. 

June 24. Death of Prince Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte. 

June 26. Francis II. king of the Two Sicilies proclaims a 
general amnesty, and promises a liberal ministry. 

July 7. Dr. Hayes' Arctic expedition sails from Boston. 

July 9, &c. Massacre of numerous Christians at Damascus. 

July 28. Garibaldi concludes a truce with the Neapolitans 
who agree to evacuate Sicily, retaining the castle of Messina. 

Aug. 3. A convention entered into between the five great 
powers to restore order in Syria and to revenge the late mas- 
sacres of the Christians. 

Aug. 4. A French force sent to Syria to protect the Christians. 

Aug. 12. The second Chinese war begins. 

Aug. 19. Departure of Garibaldi from Sicily for Italy. 



ELEVENTH PERIOD 177G-1S60. 243 

A. D. 

1860 Aug. 20, &c. Fuacl Pasha invested witli plenary powers to 
punish the assassins in Syria; he punishes those implicated 
in the massacres of the Christians at Damascus very severely, 
1G7 of all ranks including the governor being executed. 

Aug. 21. Rebellion of the Neapolitan provinces Aug. 17 ; Gar- 
ibaldi lands in Naples and occupies Reggie Aug. 19; the 
fort of Reggio surrenders to him. 

Aug. 27. Garibaldi accepts the title of Dictator of the Two 
Sicilies. 

Sept. 7. Departure of Francis II. king of the Two Sicilies 
from Naples Sept 6 ; entrance of Garibaldi. 

Sept. 9. Victor Emanuel proclaimed king of Italy at Naples. 

Sept. 15. Garibaldi expels the Jesuits from Naples, and 
declares the States of the Crown national property. 

July 24-Sept. 20. Visit of the Prince of Wales to the United 
States and Canada. 

Sept. 18-21. Advance of the allied English and French forces 
towards Pekin ; battles of Chang-kia-wan and Pa-li-chau. 

Oct. 1. Defeat of the Neapolitans by Garibaldi at Volturno. 

Oct. 18. Garibaldi publishes a decree stating that Naples 
ought to be incorporated with the Italian kingdom. 

Oct. 21. The Neapolitans vote in fivor of the annexation of 
their country to the Sardinian States. 

A new constitution promulgated by the " Imperial Diploma " 
of the Emperor of Austria. 

Oct. 26. Protest of Spain against the Sardinian invasion of 
the territories of the Pope ; she recalls her minister from 
Turin. 

Oct. Advance of the French and Turks against Lebanon ; 
surrender of fourteen Emirs. 

Nov. 3. Sicily votes by a large majority (432,054 for and 667 
agaiast) for annexation to Sardinia. 

Commencement of the siege of Gaeta, Naples. Battle of Gar- 
igliano. 

Nov 5. Evacuation of Pekin by the allied English and French 
forces. 

Deaths in the United States this year. Samuel G. Goodrich, 
" Peter Parley," author, aged 67 years. Chauncy A. Good- 
rich, scholar and divine aged 70 years. Theodore Parker, 
Unitarian clergyman and author aged 50 years. J. Addison 
Alexander, theologian and commentator aged 51 years. 



244 modern synchronology. 

Twelfth Period. 

from the great rebellion to january 18g9. 

AD. 

1860 Nov. 6. Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, and Hannibal Hamlin 
of Maine, elected President and Vice President of the U. S. 
by the votes of all the northern states except New Jersey, 
which chose 4 electors for Douglas and 3 for Lincoln. 

This election is made the pretext for rebellion and secession of 
the cotton states. 

Nov. 7. The news of Mr. Lincoln's election received at Charles- 
ton, South Carolina, with cheers for a Southern Confeder- 
acy. The "Palmetto Flag" hoisted on the vessels in the 
harbor. 

Nov. 9. An attempt to seize the arms in Fort Moultrie. 

Nov. 10. A bill was introduced into the South Carolina Legis- 
lature to raise and equip 10,000 men. The Legislature 
also ordered the election of a convention, to consider the 
question of secession. Jas. Chester, United States Senator 
from South Carolina, resigned. 

Nov. 11. Senator Hammond, of South Carolina, resigned. 

Nov. 18. Georgia Legislature appropriated SI, 000, 000 to arm 
the state. Major Anderson sent to Fort Moultrie to relieve 
Colonel Gardner. 

Dec. 1. Florida Legislature ordered the election of a conven- 
tion. Great secession meeting in Memphis. 

Dec. 3. Congress met. The President denied the right of a 
state to secede, and asserted the right of the general govern- 
ment to coerce a seceding state. 

Dec. 10. Howell Cobb, Secretary of the Treasury, resigned. 
Senator Clay, of Alabama, resigned. 

Dec. 13. An extra session of the Cabinet was held to consider 
the question of reinforcing Fort Moultrie ; the President op- 
posed it, and reinforcements were not sent. 

Dec. 14. General Cass, Secretary of State, resigned. 

Dec. 18. The Crittenden Compromise introduced in the United 
States Senate. 

Dec. 20. South Carolina Convention adopted a secession ordi- 
nance; the vote unanimous. 

Dec. 22. The Crittenden Compromise voted down in the Sen- 
ate committee of thirteen. 

Dec. 24. South Carolina members of Congress resigned. 

Dec. 26. Major Anderson left Fort Moultrie and took posses- 
sion of Fort Sumter. He had with him only 111 men. 
South Carolina Commissioners arrived in Washington. The 
President refused to see them. 

Dec. 27. Revenue cutter, William Aiken, surrendered to the 
South Carolina authorities. 

Dec. 28. South Carolina seized the Government property in 
Chavleston, took possession of Castle Pinckney and Ft. Moultrie. 



TWELFTH PERIOD — 1860-1869. 245 

Dec. 29. John B. Floyd, Secretary of War, resigned. 

Dec. 31. South Carolina sent commissioners to the slave states 
to make arrangements for a Southern Confederacy. 

Deaths during the year in the U. S. 

J. A. Alexander, W. E. Burton, C. A. Goodrich, S. Gr. Good- 
rich, Theodore Parker, J. K. Paulding, W. C Preston. 

Deaths in Europe during the same year : 

Sir C. Barry, Lady Noel Byron, G. P. R. James, Anna Jame- 
son, Jullien, Sir W. Napier, Baden Powell, H. H. Wilson. 
1861 Jan. 2. Governor Ellis of North Carolina took possession of 
Fort Macon. Georgia troops seized Forts Pulaski and Jack- 
son, and the United States arsenal at Savannah. 

Jan. 4. Governor Moore of Alabama seized Fort Morgan and 
the United States arsenal at Mobile. 

Fast day, by proclamation of the President. 

Jan. 8. Jacob Thompson, Secretary of the Interior, resigned. 

Jan. 9. The steamer, Star of the West, fired on by rebel bat- 
teries in Charleston harbor, and driven back. 

Mississippi Convention passed secession ordinance by vote of 
84 to 15. 

Jan. 10. Florida Convention adopted an ordinance of secession 
by a vote of 62 to 7 : Florida seized Fort McRae. 

Jan. 11. Alabama seceded; vote in Convention, ayes 61, 
noes 39. P. B. Thomas, Secretary of the Treasury, resigned, 
and was succeeded by John A. Dix of New York 

Jan. 13. Florida troops take possession of the Pensacola Navy 
Yard and Fort Barancas. 

Jan. 18. The Legislature of Virginia appropriated $1,000,000 
for the defease of the state. 

Jan. 19. Georgia adopted a secession ordinance by vote of 208 
to 89. 

Jan. 21. Members of Congress from Alabama resigned. Jef- 
ferson Davis resigned his seat in the Senate. 

Jan. 23. Georgia members of Congress resigned. 

Jan. 24. The rebels seized the U. S. arsenal at Augusta, 
Georgia. 

Jan. 26. Louisiana Legislature passed secession ordinance by 
vote of 113 to 17. 

Jan. 30. North Carolina Legislature submitted the conven- 
tion question to the people. This was the first instance 
of the will of the people being consulted in regard to the 
question of secession. 

The revenue cutters Cass, at Mobile, and McLelland, at New 
Orleans, surrendered to the rebel authorities. 

Feb. 1. Texas Convention passed an ordinance of secession 
by vote of 166 to 7, to be submitted to the people. 

The Louisiana authorities seized the Mint and Custom House 
at New Orleans. 

Feb. 4. Delegates from the seceded states met at Montgom- 
ery, Alabama, to organize a confederate government. 

Peace Congress met at Washington ; ex-President Tyler was 



246 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A.D. 

1861 chosen President. A stormy session followed, accomplishing 
no good result. 

Feb. 8. The U. S. arsenal at Little Rock surrendered to Ar- 
kansas. 

Feb. 9. Jefferson Davis and A. H. Stevens elected provisional 
President and Vice President of the Southern Confederacy. 

Feb. 13. The electoral vote counted. Abraham Lincoln re- 
ceived 180 votes, Stephen A. Douglas 12, John C. Brecken- 
ridge72, and John Bell 39. 

Gaeta surrenders to Victor Emanuel's troops. 

The king of Naples escapes on board a French frigate. 

End of the Bourbon Rule in Italy. 

Feb. — The Italian Parliament declares Victor Emanuel 
King of Italy. 

Feb. 19. Fort Kearney, Kansas, seized by the rebels. 

Feb. 23. General Twiggs surrendered Government property 
in Texas, valued at $1,200,000, to the rebels. 

March 1, General Twiggs expelled from the army. 

Peace Congress adjourned. 

March 4. Inauguration of Lincoln, President U. S. 

The ordinance of secession passed by the Texas Convention and 
submitted to the people, having been adopted by a majority 
of about 40,000, the Convention declared the state out of 
the Union. 

March 5. General Beauregard took command of the troops at 
Charleston. 

March 6. Fort Brown on the Rio Grande was surrendered by 
special agreement. The Federal troops evacuated the fort 
and sailed for Key West and Tortugas. 

March 28. Vote of Louisiana on secession made public. For 
secession 20,448, against it 17,926. 

March 30. Mississippi Convention ratified the Confederate 
Constitution by a vote of 78 to 70. 

March 31. Italy recognized by England. 

April 3. South Carolina Convention ratified the Confederate 
Constitution by a vote of 114 to 16. 

April 7. All intercourse between Fort Sumter and Charleston 
stopped by order of Beauregard. 

The steamer Atlantic sailed from New York with troops and 
supplies. 

April 12. Bombardment of Fort Sumter commenced by the 
rebels. 

April 13. The bombardment of Fort Sumter continued ; early 
in the day the oflScers' quarters were fired by a shell ; by noon 
most of the wood work was on fire; Sumter's fire was almost 
silenced when General Wigfall came with a flag of truce and 
arrangements were made for evacuating the fort. 

April 14. Major Anderson and his men sailed for New York. 

April 15. The President issued a proclamation commanding 
all persons in arms against the Government to disperse with- 



TWELFTH PERIOD — 1860-1869. 247 

A..D. 

1861 in twenty days; also calling for 75,000 volunteers. The 
New York Legislature authorized the raising of $3,000,000 
for their equipment and support. 

April 16. The Governors of Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee 
and Missouri, refused to furnish troops under the President's 
proclamation. The Confederate Government called for 32,- 
000 men. 

April 17. "Virginia Convention adopted secession ordinance 
in secret session by a vote of 60 to 53, to be submitted to 
the people on the fourth Thursday of May. Forces were 
sent to seize the U. S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and the 
Gosport Navy Yard. 

Jefferson Davis issued a proclamation offering letters of marque 
and reprisal to all who wished to engage in privateering. 

April 18. U. S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry destroyed by Lieu- 
tenant Jones, to prevent its falling into the hands of the en- 
emy. Colonel Coke with 400 men of the 25th Pennsylvania 
regiment arrived in Washington. These were the first troops 
to enter the city for its defence. 

April 19. Steamer Star of the West, seized by the rebels at 
Indianola, Texas. 

The 6th Massachusetts regiment, while passing through Balti- 
more, was attacked by a mob; two soldiers were killed. 
The troops fired upon the mob, killing eleven and wounding 
many. President Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring 
the ports of South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, 
Louisiana and Texas in a state of blockade. 

April 20. The U. S. arsenal at Liberty, Mo. seized by the se- 
cessionists and the arms distributed among the surrounding 
counties. The Gosport Navy Yard destroyed by General 
McCauley, to keep it from the rebels ; the war vessels Dela- 
ware, Pennsylvania, Columbia, Germantown, Merrimac, Rar- 
itan, Dolphin and United States were scuttled and set on 
fire ; the Cumberland was towed out. 

The 4th Massachusetts regiment arrived at Fortress Monroe. 

April 21. Federal Government took possession of the Phila- 
delphia and Baltimore Railroad. Senator Andrew Johnson 
of Tennesee, mobbed at Lynchburg, Va. Harper's Ferry ar- 
senal burned by its garrison. 

April 22. U. S. arsenal at Fayetteville, N. C, seized by the 
rebels. Arkansas seized the arsenal at Napoleon. 

April 24. Fort Smith, Arkansas, seized by the rebels under 
Senator Boland. 

April 25. Major Libby surrendered 450 U. S. troops to the 
rebel Colonel Van Dorn, at Saluria, Texas. 

Governor Letcher proclaims Virginia a member of the Southern 
Confederacy. 

Api'il 27. The blockade extended to the ports of North Caro- 
lina and Virginia. All officers of the army were required to 
take the oath of allegiance. 



248 MODERN STNCHRONOLOGT. 

A.D. 

18C1 April 29. Tlie Maryland House of Delegates voted against se- 
cession, 63 to 13. 

May 1, North Carolina Legislature passed a bill calling a 
State Convention to meet on the 20th of May. The Legis- 
lature of Tennessee passed an act, in secret session, authoriz- 
ing the Governor to form a league with the Southern Con- 
federacy. 

President Lincoln called for 42,000 three years volunteers ; 
22,000 troops for the regular army and 18,000 seamen. 

May 4. Gen. McClellan placed in command of the department 
of Ohio, comprising the states of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. 

May 5. Gen. Butler took possession of the Relay House, 
Maryland. 

May 6. Arkansas Convention passed an ordinance of secession, 
by vote of 69 to 1. Tennessee Legislature adopted secession 
ordinance in secret session, to be submitted to a vote of the 
people. 

May 11. Blockade of Charleston, S. C, established by the 
steamer Niagara. 

May 13. Queen Victoria's proclamation of " neutrality " in 
the American conflict. 

May 16. General Scott ordered the fortification of Arlington 
Hights. 

May 18. Military Department of Virginia created, compris- 
ing Eastern Virginia, North and South Carolina; head- 
quarters at Fortress Monroe, commander, General Butler. 

May 20. Telegraphic dispatches throughout the North seized 
by order of the Government. North Carolina secession or- 
dinance adopted. Governor Magoffin proclaimed the neu- 
trality of Kentucky. 

May 21. Tennessee secedes. 

May 22. Fortifications of Ship Island destroyed to keep them 
from the enemy. 

May 24. Thirteen thousand troops crossed the Potomac into 
Virginia. Alexandria occupied by Federal troops. Colonel 
Ellsworth shot by Jackson ; the murderer was instantly killed. 
Arlington Hights occupied by Union troops. 

May 26. The port of New Orleans was blockaded by the sloop 
of war Brooklyn. All postal service in the seceded states 
suspended. 

June 1. Lieutenant Tompkins, with 47 men, attacked the 
rebels at Fairfax Court House, killing Captain Marr and sev- 
eral others. Union loss, two killed. 

The steamers Freeborn and Anacosta engaged the batteries at 
Aquia Creek, the second time. 

June 3. Colonel Kelly defeated the rebels at Phillippi, Va., 
killing 15 ; Colonel Kelly was severely wounded. 

Hon. S. A. Douglas died at Chicago. 

General Beauregard arrived and assumed command of the Con- 
federate forces at Manassas Junction, Va. 



TWELFTH PERIOD — 1860-1869. 249 

A.D. 

1861 June 10. Battle of Big Bethel. Three regiments of Union 

troops, under the coiumaud of Gen. Pierce, were defeated 

with a loss of 16 killed, among them Major Winthrop, and 

41 wounded. 

Neutrality in the American conflict proclaimed by Napoleon 

June 14. Rebels evacuated Harper's Ferry after destroying 
all available property. 

June 15. Brig Perry arrived at New York with the privateer 
Savannah. 

June 17. Wheeling Convention unanimously declared "West- 
ern Virginia independent of the rebel portion of the state. 
Gen. Lyon defeated the rebels at Boonville, Mo., .with a 
loss of about 30 killed and 50 wounded ; Union loss 2 killed 
and 9 wounded. 

June 20. Gen. McClellan assumed command in person of the 
army in Western Virginia. 

June 23. Forty-eight locomotives belonging to the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad, valued at $400,000, were destroyed by 
the rebels. 

June 24. The United States gunboat, Pawnee, attacked the 
rebel battery at Mathias Point. A spy arrested at Wash- 
ington with full details of the number of troops and batteries, 
and the best plan of attack on the city. 

Italy recognized by France. 

June 26. The President acknowledged the Wheeling govern- 
ment of Virginia. 

June 27. The steamers Pawnee, Resolute, and Freeborn made 
a second attack on the rebel battery at Mathias Point ; Cap- 
tain Ward, commanding the Federal force, was killed. 

June 29. The rebel privateer, Sumter, escaped from New Or- 
leans. The rebels made a dash at Harper's Ferry, destroy- 
ing several boats and a railroad bridge. 

July — First War Loan of the U. S. Government, $250,000,000. 

July 2. General Patterson defeated the Confederates at Fall- 
ing Water, Va. ; Union loss, 3 killed and 10 wounded. 

July 4. Congress met in extra session. 

July 5. Battle of Carthage, Mo. Confederates were com- 
manded by Gov. Jackson, the Federal troops numbering 
1600, by Col. Sigel. Col. Sigel retreated to Spring-field. 
Union loss 13 killed and 31 wounded. 

July 6. Gen. Fremont-appointed to the command of the West- 
ern Department, consisting of the state of Illinois and the 
states and territories west of the Mississippi and east of the 
Rocky Mountains. Headquarters at St. Louis. 

July 10. Skirmishing at Laurel Hill, Virginia; rebels defeat- 
ed. Union lossf 2 killed and 2 wounded. 

July 11. J. M. Mason and R. M. Hunter of Va., T. L. Cling- 
ham and Thomas Bragg of North Carolina, L. T. Wigfall 
and J. U. Hemphill of Texas, C B. Mitchell and W. K. Se- 



250 MODERN STNCHRONOLOGY. 

A.D. 

1861 bastian of Arkansas and 0. A. S. Nicholson of Tennessee, 
expelled from the U. S. Senate. 

July 12. Battle of Rich Mountain. The Federal troops, un- 
der command of Col. Rosecrans, defeated the enemy under 
Col. Pegram. Rebel loss 150 killed and wounded, and 800 
prisoners. 

July 13. The Confederates under Gen. Garnett, were defeat- 
ed at Carrick's Ford, Virginia. The rebel General Garnett 
was killed. Union loss 2 killed and 10 wounded. 

Battle of Screytown, Va. The Federals under Colonel Lowe, 
were defeated with a loss of 9 killed and 40 wounded and 
missing. 

July 16. Tilgham, a negro, killed three of a rebel prize crew 
on the S. J. Warring, and brought the vessel into New York. 
President Lincoln authorized to caU out the militia and ac- 
cept the services of 500,000 men. 

July 18. Fight at Blackburn Ford. The Federal troops un- 
der command of Gen. Tyler made the attack, but after three 
hours' fighting were ordered back to Centerville ; their loss 
was 19 killed and 64 wounded and missing. 

The Department of Maryland created, and General John A. 
Dix placed in command, headquarters at Baltimore, 

July 19. Gen. Banks superseded Gen. Patterson, headquarters 
in the field. 

July 20. The Confederate Congress met at Riclunond. 

July 21. Battle of Bull Run. The army of the Potomac, 
about 45,000 strong, under command of Brig. Gen. McDow- 
ell, which left Washington July 17, attacked the rebels 
about equal in numbers, at Manassas, Va., where they occu- 
pied a strong position. The chances at first were in favor of 
the Federals, but the rebels receiving large reinforcements 
under General Johnston, the scale was turned. Panic seized 
upon the Union troops, and they commenced a disorderly re- 
treat towards Washington. The Union loss, 481 killed 1011 
wounded, 1216 missing. -Rebel loss, as reported by General 
Beauregard, 269 killed and 1483 wounded. 

July 22. General McClellan took command of the army of 
the Potomac. 

Three months Volunteers began to return home. 

Aug. 1. The rebels retreated from Harper's Ferry to Lees- 
burg. 

Aug. 2. General Lyon defeated the Confederates at Dug 
Spring, Missouri. Union loss was 8 killed and 30 wounded. 

The vessels engaged in a contraband trade with the rebels of 
Virginia and North Carolina were destroyed in Pocomoke 
Sound. 

Aug. 3. Congress passed a bill for raising $20,000,000, by di- 
rect taxation, and the Confiscation bill. 

Aug. 5. Commodore Alden bombarded Galveston, Texas. 

Aug. 6. The extra session of Congress closed. 



TWELFTH PERIOD— 1860-1869. 251 

A. D. 

1861 Aug. 7. The village of Hampton, Virginia, destroyed by the 
rebels. The privateer York burned by tlie U. S. gunboat 
Union ; crevf taken prisoners. 

Aug. 10. Gen. Lyon with 5,000 troops attacked a confeder- 
ate force double that of his own at Wilson Creek, near 
Springfield, Missouri. After a hard fight of six hours. Gen. 
Lyon being killed, the Union troops under the command of 
Col. Sigel and Maj. Sturgis retired to Springfield. 

Aug. 12. President Lincoln appointed the 30th of Sept. as a 
fast day. 

Aug. 14. Gen. Fremont declared martial law in St. Louis. 

Aug. 16. Gen. Wool took command at Fortress Monroe. 

President Lincoln interdicts all commercial relations with the 
seceded States. 

22. Death of the emperor Hien-fung of China and accession of 
his son Tsai-sun who assumes the name of Ki-tsiang. 

Aug. 26. The 7th Ohio regiment 900 strong were surprised 
at Summerville, Virginia, but fought their way out with a 
loss of 6 officers. The Hatteras expedition sailed. 

Aug. 29. Capture of forts Hatteras and Clark, N. C. ; rebel 
loss about 1,000, Federal loss none. 

War announced between Buenos Ayres and the Argentine 
Confederation. 

Sept. 1. Fight at Boonville, Virginia ; the rebels were defeated 
and the town destroyed. Union loss 6 wounded. 

Sept. 6. Gen. Grant took possession of Paducah, Ky. 

Sept. 10. Gen. Rosecrans with 4,500 troops attacked the reb- 
els under Floyd near Carnifex Ferry. After several hours' 
fighting darkness put an end to the contest. During the 
night Floyd retreated burning the bridge over Gauley river. 

Sept. 11. President Lincoln modified General Fremont's eman- 
cipation proclamation. 

Sept. 12. Fight at Cheat Mountain. Col. J. A. Washington 
proprietor of Mount Vernon was killed. Union loss 9 killed 
and 12 wounded. 

Sept. 15. An Exhibition of Italian Industry opened at Flor- 
ence by Victor Emanuel. 

Sept. 18. Maryland legislature closed by provost marshal ; se- 
cession members sent to Fort McHenry. 

Sept. 21. John C. Breckenridge fled from Frankfort, Ky. and 
joined the rebels. Gen. Lane defeated a rebel force at Pa- 
pinsville, Mo. Federal loss 17 killed. 

Sept. 23. Capture of Lexington, Mo. by the rebels after a siego 
of four months. 

Oct. 3. Gen. Reynolds made an armed reconnoissance of tha 
enemy's position at Greenbriar. The Confederates evacuated 
Lexington, Missouri. 

Oct. 5. The steamer Monticello shelled the rebels at Chicama- 
comico, under Barlow and drove them to their boats. 

Oct. 7. The rebel iron-clad steamer Merrimac made its first 



252 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

appearance within sight of Fortress Monroe. 
1861 Oct. 9. Confederates made an attack on Santa Rosa Island, 
but were defeated. Union loss was 13 killed and 21 wounded. 

Col. Geary, with 400 Pennsylvanian troops, crossed the Poto- 
mac at Harper's Ferry and captured 21,000 bushels of 
wheat. 

Oct. 11. Rebel steamer Theodore escaped from Charleston, 
South Carolina, with Mason and Slidell on board. 

Oct. 18. Coronation of William I. of Prussia and Queen Au- 
gusta at Konigsberg. 

Oct. 21. Fight at Frederictown, Missouri. The confederates 
defeated. Union loss 6 killed and about 60 wounded. 

Canton restored to the Chinese by the British. 

Battle of Ball's Bluff. Union forces commanded by Col. Baker. 
Gen. Stone failed to cross the Potomac to his support, and 
after a severe fight, in which Col. Baker was killed, the Fed- 
erals retreated. Union loss was 223 killed, 266 wounded, and 
455 prisoners, including 100 wounded. 

Gen. Zollicoffer, with 6,000 Confederates attacked the Unionists 
at Camp Wild Cat, Laurel county, Ky., and was repulsed. 
Union loss 4 killed and 21 wounded. 

Oct. 22. Skirmish at Buffalo Mills, Mo. Rebels lost 17 killed 
and 90 prisoners. 

Oct. 25. Gen. Kelley defeated the enemy at Romuey, Vir- 
ginia. 

The churches in Warsaw closed by the priests Oct. 17 ; de- 
parture of Count Lambert, the governor of Warsaw, from 
that town Oct. 23; assassination of the military governor, 
Gen. Gerstenzweig, by the Poles. 

Oct. 26. Gallant charge of Maj. Zagonyi, with 150 of Fre- 
mont's body guard on a large force of rebels near Springfield, 
Mo. The enemy was routed with a loss of 106 killed and 
27 prisoners. Union loss 52 killed and wounded. 

Oct. 26. Gen. Lane captured a rebel transportation train near 
Butler, Mo. 

Oct. 29. The second naval expedition, consisting of 80 vessels 
and 15,000 men sailed from fortress Monroe. The naval 
force was commanded by Commodore Dupont; the land 
forces were commanded by Gen. Sherman. 

Nov. 1. General Scott resigned as commandei--in-chief of the 
armies of the United States. Gen. McClellan was appointed 
in his place. Gen. Benham defeated the rebels at Gauley 
Bridge, Va. 

Nov. 2. Gen. Hunter superseded Gen. Fremont in the com- 
' mand of the Western department. The Confederate schoon- 

er Bermuda ran the blockade at Savannah. 

Nov. 6. The kingdom of Italy recognized by the Belgian gov- 
ernment. 

Nov. 7. The naval and military forces under the command of 
Commodore Dupont and Gen. Sherman, captured Forts 



TWELFTH PERIOD— 1860-1869. 253 



A.D. 



Walker and Beauregard at Port Royal entrance. They also 
took possession of the town of Beaufort and Hilton Island. 
The Union loss was 8 killed and 25 wounded. 
1861 Gen. Grant with a force of 2,800 attacked a rebel caiap at Bel- 
mont, Mo. driving the enemy out, destroying the camp and 
taking a quantity of arms; but reinforcements arriving at 
Columbus the Federals were compelled to retreat ; their loss 
was 84 killed, 288 wounded and 235 missing. 

Nov. 11. Death of Pedra V. king of Portugal and accession of 
his brother Louis Philippe duke of Oporto ; Ferdinand II. 
husband of the late queen Maria II. acting as regent. 

<xuyandotte, Va. burned by the Unionists. Gen. HuUeck takes 
command of the Western department. 

Nov. 15. The U. S. frigate San Jacinto, Capt. Wilkes, arrived 
at Fortress Monroe with Mason and Slidell the rebel commis- 
sioners to Europe, taken from the British mail steamer Trent 
Nov. 8. 

Nov. 18. Confederate Congress met. 

Nov. 21. The U. S. vessel Santee captured the privateer Royal 
Yacht oiF Galveston, Texas. 

Nov. 23. Fort Pickens and the U. S. war vessels Niagara and 
Colorado bombarded the rebel fortifications at Peusacola. 

Port of Warrenton burnt. 

Nov. 27. Gen. McClellan directed the observance of the Sab- 
bath in all the camps of the U. S. army. 

Nov. 30. Lord Lyons the British minister at Washington re- 
ceives instructions from Earl Russell to leave America with- 
in seven days unless the United States government consent 
to the unconditional liberation of Messrs. Mason and Slidell. 

Jefferson Davis elected President of the Confederate States. 

Dec. 3. Congress met. 

Dec. 4. John C. Breckenridge expelled from the U. S. Senate. 

Dec. 5. Engagement between the rebel gunboats and the Fed- 
eral vessels at Cape Hatteras. According to the reports of 
the Secretaries of War and Navy the Union forces numbered 
640,537 volunteers, 20,334 regular soldiers, and 22,000 sea- 
men. 

Dec. 9. The Confederate Congress passed a bill admitting 
Kentucky into the Southern Confederacy. Freestone Point, 
Va. shelled by the National gunboats and captured. 

Dec. 13. Engagement at Camp Alleghany, Va. in which Gen. 
Milroy defeated the rebels under Col. Johnson. Union loss 
21 killed and i07 wounded. 

Dec. 16. The English and French governments despatch an 
ultimatum to Mexico Nov. 24. Departure of the English 
ambassador from the city of Mexico ', of the French ambas- 
sador Dec. 7. 

Dec. 17. Fight at Munfordsville, Ky. Drawn battle. Union 
loss 10 killed and 17 wounded. Gen. Pope captured 360 se- 
cessionists at Osceola, Mo. 



254 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1861 Dec. 18. Gen. Pope captured 1,300 rebels, a number of horses 
and wagons, and 1,000 stand of arms at 31illford, Mo. Union 
loss 2 killed and 17 wounded. Stone fleet sunk in Charleston 
harbor. 

Dec 20. Battle of Drainsville, Va. in which the rebels were 
defeated by the Union troops under Gen. McCall. Union 
loss 7 killed and 61 wounded. 

Dec. 23. Troops despatched to Canada by the British govern- 
ment as a precaution against aggression by the United States. 

Death of Prince Albert of England Dec. 14 : his funeral takes 
place in the vaults of St. George's Chapel, Windsor. 

Dec. 30. The New York banks suspend cash payments. 

Death of Stephen A. Douglas, U. S. Senator aged 43 years. 
1862. Jan. 1. Mason and Slidell left Fort AVarren for England in 
the British steamer Rinaldo. 

Jan. 4. Gen. IMilroy defeated the rebels at Huntersville, Va. 
and captured $80,000 worth of stores. 

Jan. 6. Pope Pius IX. pronounces an allocution at Rome in 
favor of the temporal power. 

Jan 7. Rebels defeated at Romney. 

Jan. 8. Gen. Palmer defeated the rebels at Silver Creek, Mo. 
Union loss 4 killed and 18 wounded. 

Jan. 10. Col. Garfield defeated the rebels under Humphrey 
Marshall at Prestouburg, Ky. 

Jan. 11. The Burnside expedition sailed from Fortress Mon- 
roe. Naval engagement on the Mississippi between the 
Union steamers Essex and St. Louis, and four rebel boats ; 
the latter were compelled to seek protection under the bat- 
teries at Columbus. Simon Cameron resigned his position 
as Secretary of War and E. M. Stanton appointed in his 
place. 

Jan. 18. The new Legislative Council of India meets for the 
first time. 

Jan. 19. Battle of Mill Spring, Ky. This battle was fought 
between 3,000 Union troops under Gen. Schoep, and rebels 
under Gen. Zollicofier. The enemy were defeated and Gen. 
Zollicofier killed. Union loss 39 killed and 127 wounded. 

Jan. 27. Death of Thomas Hartwell Home, English divine 
aged 82 years. 

Jan. 29. Arrival of a British naval and French military expe- 
dition at Vera Cruz Jan. 7 ; the Allies address a proclama- 
tion to the Mexican people Jan. 10 ; discontented with the 
reply of the Mexican government they march towards the 
city of Mexico. 

Feb. 3. The Federal government decided that the crews of the 
captured privateers were to be considered as prisoners of war. 

Feb. 4. Terrible inundation of the Danube causing great dis- 
tress. 

Feb. 5. Jesse D. Bright expelled from the U. S. Senate. 

Feb. 6. Com. Foote with 7 gunboats attacked Fort Henry on 



TWELFTH PERIOD 1860-1869. 255 



A. D. 



the Tennessee river. The rebel commander Gen. Tilglaman 
made an unconditional surrender. 
1862 Feb. 8. Gen. Burnside captured six forts on Roanoke Island, 
taking about 3,000 small arms and destroying all the Confed- 
erate fleet except two vessels. Union loss was 50 killed and 
212 wounded. 2.500 prisoners and a large quantity of am- 
munition were captured. 

Feb. 10. Elizabeth City, N. C. surrendered to Gen. Burnside. 

The Federal gunboats ascended the Tennessee river as far as 
Florence, Ala. capturing three and destroying six rebel boats. 

Feb. 13. Gen. Curtis took possession of Springfield, Mo. 

Feb. 14. Com. Foote attacked Fort Donelson with the gun- 
boats but was compelled to withdraw. 

Feb. 15. The attack on Fort Donelson renewed by the land 
forces under Gen. Grant numbering 40,000. Bowling Green 
evacuated by the rebels. 

Feb. IG. Gen. Buckner made an unconditional surrender of 
Fort Donelson and the troops under his command. Between 
12,000 and 15,000 prisoners, 40 cannon, and a large amount 
of stores were captured. Union loss was 321 killed, 1,046 
wounded and 150 missing. Skirmish at Independence, Mo. 

Feb. 21. Desperate fight at Fort Craig, New Mexico, between 
the Union troops under Col. Canby and the Texans. The 
Federals were defeated with a loss of 62 killed and 162 
wounded. 

Feb. 22. Jefierson Davis inaugurated President and A. H. 
Stephens Vice President of the Southern Confederacy. 

Feb. 24. Nashville, Tenn. occupied by the Union troops. 

Feb. 27. Columbus evacuated by the Confederates. 

March 1. Defeat of the Tae-ping rebels by Chinese forces as- 
sisted by the English and French, at Shanghai. 

Fight at Pittsburg Landing between two Union gunboats and 
a rebel battery. 

March 4. Brunswick, Ga., Fort Clinch, Fernandina and St. 
Mary's, Fla. were captured by Com. Dupont. Andrew John- 
son appointed military governor of Tennessee. 

March 6. President Lincoln proposes a plan of pecuniary as- 
sistance for the emancipation of the slaves in such states as 
should adopt an abolition policy. 

March 8. Battle of Pea liidge. Total defeat of the enemy. 
Union loss was 212 killed and 920 wounded. The rebel 
steamers Merrimac, Jamestown and Yorktown attacked the 
Federal fleet at Hampton Roads destroying the Cumberland 
and the Congress and damaging several other vessels. 

March 9. Battle between the Confederate iron-clad Merrimac 
and the Federal floating battery Monitor ; the former com- 
pelled to retire. This the first contest between iron-clads 
which the world had ever seen was studied by the naval de- 
partments of all civilized powers, and a reaction took place 
against wooden vessels. 



256 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1862 March 11. Gen. McClellan, took command of the army of the 
Potomac, Gen. Fremont of the Mountain department and 
Gen. Halleck of the department of the Mississippi. 

Manassas occupied by Union troops. 

March 12. Com. Dupont took possession of Jacksonville, Fla. 

The rebels driven from their works at Paris, Tenn. 

March 13. The Confederates evacuated their works at New 
Madrid, Mo. in such haste as to leave 25 pieces of artillery 
■I and a large quantity of military stores, valued at ^1,000,- 

000. 

March 14. Gen. Burnside attacked the rebels in their fortifica- 
tion at Newbern, N. C. After a fight of four hours the enemy 
retreated, leaving a large quantity of amunition, provisions and 
stores in the hands of the victors. The Union loss was 91 
killed and 466 wounded. 

March 16. Commodore Foote commenced the attack on Island 
No. 10. Rebels defeated at Cumberland Mountain, Ky. 

March 18. Rebel fortifications at Acquia Creek evacuated. 
Confederates defeated at Salem, Ark. 

March 23. Battle of Winchester, Va. The rebels were de- 
feated and retreated to Strasburg, leaving their dead and 
wounded upon the field. The Union loss was 103 killed and 
440 wounded. 

March 27. The Italian government orders the amalgamation 
of Garibaldi's volunteers with the regular army. 

March 28. Fight at Pigeon Ranch, New Mexico, between 3,- 
000 Union troops under Col. Hough and 1,100 Texans. The 
battle was a drawn one. 

April 3. Admiral James Clark Ross, English arctic navigator 
died aged 62 years. 

April 6. Battle of Shiloh. The rebels under Gens. Johnson 
and Beauregard attacked Gen. Grant's army at Pittsburg 
Landing. The Union forces were driven back to the river 
and a number of prisoners captured. 

April 7. The battle of Shiloh renewed. Gen. Buel arrived 
during the night with reinforcements. The battle lasted 
throughout the day with varied success, but the rebels were 
finally defeated and driven to their fortifications at Corinth. 
The Federal loss was 1,614 filled, 7,721 wounded and 3,956 
missing. The rebel general Johnson was killed. 

April 8. Island No. 10 captured; 5,000 prisoners, 100 siege 
guns, 24 pieces of field artillery, 5,000 stands of small arms, 
2,000 hogsheads of sugar and a large quantity of clothing, 
tents and ammunition. 

April 9. England and Spain decline to commence hostilities 
with Mexico. France insists on the necessity of hostile meas- 
ures. 

April 11. Fort Pulaski commanding the entrance to Savannah 
surrendered after a bombardment of thirty hours. Gen. 
Mitchell occupied Huntsville Ala., taking 200 prisoners, 15 



TWELFTH PERIOD 1860-1869. 257 



A. D. 



locomotives and a large number of cars. Congress passed 
the bill abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia. 
18G2 April 12. Gen. Mitchell captured 2,000 prisoners at Chatta- 
nooga. 

April 16. Tbe French in Mexico declare war against President 
Juarez. 

April 18. The rebels attacked Gen. Smith's division at York- 
town but were repulsed. 

April 19. Fight between Gen. Burnside's troops and the ene- 
my near Elizabeth City, N. C. The latter were defeated. 
Union loss 11 killed. Gen. Reno with 2,000 Union troops de- 
feated the enemy at Camden, N. C. 

April 25. Com. Farragut arrived at New Orleans and took 
possession of the city. Fort Macon, Georgia, surrendered af- 
ter a bombardment of eleven hours. Gen. C. F. Smith died 
at Savannah, Tenn. 

April 28. Forts Jackson and St. Philip surrendered. 

Defeat of the Mexicans by the French in the mountains of 
Coimbres near Aculcingo, Mexico. 

April 29. Gen. Mitchell defeated the rebels at Bridgeport, 
Ala. 

May 1. The International Exhibition opened at London by 
• the duke of Cambridge. 

May 3. The rebels evacuated Yorktown, Jamestown and Mul- 
berry and Gloucester islands, leaving ammunition, camp equi- 
page and 100 guns behind. 

May 5. Battle of Williamsburgh, Va. The Union troops 
were commanded by Gens. Hancock and Hooker. The rebels 
were defeated and retreated in the night towards Richmond. 

The French severely repulsed by the Mexicans in their at- 
tempted assault upon the bights around Puebla. 

May 7. Battle of West Point, Va. Gens. Franklin and Sedg- 
wick, with a force of 20,000 men were attacked by Gen. 
Lee. The rebels were defeated. Union loss about 300 
killed and wounded. 

May 8. Gen. IMilroy attacked the enemy at McDowell's, Va. 
After a fight of five hours he was forced to withdraw. 

May 9. The rebels evacuated Pensacola, and destroyed the 
Navy Yard. 

May 10. The Federal forces took possession of Norfolk, Va. 
Gosport Navy Yard destroyed by the rebels. Gunboat fight 
on the Mississippi, near Fort Wright; the rebels were re- 
pulsed, losing two vessels. 

May 11. The rebels blow up their iron-clad Merrimac to pre- 
vent its capture by the enemy. 

May 12. Natchez, Miss, surrendered to Com. Farragut. 

May 16. The Union gunboats repulsed at Fort Darling. 

May 17. Rebels driven across the Chickahominy at Bottom 
Bridge. 

May 23. Rebels defeated at Lewisburgh, Va. 

17 



258 MODERN SYXCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1862 May 24. Col. Kenley, commanding the Federal troops at Front 
Royal, Va. was attacked by a large force of the enemy and 
defeated with a heavy loss. 

May 25. Gen. Banks defeated at Winchester, Va. and driven 
across the Potomac. * 

May 27. Rebels defeated at Hanover, Va. Union loss 35 
killed and 220 wounded. 

May 29. Rebels evacuated Corinth, Miss. 

May 31. The rebels under Gen. Johnson attacked the left 
wing of the army of the Potomac commanded by Gen. Casey 
at Fair Oaks. Union forces were driven back. 

Corinth taken. 

June 1. Battle of Fair Oaks was renewed. Rebels repulsed. 
Union loss 890 killed and 4,844 wounded. 

June 3. Visit of the Viceroy of Egypt to England. 

June 6. After a naval battle Memphis surrendered to the 
Union troops. 

June 8. Battle of Cross Keys, Va. between Gen. Fremont's 
army and the Confederate army, commanded by Gen. Ja<Ji- 
son. The latter were defeated. 

June 8. The Grand duke Constantine appointed governor of 
Poland. 

June 9. The United States Senate decx-ees the abolition df 
slavery in all the territories of the Union. 

June 16. Fight on James Island near Charleston, S. C. Fed- 
erals defeated. 

June 17. Col. Fitch destroyed a rebel battery at St. Charles, 
Ark. 125 were killed by an explosion on one of the Fed- 
eral gunboats. 

June 18. Union troops occupied Cumberland Gap. 

June 26. Gen. Pope assigned to the command of the army of 
Virginia. Commencement of the six days' fight before Rich- 
mond. The rebels attacked McClellan's right wing at Me- 
chanicsville. Battle undecided. 

June 27. Bombardment of Vicksburg commenced. Gen. Fre- 
mont relieved of his command. Battle before Richmond 
renewed ; the Federals were driven back ; loss heavy on both 
sides. AVhite House evacuated by the Union troops. 

June 28. Incessant fighting all day between the right wing of 
the Union army on the Chickahominy, and the left wing of 
the rebels ; the enemy were repulsed. In the evening the 
Unionists were ordered to fall back. 

June 29. Battle before Richmond renewed by an attack on 
the Union forces at Peach Orchard ; the rebels were driven 
back, but late in the evening made another attack at Savage's 
Station. The fight continued until nine at night. The 
wounded fell into the hands of the enemy. 

June 30. Battle of White Oak Swamp ; heavy loss on both 
sides. 

July 1. Battle of Malvern Hill and last of the Richmond bat- 



TWELFTH PERIOD 1860-1869. 259 



A. D. 



ties. The rebels were repulsed at every point. The Uuion 
loss during the six days' fighting .before Richmond was 1,561 
killed, 7,701 wounded and 5,958 missing. President Lincoln 
calls for 300,000 additional volunteers. 
1862 Marriage of the I'rincess Alice of Great Britain with Prince 
Louis of Heiise. 

July 10. The kingdom of Italy recognized by Prussui. 

July 11. Gen. Halleck appointed commander of all the laud 
forces of the United States. 

July 13. Fight at Murfreesboro, Tenn; Union troops surren- 
dered. Gen. Morgan captured Lebanon, Ky., burned part of 
the town and robbed the bank. 

July 17. President Lincoln sanctions a bill confiscating the 
property and emancipating the slaves of all persons who shall 
continue in arms against the Union for sixty days. 

July 19. Severe skirmish at Memphis, Tenn; Uuion loss 6 
killed and 32 wounded. 

July 21. John S. Phelps appointed military governor of Ar- 
kansas. 

The kingdom of Italy recognized by Prussia. 

July 22. The siege of Vicksburg abandoned. 

July 25. Garibaldi addresses an inflammatory proclamation to 
the Hunsarians from Palermo. 

July 28. Rebels defeated at More's Hill, Mo. 

Aug 3. The rebel general Jeff. Thompson defeated near Mem- 
phis, Tenn. Gen. Halleck ordered Gen. McClellan to evacu- 
ate the Peninsula of Virginia. 

Aug. 4. The Secretary of War ordered a draft of 300,000 
men. The rebel ram Arkansas destroyed by her crew. 

Aug. 5. Gen. Robert McCook murdered by the rebels while 
wounded and riding in an ambulance. The confederate gen- 
eral J. C. Breckenridge made an unsuccessful attack on 
Baton Rouge, La. 

Aug. 9. Battle of Cedar Mountain. Confederates under Gen. 
Jackson attacked Gen. Banks at Cedar Mountain. The con- 
test was short but severe. Gen. Banks held his position 
while the enemy fell back two miles and did not renew the 
fight. 

Aug. 16. Gen. McClellan evacuated Harrison's Landing. 

Aug 19. Gen. Wright placed in command of the department 
of the Ohio. 

Aug. 21. Insurrection of Garibaldi in Sicily Aug. 1 ; he seizes 
Catanea Aug. 20 j the Italian government proclaims Sicily in 
a state of siege. 

Aug. 25. Confederates made an unsuccessful attack on Fort 
Donelson. 

Aug. 26. The rebel general Ewell drove the Union troops 
from Manassas. 

Proclamation of Garibaldi calling on the Italian people to resist 
" arrogant foreign oppressors " Aug. 3 ; he lands at Calabria. 



260 MODERN STNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D 

18G2 Aug. 28. Battle of Reggio. Garibaldi defeats the Sardinians, 

Aug. 29. Battle of Gaiusville or Groveton, Va. The battle 
was opened by Gen. Sigel early in the morning. Gens. Reno 
and Kearney arrived with reinforcements. The fight contin- 
ued until 6 P. M. when the enemy retired. 

Battle of Aspromonte. Garibaldi taken prisoner. 

Aug. 30. Battle of Richmond, Ky. Union troops under Gen. 
Manson defeated with a loss of about 200 killed, 700 wounded 
and 2,000 prisoners. Rebels defeated at Bolivar, Tenn. 

Aug. 30. Second Battle of Bull Run. The Federal forces 
under Gen. Pope defeated. 

Sept 1. Fight at Britton's Lane, Tenn. ; rebels retired leaving 
their dead on the field. Union loss 5 killed, 78 wounded 
and 92 missing. 

Fight at Chantilly, Va. The Union troops were commanded 
by Gens. Hooker, Reno and Kearney. The rebels retired 
leaving their dead and wounded on the field. This was the 
last fight in which Gen. Pope's army was engaged. 

Sept. 2. Gen. McClellan appointed to the command of the 
troops for the defense of Washington. 

Sept. 5. Confederates began crossing t^e Potomac into Mary- 
land. 

Sept. 7. Gen. Banks assigned to the coromand of the| fortifica- 
tions in and around Washington. Gen. McClellan took the 
field at the head of the army of the Potomac. 

Sept. 12. Fight at Middletown, Md. Union loss 80 killed and 
wounded. 

Sept. 14. Gen. McClellan overtook the enemy at South Moun- 
tain, Md. A general engagement took place. The fight was 
severe and the loss heavy on both sides, the Unionists losing 
443 killed and 1,806 wounded. Gen. Reno was among the 
killed. The rebels retreated towards the Potomac. 

Sept. 15. Harper's Ferry surrendered after two days' fighting 
to the enemy with all the garrison, consisting of 8,000 men. 

Sept. 17. Battle of Antietam, Md. This battle was fought on 
Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg; it began early in the 
morning and continued until evening. Armies each number- 
ing nearly 100,000 men. During the night the rebels re- 
ti'eated leaving 3,500 prisoners, 39 stand of colors and 13 
guns in the hands of the victors. The Union loss was 2,010 
killed, 9,416 wounded and 1,043 missing. Robel loss 14,000. 

Cumberland Gap evacuated by the Federals. 

Sept. 18. The rebels reerossed the Potomac into Virginia.hav- 
ing been in Maryland two weeks. Evacuated Harper's Ferry. 

Sept. 19. Gen. Rosecrans commenced an attack on the rebel 
forces at luka, Miss. Rebels evacuated the place during the 
night. The Union loss was 135 killed and 527 wounded. 

Sept. 21. Gen. McCook recaptured Munfordsville, Ky. 

Sept. 22. Proclamation of Gen. Forey commander of the 
French military expedition in Mexico, promising the Mexi- 



D. 



TWELFTU PERIOD — 1860-1869. 261 



cans entire freedom in the choice of a new government. 
President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation issued. 
Sept. 25. Habeas corpus suspended by the United States gov- 
ernment. 
Sept. 27. Fight at Augusta, Ky. The Union gan-ison 120 

strong surrendered after a gallant defense. 
Sept. 29. Gen. Nelson was shot by Gen. Jeff. C. Davis at 

Louisville, Ky. 
Oct. 2. Marriage of Louis I. king of Portugal to Pia youngest 

daughter of Victor Emanuel I. king of Italy. He had been 

married by proxy at Turin Sept. 27. 
Oct. 4. Battle of Corinth, Miss. The rebels were defeated 

with heavy loss. The Union loss was 315 killed and 1,802 

wounded. 
Oct. 6. The rebels attacked Gen. Palmer's brigade at Lavergne, 

Tenn. but were defeated. 
Oct. 8. Battle of Perryville, Ky. The advance of Buell's 

army was attacked at Perryville, Ky. by a superior force of 

the enemy under Gens. Jackson and Terrell. The rebels 

retreated during the night. Union loss was over 3,000 killed 

and wounded. 
Oct. 10. The rebel cavalry under Gen. Stuart entered Chambers- 
burg, Penn. and captured a quantity of small arms and 

clothing. 
Oct. 18. The rebel Gen. Morgan occiipied Lexington, Ky. 
Oct. 19. The rebel Gen. Forrest defeated near Gallatin, Tenn. 
Oct. 22. Kebel salt works in Florida destroyed. Gen. Blunt 

defeated the rebels at Maysville, Ark., capturing all their 

artillery. Fight at Pocotaligo, S. C. 
Oct. 22. An insurrection against Otho L breaks out in the 

western province of Greece, and extends to Athens. 
Oct. 23. A provisional government formed in Greece, and a 

new ministry appointed. 
Oct. 24. 3Iauifesto of Otho I. of Greece, declaring that to 

prevent bloodshed he will at once quit his kingdom ; he em- 
barks on board a British man-of-war. 
Oct. 28- Gen. Herrou defeated the rebels near Fayetteville, 

Ark. 
Oct. 30. Gen. Rosecrans assumed command of the army of 

the Cumberland. Gen. Mitchell died at Port Royal, S. C. 
Nov. 5. ' Gen. McClellan relieved of the command of the army 

of the Potomac and Gen. Burnside succeeds him. 
Nov. 11. Gen. Ransom defeated the rebels under Woodward, 

near Garrettsburg, Ky. 
Nov. 16. President Lincoln enjoined on the United States 

forces the orderly observance of the Sabbath. 
Nov. 17. A cavalry fight took place near Kingston, N. C. 
Nov. 18. An amnesty granted by the emperor of Austria, to 

political offenders condemned by military tribunals In Hun- 

giiry. 



262 MODERN STNCHRONOLOGY. 

A.. D. 

■862 Nov, 22. All political State prisoners released. 

Nov. 28. Battle of Cane Hill, Ark. The Union army, num- 
bering 1,000 men, was couunanded by Gen. Blunt. The 
rebels were defeated with a heavy loss, and retreated to Van 
Buren. 

Dec. 1. The provisional government of Greece decrees the 
election of a new king by universal suflPrage. 

Dec. 6. Gen. Banks' expedition sailed for New Orleans. 

Dee. 7. Battle of Prairie Grove, Ark. The Union army was 
commanded by Gens. Blunt and Herron. The rebels were 
defeated with heavy loss and retreated during the night. 

Dec. 11. The city of Fredericksburg bombarded by the Union 
troops, under cover of which they crossed the Bappahan- 
nock. 

Dec. 13. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va. Rebel works were 
attacked by the Union troops in three divisions, under Sum- 
ner, Hooker and Franklin who were repulsed. Federals lost 
1,512 killed, 6,000 wounded, and 100 prisoners. 

Dec. 14. Gen. Banks superseded Gen. Butler at New Orleans. 

Dec. 16. Gen. Burnside's army removed to the north side of 
the Rappahannock. Gen, Foster defeated the rebels at 
White Hall, N. 0. 

Dec. 17. The Union troops occupied Baton Rouge, La. Gen. 
Foster defeated the rebels at Goldsboro, N. C. destroying the 
railroad bridge. 

Dec. 19. The rebels recaptui'ed Holly Springs, Miss., taking 
the garrison prisoners. 

Dec. 2o. The rebels repulsed by Gen. Sigel at Dumfries, Va. 

Dec. 27. Gen. Sherman attacked the advanced works of the 
enemy about 6 miles from Vicksburg, at the same time the 
gunboats attacked the rebel batteries on Haines' Bluif. 

Dec. 28. Second attack on Vicksburg. The Federals drove 
the rebels from the first and second lines of defense and ad- 
vanced to within two and a half miles of Vicksburg. Gen. 
Blunt entered Van Buren, Ark., capturing four steamboats 
laden with provisions. 

Dec. 29. The rebels attacked Gen. Sherman with their whole 
force, and drove him, back to the first line of defense. 

Dec. 31. Battle of Murfreesboro', or Stone River. The 
Union army numbered 45,000 men under Gen. Rosecrans. 
Gen. McCook's division was driven back four miles and lost 
26 guns ; but reinforcements being sent from the left and 
center, the enemy was in turn repulsed and the lost ground 
regained. West Va. admitted into the Union as a State. 

Dec. Great distress in the French manufacturing districts 
through the cotton famine and the civil war in America. 
1861-1 862. Stuart^ McKinlay, and Landsborough cross Australia 
from sea to sea. 

Dfeatha in the United States in 1862. Cornelius C. Felton, 
scholar and critic, president of Harvard University, aged 55 



TWELFTH PERIOD — 1860-1869. 263 

A-D. 

years. Theodore Frelinghuysen, statesman, aged 75 years. 
18G3 Jan. 1. Gen. Sullivan defeated the rebels under Van Dorn, at 
Hunt's Cross Roads, near Lexington, Tenn. The Union gar- 
rison and the steamer Harriet Lane captured at Galveston, 
Texas. The Westfield destroyed to keep it from falling into 
the hands of the enemy. Com. Renshaw perished with his 
vessel. 

President Lincoln publishes a proclamation confirming his man- 
ifesto of Sept. 22, 1862 and declares all the slaves in the reb- 
el states free, and under the military protection of the United 
States. 

Jan. 3. Since the hard battle of Dec. 31st fighting had been 
going on between the two armies at Murfrecsboro. On the 
night of Jan. 3d the rebels commenced their retreat. The 
following is the official statement of the Union loss at the bat- 
tle of Stone River : killed 1,697, wounded 6,425, and 3,550 
missing. The Federal army withdrew from before Vicks- 
burg. The Union loss in the second attack on Vicksburg 
was about 600 killed, 1,500 wounded and 1,000 missing. 

Jan. 10. Battle of Arkansas Post. The attack was commenced 
Saturday night by the Mississippi squadron under Admiral 
Porter. On the following day the land forces under Gen. 
McClernand joined in the fight and before night all the forti- 
fications were taken. About 7,000 prisoners and a large 
quantity of ammunition were captured. The Union loss was 
about 200 killed and wounded. 

Jan. 13. The French evacuate Tampico, Mexico. 

Jan. 14. The Prussian chambers reassemble; unconciliatory 
address of the king. 

Jan. 18. Death of Said, Viceroy of Egypt, and accession of 
his brother Ismail. 

Jan. 20. The Morning Light and Velocity, blockading Sabine 
City, Texas, were both captured by the rebels. 

Jan. 22. Third attack on Vicksburg. After the capture of 
Arkansas Post Gen. McClernand returned to Vicksburg and 
resumed the siege of that place. 

Jan. 24. Insurrection in Poland ; the kingdom is declared in 
a state of siege. 

Jan. 28, Gen. Burnside relieved of the command of the army 
of the Potomac and Gen. Hooker appointed in his place. 

Gens. Sumner and Franklin were relieved from duty in the 
army of the Potomac. 

Jan. 31. The rebel general Pryor made an attack on the Union 
troops under Gen. Peck at Blackwater, Va. The rebels were 
repulsed. 

Feb. 2. The Federal ram Queen of the West ran the blockade 
at Vicksburg but was captured a few days after by the reb- 
els. 

Feb. 2. The provisional government of Greece resigns the ex- 
ecutive power to the national assembly. 



2G4 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

18G3 Feb. 3. The national assembly of Greece declares the throne 
rightly vacant and announces that Prince Alfred of England 
has been elected king. He is proclaimed but is not permit- 
ted by the English government to accept the crown. 

Feb. 23. The insurgent leader of the Polish insurrection Louis 
Mieroslawski defeated and put to flight by the Russians. 

Feb. 27. The rebel steamer Nashville while attempting to run 
the blockade got aground near Fort McAllister and was de- 
stroyed by the blockading fleet. 

Porto Novo, Western Africa, received under French protection. 

March 7. Gen. Minty attacked a rebel cavalry foi-ce at Uuion- 
ville, Tenn., capturing their wagons, horses and tents, and 
about 60 prisoners. 

March 9. A band of rebel cavalry passed through the Union 
lines, entered Fairfax, Va, and captured Gen. Stoughton and 
a few privates. 

March 10. Marriage of the Prince of Wales and the Princess 
Alexandra of Denmark in St. George's chapel, Windsor. 

March 17. Two hundred cavalry under command of Gen. 
Averill crossed the Rappahannock near Kelly's Ford where 
but a single horseman could cross at once, and in the face of 
a most terrible fire from sharpshooters charged the rebels in 
their intreuchments, killing or capturing nearly the whole 
force. They then encountered Stuart's cavalry, and after a 
desperate hand to hand encounter of five hours routed them 
with great slaughter, capturing 80 prisoners. 

March 20. John Morgan with 4,000 men was totally defeated 
near Milton, Tenn. by Col. Hall with 1,4:00 mounted men. 

The negro brigade took Jacksonville, Fla. Major General 
Burnside appointed to command the department of the Ohio. 

March 22. Rebels under Clarke captm-ed Mt. Sterling, Ky. 

March 24. . The Polish insurgent leaders address an appeal to 
Europe for help. 

April 6. Gen. Mitchell with 300 cavalry dashed into a rebel 
camp near Nashville on a sabre charge, capturing 5, killing 
15 and capturing all their tents, arms, horses and equip- 
ments. 

April 7. Attack on Charleston. The Federal fleet was com- 
posed of nine iron-clad vessels under the command of Com. 
Dupont. The fight began in the afternoon of April 7th and 
lasted about two hours. The Keokuk was so b;ully damaged 
that she sunk in a few hours. Several other vessels were 
temporarily disabled. The fleet was then withdrawn. 

April 10. Gen. Van Dorn's forces attacked Gen. Granger at 
Franklin, Tenn. and were driven back with loss. 

April 17. Gen. Banks' command left Baton Rouge, fought 
three battles, two on land and one on Grand Lake, capturing 
2,000 prisoners. Our loss was 700. Six vessels of Porter's 
fleet ran by the rebel batteries at Vicksburg. 

April 18. Fayetteville, Ark. attacked by 3,000 rebels with 



TV\^ELFTH PERIOD 1860-1869. 265 



A. D. 



four pieces of artillery ; Union forces numbered but 2,000, 
The rebels were repulsed. Our loss was 5 killed and 17 
wounded. 
1863 April 22. The ram Queen of the West was captured in Grand 
Lake with Capt. Fuller and all her officers and crew, num- 
bering 90. 

April 30. Colonel Mulligan repulsed by the rebels at Fair- 
mont, Western Va., and the B. & 0. R. R. bridges blown up 
at Fairmont and Cheat river. 

May 1. Gen. Carter with 5,000 men attacked the rebel forces 
at Monticello, under Pegram, driving them from the field. 

Battle of Port Gibson. Gen. Grant defeated Gen. Bowen with 
a loss of 1,550 men and 5 pieces of artillery. 

May 2. On the morning of the 17th of April, 1863, the 6th 
and 7th Illinois cavalry, 900 strong, under command of Col. 
Grierson, of the 6th Illinois, set out from Lagrange, Tenn., 
marched through the center of Miss, destroying as they went 
railroads, bridges and stores of all kinds belonging to the 
rebels, in immense quantities. They reached Baton Rouge, 
La. on the evening of the 2d of May. They had traveled 
nearly 800 miles in 16 days. At several points the enemy 
made great attempts to capture them but failed. They 
brought into Baton Rouge over 1,000 horses and a large 
number of cattle ; 500 negroes followed them. 

May 3. Battle of Fredericksburg. The second attempt to 
capture the rebel fortifications at Fredericksburg, Va. was 
made by the army of the Potomac under Gen. Hooker and 
failed. Severe skirmishing took place on Friday and Satur- 
day May 1st and 2d, but the main battle was fought on Sun- 
day May 3d, resulting in the defeat of the Federal troops. In 
the meantime Gen. Sedgwick had crossed the Rappahannock 
and occupied Fredericksburg. He too was defeated and com- 
pelled to retire to the northern bank of the river. Hooker's 
army recrossed the river on the night of May 5th. The loss 
on each side was about 15,000 killed wounded and prisoners. 
" Stonewall " Jackson mortally wounded. 

While the fight was going on near Fredericksburg, Gen. Stone- 
man with a large cavalry force crossed the Rapidan east of 
Orange Court House, and made a bold and partially success- 
ful raid into the enemy's country. 

May 8. Col. Streight's command of 1,700 men captured by 
Forrest's cavalry two miles from Cedar Bluff", Ga. after severe 
fighting. The rebel general Van Born killed by Dr. Peters 
in Manny county, Tenn. 

May 9. Col. Jacobs routed a guerrilla force near Horse Shoe 
Bend on the Cumberland river. 

May 10. The rebel general Stonewall (Thos. J.) Jackson died 
at Richmond, Va. of wounds and pneumonia. 

May 12. Gen. McPherson attacked Raymond, Miss, and took 
the town after a hard fight. 



2GG MODERN SYNCIIRONOLOGY. 

A. D. * 

18G3 Assassination of Eadama II. king of Madagascar and accession 
of his widow as queen lladobo. 

May 13. Grant defeated Joseph S. Johnston and captured 
Jackson, Miss, with 7 cannon and large quantities of military 
stores, besides 400 prisoners. The state capitol was destroyed 
by fire. 

May 15. Battle of Baker's Creek, Miss. The rebel array un- 
der Gen. Pemberton and the Union forces under Gen. Grant. 
About 25,000 men were engaged upon each side. The reb- 
els met with a disastrous defeat losing 2,600 in killed and 
wounded, 2,000 men prisoners and 29 pieces of artillery. 

May 17. Battle of Big Black Biver. Grant again attacked 
Pemberton and defeated him with a total loss of 2,600 men 
and 17 cannon. 

May IS. Surrender of Puebla, Mexico, to the French after a 
siege of two months. 

Investment of Vicksburg by the Federals under Gen. Grant 
and Admiral Porter. 

May 25. Rebel navy yard destroyed at Yazoo City. 

May 27. Gen. Banks commences the siege of the forts at Port 
Hudson, Mississippi. 

May 31. President Juarez transfers his government from Mex- 
ico to San Louis de Potosi. 

June 1. Gen. Hunter removed from the command of the de- 
partment of the South. Gen. Gilraore succeeds him. 

June 6. Denmark declares that prince William will accept the 
crown of Greece provided that the Ionian Islands are united 
to Greece. 

June 11. Forrest with 5,000 cavalry and two batteries of ar- 
tillery attacked the Union cavalry at Triune, Tenn., under 
command of Col. R. B. Mitchell. The rebels were defeated. 

June 14. Gen. Ewell defeated Gen. Milroy at Winchester, 
Va. with a loss of 2,000 men, and drove him to Harper's 
Ferry. 

June 17. The ram Atlanta captured oiF the coast of S. C, 
after a brief fight by the Weehawken, commanded by Capt. 
John Rodgers. A division of our cavalry under Col. Kil- 
patrick, encountered Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry brigade 
near Aldie, Va. and a desperate hand to hand encounter fol- 
lowed, ending in a hasty retreat on the part of the rebel 
forces. 100 prisoners were captured. 

June 21. Gen. McClernand removed by Grant, and Gen. Ord 
succeeds him. 

June 23. Battle of Big Black River, Miss. Rebels under 
Johnston attacked Osterhaus' division and were defeated with 
great slaughter. 

June 24. The Japanese ports closed against foreign traders. 

June 25. Another fight at Liberty Gap between a rebel divis- 
ion under Claiborne, and Willich, Wilder and Carter's brig- 
ades. The rebels fled in disorder. 



TWELFTH PERIOD— 1860-1869. 267 

A. D. 

1863 Jime 26. Rear Admiral Foote died in New York City. 

June 29. Gen. Hooker was relieved of his command of the 
army of the Potomac at his own request, and Gen. Meade 
succeeded him. 

June. Arrival of Capts. Grant, and Speke in England from 
exploring the sources of the Nile. 

July 1. Slavery ceases in the Dutch West Indies. 

Battle of Gettysburg, Penn. Gen. Meade attacked the rebels 
near Gettysburg, and after a three days' battle drove them 
from the field, leaving 5,000 killed and wounded in our 
hands. Meade took 20,000 prisoners. Maj. Gen. Reynolds 
commanding the first corps of the Union army was killed. 

Missouri passed the Ordinance of Emancipation. Rosecraus 
drove Bragg from Tullahoma. 

July 4. Gen. Prentice defeated the rebels under Holmes at 
Helena, Ark. 

July 4. The siege of Vicksburg by the Union army under 
Gen. Grant commenced May 18, and was pressed forward 
with vigor until July 4, when Pemberton surrendered to 
Gen. Grant 27,000 prisoners, 132 cannon and 50,000 stand 
of arms. 

July 7. Gen. Berg appointed governor of Poland and rules 
with great rigor. 

William Mulready, Irish painter died aged 77 years. 
' July 8. In the month of May Gen. Banks invested Port Hud- 
son. Two grand attacks were made by land and water on 
the 27th of May and 14th of June, in which portions of 
the enemy's works were taken. At last, on the 8th of July, 
the commander, Maj. Gen. Gardiner surrendered with 7,000 
prisoners, 60 cannon and 10,000 stand of arms to Gen. 
Banks. 

July 8. Morgan's raid into Indiana and Ohio; crossed the 
Ohio river into Harrison county, Ind. and marched rapidly 
through the southern part of the State into Ohio, committing 
numerous depredations. On the 18th he lost his artillery 
and 1,300 prisoners. With a mere fragment of his com- 
mand he retreated to Columbiana county, Ohio, where on the 
20th he surrendered to Gen. Shackleford. 

July 13-16. Riots take place at New York, Boston and other 
Union cities in consequence of the enforcement of a conscrip- 
tion decree. 

July 17. Gen. Sherman attacked Jackson, Miss., routed John- 
ston and occupied the city. Large stores were captured and 
also 40 locomotives and all the rolling stocks of the 3 rail- 
roads. Gen. Ransom captured Natchez with a large quan- 
tity of ammunition, 13 cannon, 2,000 head of cattle, and 4,- 
000 hogsheads of sugar. A severe fight occurred on Elk 
Creek, Ark. between Gen. Blunt and the rebel Gen. Tooper ; 
the former was victorious. Union loss 40, that of the rebels 
184. 



268 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1863 July 22. Col. Wilder of Rosecrans' advance slielled Chatta- 
nooga. Brashear City, La. recaptured by the Union gun- 
boat Sachem. 

July 23. A gallant fight occured near Manassas Gap in which 
800 men of Gen Spinola's brigade utterly routed twice their 
number of Georgia and North Carolina troops with 17 can- 
non. 

Kentucky again invaded. Kit Carson, with a part of the First 
New Mexico regiment defeated the Navajoe Indians in a se- 
vere fight beyond Fort Canby. 

July 31. The Union forces in Kentucky under Col. Saunders 
thoroughly routed the rebel troops under Scott and Pegram. 

Martial law in Kentucky. 

Aug. 2. A severe though indecisive cavalry fight occurred at 
Culpepper, Va. between Buford and Stuart in which 100 pris- 
oners were captured by the Union troops. 

Aug. 4. William I. of Prussia declines to attend the congress 
of German sovereigns at Frankfort. 

Aug. 7. President Lincoln rejects the demand for the sup- 
pression of the conscription in the state of New York. 

Aug. 17. Lieut. Col. Phillips of the 9th Illinois Mounted In- 
fantry attacked tlie rebel forces at Grenada, Miss, consisting 
of 2,000 men under command of Gen. Slimmer and drove 
them from the place. He then destroyed all the ordnance 
and commissary stores, burnt the depot and machine shop, 
tore up the railroad track and destroyed 57 locomotives and 
more than 400 cars. 

Aug. 20. The town of Lawrence, Kansas, was surprised in the 
middle of the night by 300 guerrillas under the leadership of 
Quantrell. The town was set on fire and 182 buildings 
burned to the ground and $2,000,000 worth of property de- 
stroyed. 191 persons were killed, many of whom were help- 
less women and children ; 581 were wounded, many of them 
mortally. About 80 of the murderers were killed. 

Aug. 22. Gen. Blunt with 4,500 men attacked Gen. Cooper 
with 11,000 rebel troops in the Indian Territory and oom- 
pelled him to retreat to Red River. 

Aug. 29. The rebel army in Arkansas under Gen. Price se- 
verely pushed by the Union forces under Gen. Steele. 

Sept. 1. Gen. Blunt defeated the rebel forces in Arkansas 
under Cooper and Cobell and captured Fort Smith. The 
rebels evacuate Little Rock. 

Sept. 4. Buruside occupied Knoxville, Tenn. and was hailed 
with delight by the inhabitants. 

Sept. 9. Gen. Crittenden's division of Rosecrans' army entered 
Chattanooga. 

Sept. 10. Gen. Burnside captured Cumberland Gap with 2,000 
prisoners and 14 pieces of artillery under command of Maj. 
Gen. Frazer. Gen. Steele took possession of Little Rock, 
Ark. 



TWELFTH PEEIOD — 18G0-1869. 269 

A. D. 

1863 Sept. 15. President Lincoln suspends the Habeas Corpus Act. 
Sept. 19. Chickamauga. The battle was commenced by Gen. 
Bragg in the morning and continued all day. At night both 
armies occupied nearly the same position that they did in the 
morning. On the next day the battle was renewed by the 
rebels and lasted until dark. The Union army was defeated 
and driven back to Chattanooga. The Federal loss was abxjut 
1,800 killed, 9,500 wounded and 2,500 prisoners. 
Oct. 8. Richard Whateley, archbishop of Dublin and distin- 
guished theological writer died aged 76 years. 
Ocl. 9. Wheeler's rebel cavalry defeated with considerable loss 

at Farmington, Tenn. and again near Shelbyville. 
Oct. 20. The departments of the Cumberland and Mississippi 
were consolidated and placed under the command of Gen. 
Grant. Gen. Rosecrans removed and Gen. Thomas ap- 
pointed in his place. 
Nov. 4. Napoleon III. invites the sovereigns of Europe to a 

general congress. 
Nov. 5. Brownsville, Texas captured. 
Nov. 12. Gen. Comonfort, President of Mexico surprised and 

shot by a band of Mexicans at Chamacuero, Mexico. 
Nov. 15. Death of Frederick VII. of Denmark and accession 

of Christian IX. 
Nov. 18. The king of Denmark signs a new constitution for 

Denmark and Schleswig. 
Nov. 25. The rebel army under Bragg was badly whipped 
near Chattanooga losing about 6,000 prisoners and 52 guns. 
The Union loss was between 3,000 and 4,000 in killed and 
wounded. 
The invitation to the general congress at Pans declined by 

England. 
Nov. 29. An unsuccessful attempt of the rebels to carry 

Knoxville by storm. 
Nov. The first Fenian convention assembles at Chicago. Ac- 
cordino- to tradition the Fenians or Finians were a national 
militia° established in Ireland by Fin or Fionn the son of 
Cumbal. 
Dec. 4. Gen. Longstreet commenced the siege of Knoxville, 
Nov. 17th. Onlhe 29th there was a severe fight, in which 
he was defeated. This, with the defeat of Bragg at Chatta- 
nooga, compelled Longstreet to raise the siege. 
Dec. 23. The Saxon and Hanoverian troops enter Holstein. 
Dec. 24. Successful advance of the allied French and Mexican 
Imperialist forces in Mexico ; Juarez retires from San Louis 
de Potosi Dec. 18 ; it is entered by the allies. 
Dec. Death of William M. Thackeray. 
1864 Jan. 7. Garibaldi resigns his seat in the Italian Chamber ot 
Deputies. 
Jan. 8. Birth of Albert Victor Prince of Wales. 
Jan. 28. Terrible calamity at Santiago ; two thousand persons 



270 MODERN STNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D. 

burnt to death owing to the church of La Compania taking 
fire during the celebration of the Inmiacuhite Conception. 
18G4 Feb. 1. President Lincoln orders a draft for 500,000 men. 

Feb. 9. A large number of prisoners, including Col. Streight, 
escaped from Libby Prison, Richmond. 

Feb. 10. Denmark declares Schleswig-Holstein in a state of 
blockade. 

Feb. 15. Gen. W. T. Sherman with his command arrived at 
Meridian, ]\Iiss. on his great raid into the heart of the ene- 
my's country. Returned to Vicksburg with immense booty. 

Feb. 20. The advance into Florida of the Union forces about 
5,000 strong under Gen. Seymour, was repulsed near Olustee 
with a loss of 1,200. Rebel loss about the same. 

Feb. 22. A heavy reconnoitering force sent out from Chatta- 
nooga by Gen. Grant, met and defeated the enemy at Tunnel 
Hill. 

Feb. Kilpatrick and Dahlgren's raid on Richmond. 

March 8. Gen. Grant was formally presented by the President 
with his commission as Lieutenant General and on the 12th 
was assigned to the command of the armies of the United 
States. 

March 15. The Union forces under Gen. A. J. Smith cap- 
tured Fort De Russey, La., on Red river, with 325 prisoners 
and an immense amount of ammunition and stores. 

March 25. About 5,000 rebels under Forrest captured Padu- 
cah, Ky. and fired the place. 

Garibaldi visits England. 

April 8. The advance of Gen. Banks' expedition up Red 
river, under the direction of Gen. Stone was repulsed near 
Shreveport, La. ; but on the following day our men defeated 
the enemy. Our loss was about 2,000 and the enemy's the 
same. 

April 10. The Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria 
consents to accept the imperial dignity under the title of 
Maximilian I. Emperor of Mexico. 
• April 12. Gen. Forrest captured Fort Pillow, and immediately 
after commenced an indiscriminate massacre of our wounded 
soldiers, both colored and white, not excepting women and 
children who had taken refuge in the fort. 

April 23. The governors of Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin 
and Indiana offer to raise for the general government 85,000 
men for one hundred days. 

April 26. Government accepted service of one hundred day 
men, and appropriated 120,000,000 for their payment. 

May 1. Death of Jacob Meyerbeer, German musical composer. 

May 5. Draft ordered in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, 
Minnesota, Kentucky and Maryland. 

Gen. Butler lands on the sotxth side of the James. 

May 6. Gen. Grant crossed the Rapidan, and Lee fell back 
towards Richmond. Battle of the Wilderness. 



TWELFTH PERIOD — 1860-1869. 271 

A. D. 

1864 May 7. Grant still advances, driving Lee's forces before him. 

May 8. Sherman occupied Dalton. 

May 9. After 3 days' hard fighting Lee's forces retreated, 
leaving 3,000 killed and 10,000 wounded on the field in pos- 
session of the Union army. 

May 12. Battle at Spottsylvania. Union troops victorious. 
They capture 4,000 prisoners and 25 pieces of artillery. 

May 13. Gen. Sheridan, with cavalry, reached the rear of the 
enemy near Hanover Junction, breaking two railroads, cap- 
turing several locomotives, and destroyed Lee's depot for 
supplies at Beaver Dam, containing over 1,000,000 rations. 

May 15. Sherman forced Johnson to evacuate Resaca after 
two days' fighting. 

Union defeat at Newmarket, Va. 

May 19. Nathaniel Hawthorne, American novelist died aged 
55 years. 

May 23. Army of the Potomac flanked the rebels under Lee, 
and forced them to evacuate their fortifications near Spott- 
sylvania Court House. John Morgan enters Kentucky with 
4,000 men. 

May 27. Grant crossed the Pamunkey and occupied Hanover- 
town. 

May 28. Battle near Dallas, Ga. 

May 30. Grant reached Mechanicsville. 

June 3. Battle of Coal Harbor in which the rebels are routed 
with heavy loss. 

June 5. Sherman flanked Johnson and captured Ackworth 
Station. 

June 7. Gen. Hunter defeats the rebel general Jones near 
Staunton, Va. 

June 8. Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson nominated 
for President and Vice President. Morgan defeated by Gen. 
Burbridge near Lexington, Ky. 

June 12. Gen. Hancock drove the rebels from Bottom Bridge 
at the point of the bayonet. 

June 15. Gen. Smith attacked with a force of 15,000 men. 

June 16. Battle of Lost Mountain, Ga. 

June 19. The rebel crusier Alabama sunk by the U. S. frig- 
ate Kearsarge in the English Channel. 

June 23. Rebels attack Wright and Hancock, capturing 3 full 
regiments, after which they are repulsed. 

June 27. Sherman made an unsuccessful attack on the ene- 
my's position losing from 1,000 to 3,000 men. 

June 28. Left wing of Grant's army take possession of the 
Weldon railroad. 

June 30. Secretary Chase resigned and Hon. Wm. P. Fessen- 
den was appointed to fill the vacancy. 

July 5. The rebels under Early invade Maryland. 

July 13-15. The rebels under Gen. Forrest defeated in 5 dif- 
ferent battles near Pontotoc, Mo. 



272 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A.T). 

18G4 July 15. Edward John Eyre appointed governor of tlie island 
of Jamaica. 

July 17. The rebel army was driven within the fortifications 
at Atlanta. 

July 20. The enemy assaulted Gen. Sherman's lines 3 times 
but were repulsed each time with severe loss. Gen. Averill 
defeated the enemy near Winchester, Va. 

July 22. A great battle was fought before Atlanta resulting 
in the complete defeat of the Confederates. 

July 30. A mine containing 6 tons of powder under a rebel 
fort at Petersburg exploded destroying the fort and garrison. 

Chambersburg, Penn. burned. 

Aug. 5. Com. Farragut's fleet passed Forts Morgan and Gaines. 
The rebel ram Tennessee was captured and several other ves- 
sels destroyed. Shortly after Fort Gaines surrendered and 
Fort Powell was evacuated. 

Romuald Trangott the head of the Polish provisional govern- 
ment and five other insurgent leaders hanged at Warsaw. 

Aug. 7. Gen Averill defeated the enemy at Morefield, Va. 

Aug. 15. The rebel general Wheeler repulsed at Dalton, Ga. 

Aug. 18. The Weldon railroad seized by Gen. Grant. 

Aug. 23. Fort Morgan surrendered. 

Aug. 25. Gen. Hancock who held the Weldon railroad south 
of Reams' station was attacked several times, but repulsed the 
enemy each time. 

Sept. 1. Gen. Sherman defeated the enemy at Jonesboro, Ga. 

Sept. 2. The Federal troops took possession of Atlanta. 

Sept. 7. The rebel general John Morgan was killed near 
Greenville, Tenn. 

Sept. 7. A force of 2,000 rebels defeated at Readyville, Tenn. 

Sept. 15. John Hannin Speke, English traveler in Africa and 
explorer of the sources of the Nile died aged 37 years. 

Sept. 17. Walter Savage Landor, English poet and miscella- 
neous writer died aged 89 years. 

Sept. 19. Gen. Sheridan gained a complete victory over the 
enemy in the Shenandoah valley. 

Sept. 22. Battle at Fisher's Hill ; the rebel army defeated. 

Sept. 28. Gen. Grant advanced his lines on the north side of 
the James river to within 7 miles of Richmond. The rebels 
under Gen. Price invade Missouri. 

Oct. 5. The rebels attacked Allatoona, Ga. but were repulsed 
with severe loss. 

Oct. 7. The pirate vessel Florida captured by the U. S. steam- 
er Wachusett. 

Oct. 8. The rebels in Shenandoah valley are again defeated by 
Sheridan. 

Oct. 19. Gen. Sheridan gained his fourth victory over the reb- 
els under Early at Cedar Creek, Va. 

Oct. 23. The rebel general Price defeated at Blue River, Mo. 

Oct. 27. Engagement at Hatcher's Run. 



TWELFTH PERIOD— 1860-18G9. 273 

A. D. 

1864 Oct. 28. Gen. Blunt defeated the rebels under Price at Neosho, 

Mo. 

Oct. 29. John Leach, the artist of " Punch " died aged 47 
years. 

Oct. 30. Gren. Hood made three attacks on Decatur, Ala. but 
was repulsed each time. 

Oct. 31. Union troops recapture Plymouth, N. C. 

Nov. 3. The rebel ram Albemarle destroyed by Lieut. Gush- 
ing- 

Nov. 8. The Presidential election took place. Lincoln and 
Johnson received 212, McClelkn and Pendleton 21 electoral 
votes. 

McClellan resigns his command in the army. 

Nov. 16. Gen. Sherman left Atlanta and began his great march 
to the Atlantic. 

Nov. 30. Gen. Hood attacked the Union troops under Gen. 
Schofield at Franklin, Tenn. but was repulsed with great loss. 

Dec. 13. Fort McAllister captured by Gen. Sherman's army. 

Dec. 16. Gen. Thcmias defeated the enemy at Nashville, Tenn. 
with heavy loss, capturing a large number of guns and pris- 
oners. 

Dec. 20. The rebels under Gen. Breckenridge defeated in 
southwestern Virginia and the salt works destroyed. 

Dec. 21. Gen. Sherman entered the city of Savannah captur- 
ing 150 cannon, 30,000 bales of cotton and a large amount 
of munitions of war. 

Dec. 24. First bombardment of Fort Fisher. 

Dec. 29. Hood's army crossed the Tennessee river, thus end- 
ing the Tennessee campaign. 

1865 Jan. 1. President Juarez issues a proclamation calling upon 

the people of Mexico to resist foreign invasion. 

Jan. 3. Massachusetts ratified the constitutional amendment. 

Jan. 8. Gen. Butler removed from the command of the army 
of the James and succeeded by Gen. Ord. 

Jan. 11. Beverly, Va. was attacked by a rebel force under 
Gen. Rosser. The town and a large portion of the force de- 
fending it were captured. 

Jan. 15. Edward Everett, • American statesman and distin- 
guished orator died aged 71 years. 

Jan. 16. Fort Fisher near Wilmington, N. C captured with 
all its equipments. 

Jan. 20. Rebels evacuate Corinth. 

Jan. 27. Rebel incendiaries set fire to the city of Savannah. 

Feb. 1. Illinois ratified the constitutional amend'ment. 

Feb. 2. Maryland, Michigan, New York and Rhode Island 
ratified the constitutional amendment. 

Feb. 4. Illinois black laws repealed. 

Feb. 7. Maine ratified the constitutional amendmeot. 

Feb. 12. Gen Sherman occupied Branchville, S. C. 

Feb. 13. Indiana ratified the constitutional amendment. 
18 



274 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1865 Feb. 15. Death of Cardinal Wiseman aged G3 years. 

Feb. 17. Louisiana ratified the constitutional amendment. 

Gen. Sherman's victorious columns entered Columbia, S. C and 
burned the city. 

Feb. 18. Charleston, S. C. evacuated and taken possession of 
by Gen. Gilmore. Six thousand bales of cotton destroyed. 
Ammunition stored in the railroad depot exploded, and many 
lives were lost. Gen. Gilmore hoisted the old flag over Fort 
Sumter. 

Feb. 19. Fort Anderson, N. C. taken. 

Feb. 21. Wisconsin ratified the constitutional amendment. 

Fort Armstrong, N. C. taken. 

Feb. 22. Wilmington captured by Gen. Schofield. 

Feb. 13. Raleigh, N. C. captured. Gov. Vance captured. 

March 2. Gen. Sheridan fought and captured the rebel Gen. 
Early with 1,800 men between Staunton and Charlottesville. 

March 4. Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln and Andrew 
Johnson as President and Vice-President of the United 
States. 

March 10. Gen. Bragg attacked Gen. Cox near Kingston, N. 
C, but was defeated. Gen. Sherman occupied Fayetteville, 
N. C. 

March 13. Gen. Schofield occupied Kingston. 

March 16. Rebel Gen. Hardee defeated at Averysboro, N. C. 

March 17. Rebel Congress adjourned, " sine die." 

March 19. Rebel Gen. Johnson defeated at Bentouville, N. C. 

March 21. Goldsboro, N. C. occupied. 

March 25. Rebels attack Gen. Grant and get severely defeated. 

April 1. Victory of Five Forks, Va. 

April 2. Lee's lines at Petersburg carried. 

Death of Richard Cobden, English politician and economist, 

April 3. Richmond taken. 

April 9. Gen. Lee surrendered with his whole army. 

April 14. President Lincoln shot by J. Wilkes Booth in Ford's 
Theatre, Washington ; Mr. Seward and his son wounded. 

April 15. Death of President Lincoln ; Vice-President John- 
son sworn in as President of the United States. 

Mr. Stanton's letter to Charles Francis Adams, Minister to Eng- 
land. " Washington, April 15th. Sir, — It has become my 
distressing duty to announce to you that last night his Excellen- 
cy Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, about the hour of half- 
pi\st ten o'clock, in his private box at Ford's Theatre, in this 
city. The President about eight o'clock accompanied Mrs. 
Lincoln to the theatre. Another lady and gentleman were 
with them in the box. About half-past ten, during a pause 
in the performance, the assassin entered the box, the door of 
which was unguarded, hastily approached the President from 
behind, and discharged a pistol at his head. The bullet 
entered the back of his head and penetrated nearly through. 
The assassin then leaped from the box upon the stage, brand- 



TWELFTH PERIOD— 1860-1869. 275 



A. D. 



ishing a large knife or dagger and exclaimed, ' Sic semper 
tyrannis ! ' and escaped in the rear of the theatre. Imme- 
diately upon the discharge the President fell to the floor in- 
sensihle and continued in thai state until twenty minutes past 
seven o'clock this morning, when he breathed his last." 
1865 April 26. Gen. Johnson surrendered. 

April 27. Booth, the murderer of President Lincoln mortally 
wounded and captured. 

May 10. Jefferson Davis captured at Irwinville 75 miles south- 
west of Macon, Ga., by the 4th Michigan cavalry under Col. 
Pritchard of Gen. Wilson's command. Also his wife, mother, 
Postmaster-general Regan, Col. Harrison, Private Secretary, 
Col. Johnson and other military characters. 

May 4. Gen, Dick Taylor surrenders. 

May 8. The International Exhibition opened at Dublin. 

May 11. The Italian court removed to Florence. 

May 19- Rebel Gov. Watts of Alabama arrested. 

May 21. Rebel Gov. Letcher of Virginia an-ested. 

May 22. Proclamation opening Southern ports, and exception- 
al amnesty. 

May 24. Grand review of Gen. Sherman's army at Washing- 
ton. Jefferson Davis indicted for treason. 

May 26. Kirby Smith surrendered. The last armed rebel 
organization has succumbed. 

May 27. Inauguration of the statue of Napoleon I. at Ajacio 
by Prince Napoleon, who makes an imprudent speech on 
that occasion, May 15 ; he is censured by Napoleon III. and 
resigns his office. 

May 31. Rebel Gen. Hood and staff surrendered. 

June 8. Sir Joseph Paxton, English landscape gardener and 
designer of the " Crystal Palace " died aged 62 years. 

June 26. Recognition of the new kingdom of Italy by Spain. 

June 29. Battle of Alsen, Denmark. 

July 4. Resignation of Lord Chancellor Westbury. 

July 7. The assassins of President Lincoln hung. 

Aug. 12. Sir William Jackson Hooker, English botanist died 
aged 80 years. 

Aug. The cholera breaks out at Constantinople and rages with 
great violence. 

Sept. 2. End of the second Maori war, New Zealand. 

Sept. 9. The emperor and empress of the French meet the 
queen of Spain at St. Sebastian. 

Sept. 20. Austria announces conciliatory intentions respecting 
Croatia and Hungary. 

Sept. 23. Amicable relations between Great Britain and Bra- 
zil restored Aug. ; an English minister received by the em- 
peror of Brazil. 

Sept. 27. Pope Pius IX. condemns Freemasonry and Fenian- 
ism. 

Oct. 18. Death of Lord Palmerston of England. 



27G MODERN STNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

18C5 Oct. 24. Capture and execution of Paul Bogle, the Jamaica 
negro and leader of the late insurrection in the island. 

Nov. 1. John Lindley, English botanist died aged 66 years. 

Nov. 2. National Thanksgiving. 

Nov. 9. Rebel privateer Shenandoah surrenders at Liverpool, 
having destroyed about 30 vessels ; crew released. 

Nov. 10. Execution of Wirz the rebel prison keeper for cru- 
elty to TJ. S. prisoners. 

Nov. 12. Mrs. Elizabeth C. Gaskell, English novelist died 
aged 55 years. 

Nov. 24. Arrest and imprisonment of James Stephens " head 
centre " of the Irish Fenians, in Richmond Bridewell, Dub- 
lin Nov. 11 ; he escapes. 

Dec. 4. President Johnson delivers his message to Congress. 

Dec. 6. The union of Hungary and Transylvania affirmed by 
the Transylvania Diet. 

Dec. 9. Death of Leopold I. king of the Belgians. 

Dec. 11. Sir Henry Storks appointed temporary governor of 
Jamaica. 

Dec. 18. Sir Henry Storks leaves England as special commis- 
sioner to examine into the circumstances attending the re- 
volt of Jamaica. 
1866 Jan. 4. Military insurrection in Spain, headed by Gen. Prim ; 
martial law in Madrid. 

Feb. 14. A general amnesty issued by Austria to those con- 
demned in the Lombardo- Venetian kingdom, Jan. 1 ; ex- 
tended to the Tyrol. 

Feb. 17. Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act in L-eland. 

Feb. 23. War declared between Spain and Peru, owing to the 
former having seized the Chincha Islands off the coast of 
Peru. 

March 24. Death of Marie Amelie, ex-queen of the French 
at Claremont. 

March 25. Capture of Chihuahua, Mexico, by the Juarists. 

April 2. President Johnson issues a proclamation declaring 
" that the insurrection which heretofore existed in the States 
of Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Ten- 
nessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi and Flor- 
ida is at an end and henceforth to be so regarded." 

April 16. Unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Alexander II. 
of Russia by Karakasow. 

May 7. Count Bismarck's life attempted by Blind. 

May 12. Prussia concludes a conditional treaty of alliance 
with Italy. 

May 29. Death of Gen. Winfield Scott, aged 80 years. 

June 2. Fort Erie, in Canada, occupied by a party of Feni- 
ans under Col. O'Neil May 31 ; they are defeated and O'Neil 
killed. 

June 6. Inflammatory addresses issued to the Hungarians by 
Kossuth. 



TWELFTH PERIOD 1860-1869. 277 



June 7. President Johnson issues a proclamation against the 
Fenian movement in the United States. 

June 11. Napoleon III. expresses his desire to avoid partici- 
pation in a continental war and states his opinion that Aus- 
tria for an equitable compensation should cede Venetia to 
Italy. 

June 12. The Prussians enter Holstein June 7 and Altona 
June 12.; the Austrian ambassador leaves Berlin. 

June 12. Marriage of Princess Mary of Cambridge with Prince 
Francis Lewis Paul Alexander von Teck. 

June 15. An ultimatum forwarded by Prussia to the govern- 
ments of Saxony, Hanover, Hesse Cassel and Nassau rejected 
by all ; war declared against Saxony. 

June 16. Austria declares her intention to support Saxony 
against Prussia. 

June 17. The Prussians enter Hanover and occupy Dresden ; 
war formally declared by Prussia against Austria. 

June 20. Italy declares war against Austria. 

June 23. JMatamoras, Mexico surrendered to the Juarists by 
the Imperialists. 

June 24. Repulse of the Prussians in Galicia. 

June 27. Defeat of the Austrians at Nachod ; defeat of the 
Prussians again in Galicia ; defeat of the Hanoverians at 
Langensalza. 

July 3. Battle of Sadowa or Konigsgratz ; Prussians victori- 
ous. 

Battle of Montesuello, Italy ; Garibaldi defeated. 

July 5. Marriage of Princess Helena of Great Britain with 
Prince Christian Charles Augustus of Schleswig-Holstein- 
Sonderburg-Augustenburg. 

July 16. Sir J. P. Grant appointed governor of Jamacia, 
" vice'' John Edward Eyre. 

July 26. A preliminary treaty of peace signed at Nikolsburg 
between Austria and Prussia ; battle of Wurzburg. 

July 13-27. The Atlantic telegraph successfully laid between 
Great Britain and America. 

July 28. Congress adjourns. 

The queen Dowager of the Sandwich Islands, Emma, returns 
to her kingdom after a year's visit to England. 

Aug. 9. Revolt in Candia breaks out against Turkish domin- 
ion. , 

Aug. 23. Peace between Prussia and Austria signed at 
Prague. 

Sept. 8. Recovery and completion of the Atlantic cable of 
1865. 

Sept. 24. Great reform demonstration at Manchester. 

Sept. Diplomatic relations between Prussia and Austria re- 
sumed. 

Arrival of the Empress of Mexico in Europe. 

Oct. 3. The treaty of peace between Austria and Italy signed 



278 MODERN STNCHRONOLOGY. 

A.D. 

at Vienna ; Austria consents to the union of Venetia to Italy 
and cedes the Quadrilateral. 
18G6 Oct. 21. Peace between Prussia and Saxony signed at Berlin. 

Nov. 5. The king of Italy declares that the provinces of Ve- 
netia henceforth fonu an integral part of the kingdom of 
Italy. 

Nov. 19. All the Diets of the Austrian empire meet, with the 
exception of Hungary. 

Opening of the Hungarian Diet at Pesth. 

Dee. 8. Pope Pius IX. addresses an invitation to Roman Cath- 
olic bishops to assemble at Rome in June, 1867, to celebrate 
the 18th century of the martyrdom of the apostles Peter 
and Paul, and the canonization of several of the faithful. 

Dec. 2-11. Departure of the French garrison from Rome. 

Dec. 13. Suffrage given to colored men in the District of Co- 
lumbia, by act of Congress. 
18G7 Jan. 24. Schleswig-Holstein formally incorporated with the 
Prussian monarchy. 

Feb. 5. Parliament opened by queen Victoria. 

Feb. 8. The treaty between the states of the new North Ger- 
man Confederation signed at Berlin. 

Feb. 10. Bdron Beust succeeds count Belcredi as Prime Min- 
ister for Austria. 

Feb. 14. The French Chambers opened by the emperor. 

Feb. 1(). Announcement of the reconstruction of the Italian 
ministry. 

Feb. IS. Imperial rescript read in the Hungarian Diet an- 
nouncing the restoration of the Hungarian constitution. 

Feb. 20. The Princess of Wales gives birth to a son. 

Feb. 26. The British North American Confederation Bill 
passed by the House of Lords. 

Feb. Nebraska admitted into the Union as a state. 

March 2. " Tenure of Office " bill passed. 

Military government for the South. 

March 6. Great earthquake at Mitylene ; half the town de- 
stroyed. 

March 16. The evacuation of Mexico by the French expedi- 
tionary force completed. 

March 22. The New Italian Parliament opened by the king. 

March 30. The sale of Russian America to the United States 
announced in New York. 

Despatch addressed by lord Stanley to the Spanish government 
demanding compensation and an apology for the seizure of the 
"Queen Victoria." 

April 1. The Paris International Exhibition opened by the 
emperor. 

April 8. Special commission for the trial of Fenian prisoners 
opened at Dublin. 

April 10. Treaty for the purchase of Russian America ap- 
proved by the senate. 



TWELFTH PERIOD— 1860-1869. 279 

A. D. 

18G7 April 11. Signor Rattazzi announces tlie formation of a new 
Italian ministry and its policy. 

April 17. The first session of the new North German Parlia- 
ment closes, the constitution having been passed. 

The illegality of the capture of the " Queen Victoria " recog- 
nized by the prize court at Cadiz. 

April 19. The citadel of Belgrade given up to tbe Servian au- 
thorities. 

April 22. Announcement made that the Spanish government 
has agreed to restore the " Queen Victoria " and her cargo. 

April 29. The Prussian Parliament opened by the king. 

May 1. The Fenian prisoners Burke and Doran convicted of 
treason at Dublin and sentenced to death. 

May 8. The North German Constitution adopted by the Prus- 
sian Chamber of Deputies by 226 to 9 votes. 

May 13. The Reform Bill for Scotland introduced by Mr. Dis- 
raeli. 

Jefferson Davis released on bail by the Richmond court. 

May 15. Queretaro and the emperor Maximilian betrayed to 
the Juarist Gen. Escobedo by the Imperialist Gen. Lopez. 

May 20. The foundation stone of the Hall of Arts and Sciences 
at Kensington laid by the queen. 

May 21. Royal proclamation issued declaring the British 
North American provinces one dominion with the name of 
Canada. 

May 22. The Austrian Reichsrath opened by the emperor. 

May 27. The reprieve of the Fenian convict Burke an- 
nounced in both Houses of Parliament. 

May 28. The franchise clauses of the Reform Bill in England 
completed. 

May 31. The North German Constitution adopted by the 
Prussian Chambers by 127 to 93. 

June 8. The emperor of Austria crowned king of Hungary 
at Pesth. 

June 9. The expedition fitted out to ascertain the fate of Dr. 
Livingstone leaves England. 

June 17. Serious riots take place in Birmingham occasioned 
by the visit of Murphy the anti-papal lecturer. 

June 19. The emperor Maximilian and Gens. Miramon and 
Mejia executed at Queretaro, Mexico. 

June 20. The city of Mexico surrenders to the Juarists after 
a siege of 69 days. 

June 27. Vera Cruz occupied by the Juarists. 

June 29. Gorgeous ceremony at St. Peter's at Rome in connec- 
tion with the celebration of the eighteenth centenary of St. 
Peter. 

The Viceroy of Egypt received by the queen at Windsor Castle. 

July 13. Public entry of the Sultan into London, July 12; 
the Sultan pays a formal visit of ceremony to the qiioeu at 
Windsor. 



280 MODERN STNCHRONOLOGT. 

A. D 

18G7 July 15. Berezowski sentenced to transportation for life for 
attemj)tiug to assassinate the Czar of Kussia. 

Juarez makes a triumphal entry into the city of Mexico. 

July 19. Supplementary Reconstruction Bill passed by Con- 
gress, over the President's veto. 

July 20. Congress adjourned until November. 

July 23. The Sultan leaves London for the continent. 

Aug. 5. Demonstration in Hyde Park against the Parks Bill 
and the Lords' amendment to the Reform Bill. 

Aug. 19. The Italian Chambers prorogued. 

Aug. 21. Parliament prorogued by Royal Commission; reso- 
lution to despatch an expedition to Abyssinia announced in 
the queen's speech. 

Aug. 25. Michael Faraday, professor of chemistry died. 

Sept. 13. The first session of the North German Parliament 
opened by the king of Prussia. 

Sept. 16. Pioneer force of the Abyssinian expedition under 
the command of Col. Merewether, despatched from Bombay. 

Sept. 21. Great battle in Afighanistan; the troops of Shere 
Ali Khan defeated and their General, Fyz Mohammed Khan 
killed. 

Sept. 23. Garibaldi arrested at Sinalunga by the Italian Gov- 
ernment. 

Sept. 23. The Prussian Chambers dissolved by royal decree. 

Oct. 4. Col. Merewether's exploring force lands at Zulla, in 
Abyssinia. 

Oct. 5. Bagnorre recaptured by the Papal Zouaves. 

Oct. 8. Russian America formally transferred to the United 
States at New Archangel. 

Oct. 13. Engagement between the Papal troops and the Gari- 
baldians at Monte Libretto. 

Oct. 14. The Papal Zouaves repulsed in an attack on the Gar- 
ibaldians at Nerola. 

Oct. 19. Garibaldi escapes from Caprera at night. 

Oct. 21. The advance brigade of the Abyssinian expedition, 
under Col. Field, lands at Zulla. 

Oct. 22. Unsuccessful insurrectionary outbreak in Rome. 

Oct. 22. Garibaldi, after two days' stay in Florence leaves for 
the Roman frontier. 

Oct. 26. A French squadron of iron-clads leaves Toulon for 
Civita Vecchia with troops. 

Oct. 26. Monte Rotondo captured by Garibaldi. 

Oct. 27. Proclamation issued by the king of Italy calling up- 
on the Garibaldians to desist from their invasion of the papal 
states. 

Oct. 29. The French troops disembark at Civita Vecchia. 

Fearful hurricane in the West Indies ; sixty vessels wrecked 
and 500 lives lost at St. Thomas. 

Oct. 30. French troops enter Rome. 

Italian troops cross the Roman frontier. 



TWELFTH PERIOD— 1860-1869. 281 

A. D. 

18G7 Nov. 1. Five of tlie Fenian prisoners at Manchester sentenced 
to death. 

Destructive cyclone at Calcutta and throughout Bengal ; up- 
wards of 1,000 lives lost. 

Nov. 3. Garibaldi attacked and defeated by the French and 
papal troops at Mentana. 

Nov. 3. The Paris Exhibition closes. 

Nov. 4. Garibaldi arrested on his way to Leghorn to embark 
for Caprera. 

Nov. 5. The Italian troops withdrawn from the papal territory. 

Death of Marshal O'Donnell at Biarritz. 

Nov. 7. The first session of the Canadian United Parliament 
opened by lord Monck. 

Nov. 12. Admiral Tegethoff leaves Mexico with the late Em- 
peror Maximilian's body. 

Nov. 15. The new Prussian parliament opened. 

Nov. 18. The French Chambers opened by the Emperor. 

St. Thomas and the neighboring islands visited by severe shocks 
of earthquake and volcanic eruptions. 

Nov. 19. British Parliament opened by Royal Commission. 

Nov. 23. Allen, Larkin and Gould executed at Manchester 
for the murder of Sergeant Brett. 

Nov. 26, Garibaldi released and sent to Caprera. 

Deo. 3. The French flag formally lowered at Rome. 

The President's message sent to Congress. 

Dec. 5. Amnesty issued by the king of Italy to all engaged 
in the invasion of the I*apal States. 

Dec. 6. The advance brigade of the Abyssinian expedition 
reaches Senafe. 

Dec. 12. Proclamation issued by the Irish government forbid- 
ding further contemplated funeral processions. 

Dec. 13. The wall of the Clerkenwell House of Detention 
blown down by Fenians, causing the death of six persons 
and seriously injuring more than forty. 

Dec. 17. Terrible explosion of nitro-glycerine at Newcastle, 
England, causing seven deaths. 

Dec. 18. Mr. John Martin and other leaders of the Dublin 
funeral procession committed for trial for misdemeanor. 

Dec. 21. Sir Robert Napier sails from Bombay for Abyssina. 

Dee. 22. The resignation of the Italian ministry announced 
by Gen. Menabrea in the Chambers. Gen. Meuabrea com- 
missioned to form a new cabinet. 

Dec. 31. Appointi^ient of the new Austrian ministry for the 
countries represented in the Reichsrath. 
1868 Jan. 1. Gen. A. D. McCook succeeds Gen. McKenzie in the 
sub-district of the Rio Grande. 

The Austrian government forbade recruiting for the Papal 
army in the Empire. 

Japan. The Ports of Hiogo and Osaka definitely opened to 
foreign commerce. 



282 MODERN STNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. 1). 

1868 Mexico. Serious revolution in Yucatan. 

Jan. 2. Gov. Flanders of Louisiana resigned and Joshua 
Baker was appointed his successor by Gen. Hancock. 

Jan. 4. The Captain-General of Cuba placed the island under 
military government. 

Jan. 5. United States Military Asylum at Augusta, Maine, 
destroyed by fire. 

Alarming eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. 

Jan. 6. Congress met. The President censured in the House 
for removing Gen. Sheridan. Gen. Meade assumed command 
of the third Military District, consisting of Alabama, Georgia 
and Florida. 

Jan. 6-8. Peru. Insurrection at Lima. The whole country 
under control of the revolutionists, under Canseco. 

Jan. 10. Secretary Seward announced to the House that 21 
States had ratified the 14th article of the amendment to the 
Constitution. 

Jan. 11. The Chinese Government appointed Anson Burlin- 
game, formerly U. S. Minister in Pekin, its special envoy to 
all the treaty powers, at a salary of $40,000. 

Japan. Admiral Bell, Flag-Lieut. Reed, and ten seamen of 
the Flagship Hartford drowned while crossing the Osaka 
Bar. 

Jan. 13. The U. S. House of Representatives passed a bill 
declaring that five members shall constitute a quorum of the 
Supreme Court, and that a concurrence of two-thirds of all 
the members shall be necessary to a decision adverse to the 
validity of any law passed by Congress. 

Ecuador. Dr. Xavier Espinosa elected President of the Re- 
public. 

Jan. 14. The Virginia Constitutional Convention declared that 
Virginia shall forever remain in the Union, and that slavery 
is forever abolished in the State. 

Jan. 15. Gen. Pope assigned to the command of the Depart- 
ment of the Lakes with headquarters at Detroit. 

China. Envoy Burlingame and suite beset by robbers while 
en-route from Pekin to Shanghai. 

Aufetria. Arrival at Trieste of the remains of Emperor Maxi- 
milian. 

Jan. 16. Hayti. Salnave refused to permit any more French 
clergymen to enter the island. 

Jan. 19. Japan. Severe fighting at Yeddo, between the Ty- 
coon and Mikado's armies. 

Jan. 21. The House of Representatives passed the supple- 
ment to the reconstruction bill by 123 to 45. 

Mexico. Revolt in Sonora. The town of Mazatlan threat- 
ened by rebels. The revolutionary attempts in Yucatan sup- 
pressed. 

Jan. 24. Fifty thousand American breech-loading rifles ordered 
by the Spanish Minister of War. 



TWELFTH PERIOD 1860-1869. 283 

A. D. 

1868 Jan. 26. The Mexican Imperialist, Gen. Margnez arrived at 
New Orleans, having escaped from Mexico in disguise. 

Jan. 29. The President instructed Gen. Grant in writing not 
to obey any order from the War Department, unless author- 
ized by himself. 

Jan. Argentine Rep. Rosario, on the Parana River, in rebel- 
lion against the authority of President Mitre, declared for 
Gen. Urquiza. 

John Henry Hopkins, D. D., Protestant Episcopal Bishop of 
Vermont died aged 76 years. 

Brazil. A general conscription ordered to provide reinforce- 
ments for the army on the Rio Parana. 

Peru. Callao pronounced against Col. Prado, who retired to 
Lima after a disastrous defeat before Arequipa. 

The insurrection in San Domingo gaining ground. Gen. Baez 
proclaimed President. 

Denmark. The treaty concerning the sale of the islands of St. 
Thomas and St. John unanimously adopted. 

Battle between the Cretans and the Turks; the Turks defeated. 

Death of William B, Bradbury, American musical composer 
aged 52 years. 

Feb. 1. Mexico. National troops under Gen. Allatorre defeat- 
ed the insurgents in Yucatan in a two days' fight. 

A terrific storm prevailed over all England. 

Feb. 5. Congress passed a bill authorizing the Secretary of 
War to employ counsel to defend Generals or other persons 
entrusted with reconstruction, in cases brought against them 
for their acts under the reconstruction laws. 

Feb. 6-8. Ministerial crisis in Greece, Cabinet and Parlia- 
ment dissolved. 

Feb. 9. France consented to expel the Hanoverian political 
refugees from her soil. 

Thermometer 51 degrees below zero in Wisconsin. 

Feb. 10. Fenian riots and deadly assaults on the police in 
Cork. 

President Cabral of San Domingo fled with his cabinet. 

Feb. 12. The President formed a new military Division called 
the Department of the Atlantic, and appointed Lieut. Gen. 
Sherman to its command. 

Gen. Sheridan ordered temporarily to command the Division of 
Missouri. 

Lieut. Gen. Sherman nominated General by brevet. 

Gen. L. Thomas reinstated as Adjutant-General of the army. 

Feb. 13. Opening of the English Parliament without royal 
speech. 

Feb. 14. Lieut. Gen. Sherman requested that the Senate do 
not confirm the brevet of General conferred on him by the 
President. 

Feb. 15. Gen. Venancio Flores, Uruguay, replaced in the hands 
of Parliament the power he had exercised for throe years. 



284 MODERN STNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1868 Feb. 17. Count Bismark seriously ill. 

Feb. 18. Senate bill passed for the reduction of the army. 

Paraguay. The allied armies of Brazil, Uruguay and the Ar- 
gentine Confederation attacked the fortress of Humaitd. 
Loss of the Paraguayans, about 1,600 men. 

Feb. 19. Defeat of the Turks near the town of Canea. 

New revolt in Uruguay. Ex-Governor V. Flores assassinated 
at Montevideo ; his murderers shot and order restored. 

Feb. 20. Italy creates the order of the Crown. 

Feb. 21. The President ordered the removal of Secretary 
Stanton from the War office and authorized Gen. Thomas to 
act as Secretary of War " ad interim." Stanton decided to 
retain personal possession of the office until action in the 
matter be taken by the Senate. The Senate disapprove the 
action of the President, declaring it to be unconstitutional. 

Feb. 21. The port of Amapola, Guatemala opened to foreiga 
commerce for twenty years. 

Feb. 22. Adjutant Gen. Thomas arrested for violation of the 
tenure of office bill on complaint of Secretary Stanton. He 
is released on ^10,000 bail. 

Hayti. Salnave defeated near Cape Haytien. Gen. Salomon 
proclaimed President. 

Feb. 23. Conclusion of a treaty between the North German 
Confederation and the United States, concerning the nation- 
ality of persons emigrating from one of the two countries to 
the other. 

Feb. 24. The United States House of Representatives resolve 
by a vote of 126 to 47, that " Andrew Johnson, President of 
the United States, be impeached of high crimes and misde- 
meanors." The President sent a message to the Senate vin- 
dicating his position. 

Feb. 25. The Committee of the House appointed Boutwell, 
Stevens, Bingham and Wilson a sub-committee to take evi- 
dence and prepare articles of impeachment. The House 
informed the Senate and presented their action in regard to 
impeachment of President Johnson. 

The Florida Convention adopted the new Constitution. 

England. Count Derby resigned on account of ill health; 
Disraeli charged with the formation of a new cabinet. 

Feb. 26. Gen. L. Thomas discharged from arrest and began a 
suit against Secretary Stanton for false imprisonment and 
malicious prosecution, setting his damages at $150,000. 

An amendatory, reconstruction bill passed Congress, providing 
that any election in the Southern States should be decided 
by a majority of the votes- actually cast. 

Feb. 28. Ex-king Louis I. of Bavaria died. 

Feb. 29. The impeachment articles presented to the House. 

Feb. Severe earthquakes at La Union, Nicaragua. 

Santos Gutierrez proclaimed President of the liepublic of Co- 
lombia, S. A. 



TWELFTH PERIOD — 1860-18G9. 285 

A. D. 

1868 The government of Portugal authorized the laying of a tele- 
graphic cable across the Atlantic. 

Rear Admiral Frederick Eugle died at Philadelphia aged 68 
years. 

March 1. Uruguay. Gen. Battle unanimously elected Presi- 
dent of the Republic. 

Italy. Admiral Farragut addressed by the workingmen of 
Genoa and the American people complimented for their 
liberal feeling. 

March 2. The Senate adopted a code of procedure for an im- 
peachment trial. The House adopted nine articles of im- 
peachment and appointed seven managers of the impeachment 
trial. 

Confiscation of the property of ex-king George of Hanover. 

Forty-eight Paraguayan boats carrying 1,200 men repulsed in 
their attempt to board the Brazilian iron-clads in the Parana 
above Humaitd. 

March 4. Prince Lucien Bonaparte created a cardinal. 

March 5. The Senate organizes a court for the trial of Presi- 
dent Johnson on the articles of impeachment. Chief Jus- 
tice Chase took the required oath. 

March 5. Ball Hughes, American sculptor died aged 62 years. 

March 6. President Johnson summoned to appear before the 
courts of impeachment on the 18th of March. 

March 7. The National Assembly of Crete sent an appeal to 
the United States. 

March 12. The House passed the bill to abolish the tax on 
manufactures, yeas 122, nays 2. 

Trial of Jefi". Davis postponed till April 14th. 

Prince Alfred of England wounded by a pistol shot by the 
Fenian O'Farrell at Port Jackson, Australia. 

March 13. The President asked forty days' time to prepare 
his answer to the articles of impeachment. The Senate ex- 
tended the time till March 23. 

The Grand Vizier declared officially that the war in Crete was 
at an end. 

March 14. Gen. Grant directed Gen. Thomas to call for all 
the troops necessary to preserve order in Tennessee. Election 
held in Arkansas. 

Peru. A plot to reinstate Prado discovered among the soldiery. 
The leaders were imprisoned. 

March 17. The pope rejected Napoleon's plan for a settlement 
> with Italy. 

March 18. The House passed the bill providing that in case 
of the death or removal of the Chief Justice, the senior 
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court shall perform the 
duties of Chief Justice. 

Admiral Farragut received by the Pope of Rome. 

March 23. The High Court of Impeachment opened for the 
trial of President Johnson. The President filed his answer 



286 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A.D. 

to tlie articles of impeachment. His counsel asks for further 
delay. 
1 S68 The king of Prussia in his speech at the opening of the North 
German parliament refers hopefully to the probable effect of 
the American naturalization treaty. 

Austria. The new law on marriage, in opposition to the Con- 
cordat adopted by the Upper House with only 17 dissenting 
votes. 

March 24. Vienna illuminated amidst general rejoicing on 
account of the virtual repeal of the Concordat with Rome. 

Gen. Buchanan succeeded Gen. Hancock in the command of 
the 5th Military District. 

Colombia. The revolutionary party in Tolima defeated. 

March 26. The Senate passed the Habeas Corpus appeal bill 
over the President's veto. They also ratified the treaty with 
the North German confederation recognizing the rights of 
naturalized citizens. 

March 27. The House passed the Supreme Court bill over the 
President's veto. 

March 28. A new indictment found against Jeff. Davis by the 
United States Grand Jury at Richmond. 

March 30. G. A. Ashburn, a member of the Constitutional 
Convention assassinated at Columbus, Ga. 

Gen. B. F. Butler of Mass., opened in the Court of Impeach- 
ment, the prosecution on the part of the managers. 

Spain. The government excluded all American newspapers. 

Abyssinia. King Theodorus at Magdala ready for the siege on 
the arrival of the English army. 

April 1. The Reichsrath, Austria, passed the bill for a general 
system of education by public schools. 

April 4. The case for the prosecution in the Court of Impeach- 
ment closed. 

Gen. Schofield appointed Henry H. Wells, Governor of Vir- 
ginia. 

April 7. Thomas D'Arcy McGee, Canadian statesman, assassi- 
nated at Ottawa, aged 43 years. 

April 9. The counsel for President Johnson opened the argu- 
ment for the defence in the Court of Impeachment. 

April 10. Gen. Napier defeated the Emperor Theodorus at 
Magdala. 

Theodorus sent the European prisoners to the British camp 
and attempted to negotiate. Gen. Napier demanded an un- 
conditional surrender. 

April 13. The Fortress of Magdala carried by storm ana empe- 
ror Theodorus killed. 

Gen. Meade ordered a new election in Georgia. 

April 15. Impeachment trial resumed. 

April 17. Magdala burned down by order of Gen. Napier. 

April 18. The British army began its march fi-om Abyssinia. 

April 20. The evidence in the Impeachment trial closed. 



TWELFTH PERIOD — 18G0-18G9. 287 

A. D. 

1868 April 23. Charles Dickens left the United States. 

April 24r. A treaty of peace concluded at Fort Laramie, Da- 
kotah Territory, with the Sioux Indians. 

April 29. Austria. The Upper House adopted the decree 
abolishing the Council of State. 

April. The Cacos defeated the government troops and took 
several towns in Hayti. 

San Domingo. Gen. Baez having repulsed the insurgents seized 
the capital, reestablished military authority and took the oath 
as President of the Republic. 

May 2. The new President Baez inaugurated ; he appointed 
his ministry. 

May 3. Terrific tornado at Shanghai, near Galesburg, Illinois. 

The Cretans defeated the Turks near Sphukia. 

jMay 6. The argument in the Impeachment trial closed by 
Mr. Bingham. 

May 8. The House passed the bill providing for the admission 
of Arkansas; yeas 110, nays 32. 

March 12. Japan. The Mikado threatened the city of Yeddo. 

The Tycoon offered to retire and disband his army if the place 
was spared. The city was surrendered to the Mikado; but 
the officers in command refused to surrender the fleet and 
left Yeddo with the ships. 

May 14. The Protestant Bishops of Ireland send an address 
to the queen of England, protesting against the abolition of 
the Irish Church. 

The bill passed providing for the admission of North and South 
Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana and Alabama. 

May 16. The Court of Impeachment voted as follows on the 
Eleventh Article : for conviction 36, (all Rep.,) for acquittal, 
19 (12 Dem., 7 Rep.) 

May 17. The civil war in Japan in fierce progress. 

May 21. The Senate appointed a select committee of three to 
investigate whether improper means had been used to influ- 
ence Senators in their consideration of the articles of Im- 
peachment. 

Gen. U. S. Grant unanimously nominated by the'Chicago Con- 
vention as the Republican candidate for President. Schuy- 
ler Colfax nominated as candidate for Vice President. 

A German expedition to the North Pole left Bergen, Norway 
in the ship Germania. 

May 22. Arrival of the Chinese Embassy in New York. 

May 23. Kit Carson, a noted American trapper and, pioneer 
died at Fort Lynn, Colorado, aged 58 years. 

May 25. Russia. The Bokharians defeated in a battle near 
Samarcand. 

May 26. Impeachment trial concluded. The vote on the 2d 
and 3d articles resulted in 35 for conviction and 19 for ac- 
quittal. The Impeachment having failed by this result the 
High Court adjourned '• sine die." 



288 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

18B8 May 29. The Grand Army of the Republic decorated with 
flowers the graves of the Union soldiers in cemeteries throuffh- 
out the country. 

Levi Lincoln, Ex-Governor of Massachusetts, died aged 75 
years. 

Heavy shocks of earthquake at Sacramento. 

May 30. A treaty between the U. S. Government and the 
Osage Nation. 

May. Chili rescinded the free trade treaty with the Argentine 
Confederation. 

Paraguay. Lopez repulsed the combined attack on his position 
at Huniaitri, after a desperate battle. 

Venezuela. Compromise between the belligerents by which the 
existing government was acknowledged. 

Pekin seriously menaced by the rebels of the North. 

June 1. Another great battle between the Russians and 
Bokharians. Russians victorious. 

June 2. The Chinese Embassy formally received by the Sec- 
retary of State. 

June 3. Trial of Jeff. Davis again postponed till November. 

June 4. Ex-President Buchanan buried at Wheatland, Penn. 

June 5. Burlingame and the Chinese Embassy received by 
President Johnson. 

June 6. Russia. The Emperor mitigated the sentence of 
many exiles In Siberia and published an amnesty for politi- 
cal crimes. 

June 9. The Mount Cenis railway opened across the Alps. 

June 10. The Senate passed the bill for the admission of the 
Southern States with only five negative votes. 

June 12. Reverdy Johnson confirmed as Minister to England. 

June 16. Gov. Humphreys of Mississippi removed by Gen. 
McDowell, and Gen. Ames appointed military governor in 
his stead. 

June 19. The House passed the Senate bill, giving thanks to 
Secretary Stanton. 

June 20. The House passed the bill for the admission of Ar- 
kansas over the President's veto without debate. 

Beginning of diflSculties between Mr. Washburn, U. S. Ambas- 
sador and the government of Paraguay. Gumecindo Benitez, 
Minister of Foreign affairs, alleged that certain foreigners 
charged with conspiracy against President Lopez, were shel- 
tered in the Legation of the United States. 

June 23. The French General Dumont announced in Civita 
Vecchia that Napoleon would not abandon the pope. 

The Alaska appropriation bill passed by Congress. 

June 24. The Senate ratified the Chinese treaty. The House 
passed a bill for the immediate reorganization of the states 
of Virginia, Mississippi and Texas. 

June 25. The Freedmen's Bureau bill passed over the Presi- 
dent's veto. 



TWELFTH PERIOD— 1860-1869. 289 

A. D. 

18G8 June 25. Portugal. A general amnesty for political crimes. 

Germany. The Luther monument inaugurated at Worms in 
presence of the king of Prussia and other sovereigns. 

England. The Irish Keform bill passed by the House of Com- 
mons. 

June 26. Revolution in Venezuela; the government troops 
defeated by the insurgents near Caracas on the 22d. 

Gen. Monagas demanded the surrender of the city. The gov- 
ernment troops surrendered on the 26th after having fought 
for 75 hours in the streets and houses. President Falcon 
fled from the country. The leader of the revolutionary 
forces proclaimed a new government which was recognized 
by the foreign representatives. 

June 28. Gov. Baker and Lieut. Gov. Voorhies of Louisiana 
removed by order of Gen. Grant. 

June 30. Japan. The Foreign Ministers issued a united pro- 
test against the Mikado's persecution of native Christians. 

June. Sarmiento elected President of the Argentine Repub- 
lic. 

Hayti. Desperate battle near Port-au-Prince. The rebels 
defeated by Salnave. 

The Foreign Ministers in Athens protested against the admis- 
sion of Candia members to the Legislature of Greece. 

July 2. British Parliament passed a vote of thanks to Sir 
Robert Napier and the army of Abyssinia. 

July 4. President Johnson issued a proclamation of general 
amnesty and pardon to all engaged in the late rebellion ex- 
cept those already indicted for treason or other felony. 

July 5. The Prime Minister of Austria declared the inter- 
meddling of the pope with the domestic legislation a violation 
of the independence and dignity of the Empire. 

Turkey. Bloody conflict between the Christians and Turks at 
Scutari. 

One-half of Yeddo, Japan destroyed by fire. 

July 7. Thaddeus Stevens presented articles of impeachment 
against President Johnson. 

July 10. The Paraguayans defeated the Brazilian forces under 
Gen. Osorio near Humaitd. The allies lost 1,000 men. 

July 11. Commodore James F. Miller died at Charlestown, 
Mass. aged 76 years. 

July 13. Mr. Washburn, the U. S. Ambassador declined to 
deliver up Messrs. Bliss an American, and JVIasterman, an 
Englishman, as requested by the Paraguayan government 
and demanded his passports. 

July 15. William M. Evarts of New York confirmed as Attor- 
ney General. 

Commodore Guert Gansevoort died at Schenectady, New York 
aged 56 years. 

July 16. The Senate passed a bill to extend the laws of the 
United States over Alaska. 
19 



290 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1868 Riot at Millican, Texas which continued four days. Forty-five 
persons were killed. 

July 17. The Senate passed the bill appropriating $7,200,000 
in coin for the payment of Alaska. 

July 18. Paraguay. The allies again repulsed at Humaitd 
with a loss of 1,(J00 men. 

July 19. The Emperor Napoleon made a pacific speech at 
Paris. 

Moses Yale Beach, American journalist, for many years propri- 
etor of the " New York Sun," died aged 68 years. 

July 21. Congress passed a resolution declaring the 14th arti- 
cle ratified. The Senate passed a resolution appealing to the 
Turkish government in behalf of the Cretans. 

June 22. The House passed the bill organizing Wyoming 
Territory. 

July 25. The fortress Humaitd abandoned. The allies took 
possession of it. The remnant of the garrison surrounded 
on its retreat and after a desperate struggle of ten days sur- 
rendered. 

July 27. Greece. Mr Tuckerman, U. S. Minister, thanked 
by the Metropolitan of Athens for the sympathy of the 
United States with the Greek nation. 

Gen. Rosecrans confirmed as Minister to Mexico. 

July 31. Mr. Washburn charged with conspiracy with Ex- 
Miuister Berges against President Lopez of Paraguay. 

July. Dr. Amador (conservative) elected President of the 
state of Panama. A revolution broke out ; the acting Pres- 
ident was arrested and Gen. Ponce commander of the state 
troops was inaugurated Provisional President. 

Violent shocks of earthquake in St. Thomas. 

The government of Germany stopped all prosecutions against 
adopted citizens of America, of German birth. 

Arrival of the first cargo of Japanese emigrants at the Sand- 
wich Islands. 

Aug. 1. Gen. Jefi". C. Davis assigned to the command of the 
Military District of Alaska. 

Col. Balta took the oath of office as President of Peru. 

Aug. 3. Mr. Washburn indignantly denied the charge of con- 
spiracy against President Lopez. 

Failure of the Atlantic cable of 1866. 

Charles G. Halpine, better known as " Miles O'Riley," died at 
New York aged 39 years. 

Aug. 6. Queen Victoria in Paris. 

The first colored jury impaneled in Tenn. at Nashville. 

Aug. 11. Thaddeus Stevens, M. C. from Penn. died at' Wash- 
ington aged 75 years. 

Gen. Gillem assumed the command of the department of Mis- 
sissippi. 

Aug. 13. Terrible earthquake in South America. A large num- 
ber of towns in Ecuador and Peru entirely destroyed. Great 



TWELFTH PERIOD 1860-1869. 291 



A. D. 



damage done to the buildings in Quito. The loss of life 
estimated at 30,000. The U. S. ship Fredonia at Arica, 
Peru was dashed to pieces and her crew lost. The man-of- 
war Wateree was carried half a mile inland by a tidal wave. 
1868 Aug. 14. Encke's comet observed from the Naval Observatory 
at Washington. 

Aug. 17. The National Teachers' associa,tion met at Nashville, 
Tenn. 

Aug. 20. The Chinese embassy in Boston, 

Aug. 22. Gen. Sheridan ordered to pursue and punish the hos- 
tile Indians in Kansas. 

Aug. 23. Assassination of Gen. Patoni in Mexico. 

Aug. 24. Death of Charles Loring Elliot, a distinguished 
American portrait painter aged 56 years. 

Aug. 29. Another revolution breaks out in Panama. Gen. 
Correoso compelled President Ponce to resign, and proclaimed 
himself provisional President. 

Aug. 31. A portion of the French troops recalled from Rome. 

Aug. Severe earthquake at Copiapo, Chili. Several volcanoes 
in the South in active operation. 

Aug. The revolution still in fierce progress in Hayti. 

A tidal wave caused the tide to rise upwards of 60 feet in 
Lower California. Gen. Escobedo defeated two bands of in- 
surgents near Queretaro, Mexico. 

Revolution in San Domingo. The whole country in revolt 
against President Baez. 

The Turkish troops defeated the insurgents in Bulgaria. 

Admiral Farragut in Constantinople. 

Death of Gen. B. F. Smith at Fort Reno, Washington Terri- 
tory, aged 37 years. 

Sept. i\Ir. Washburn embarks on board the U. S. war steamer 
Wasp. 

Sept. 3. Georgia legislature declared negroes ineligible to 
seats. 

Sept. 7. The Puebla rebellion put down. 

Sept. 9. The Chinese embassy sailed for Europe, 

Sept. 10. The Lincoln monument association adopted the 
design of the American sculptor Mead. 

Sept. 16. The billiard championship won at Chicago by Mc- 
Devitt, against Dion of Montreal. 

Sept. 17. Garibaldi resigns his seat in the National Parliament 

Sept. 18. Gen. Hindman assassinated at Helena, Arkansas. 

Spain. Outbreak of the revolution. Admiral Topete who 
commanded the naval forces of Cadiz revolted. All the 
exiled Generals returned. 

Sept. 24. Paraguay. The allied land forces repulsed at Villeta, 

Severe fight on the Delaware Fork between Col. Forsyth and 
Indians. 

Sept. 28. Spain. Battle of Alcola. The royal troops de- 
feated. 



292 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

1868 Spain. Sept. 29. Madoz declared President of the provisional 
junta. The deposition of the queen officially proclaimed. 

Sept. 30. Queen Isabella of Spain flees to France. 

Sept. The siege of Port-au-Prince raised, Gen. Faubert being 
short of ammunition. 

Rev. Phineas D. Gurley, D. D., Presbyterian clergyman died at 
Washington aged 52 years. 

Death of Seba Smith, author of " Major Jack Downing's Let- 
ters," aged 76. 

Oct. 7. Death of Gen. Adam J. Slemmer at Fort Laramie. 

Oct. 16. The new Spanish government introduced many im- 
portant reforms, such as universal sufi'rage, religious liberty, 
trial by jury, and equality of all men before the lav?'. 

Oct. 2L Serious earthquakes in California. 

Randolph, a negro preacher and a member of the South Caro- 
lina Senate assassinated at Cokesville. 

James Hind, member of Congress from Arkansas assassinated. 

Oct. 25. Col. Carpenter defeated the Cheyennes and Arrapa- 
hoes, at BuflPalo station, Kansas. 

Nov. 14. Death of Rossini, the great musical composer. 

Nov. 15. Death of Baron Rothschild. 

Nov. 23. Gen. Howard issued an order for the discontinuance 
of the Freedmen's Bureau after Jan. 1st, except the educa- 
tional department and the collection of money due to soldiers. 

Nov. 25. Hiram Mattison, D. D., a distinguished Methodist 
clergyman died aged 54 years. 

Nov. 28. Death of Laban Clark, D. D., a distinguished Meth- 
odist Episcopal clergyman aged 90 years. 

Nov. 29. Death of Com. Lawi'ence Kearney aged 79 years. 

Death of President Monagas of Venezuela. 

Dec. 6. Ku-klux outrages in Tennessee. 

Dec. 7. Congress met. Death of Gen. William Gates. 

Dec. 9. Rising of the republicans in Spain. A bloody conflict. 

Dec. 14. The House agreed to a resolution to sustain the pub- 
lic credit. 

Dec. 20. Augustus S. Mitchell, American geographer died. 

Dec. 25. President Johnson issued a universal amnesty proc- 
lamation. 

Dec. 27. Garibaldi issued an encouraging manifesto to the 
Cretans. 

Dec. 29. Mosby Clarke, a revolutionary soldier died at Rich- 
mond, Va., at the advanced age of 121 years. 

Dec. 30. Gen. Sheridan captured the Indian chiefs, Santanta 
and Lone Wolf. 

The Grecian government- refused the demands of the Sultan. 

The republican party in Spain developed great- strength. 

The Russian flag burned in the streets of Constantinople. 

Pulgar confirmed as provisional President of Venezuela. 

Missionaries discovered evidences of great mineral wealth in 
China. 



TWELFTH PERIOD— 1860-1869. 293 

A. D. 

1868 Dec. On the overthrow of Lopez the Gran Chaco was fully 
incorporated into the Argentine Republic. 

Gen. McMahon, the ambassador to Paraguay, having received 
instructions to proceed to Asuncion with Rear Admiral Da- 
vis and a naval squadron and redress the wrongs committed 
on American citizens, arrived at his destination and presented 
his demand to President Lopez, who had established his 
headquarters at Luque. President Lopez so far acceded to 
this demand as to release the prisoners, Bliss and Masterman 
to Admiral Davis, on condition that they should be tried in 
the United States. Lopez was soon after compelled to floe 
with a portion of his cavalry and finally completely defeated 
and the allied army entered Asuncion. 

St. Marc, liayti, eftectually blockaded. A Haytien gunboat 
captured several coasters loaded with supplies for the rebels. 

An unsuccessful attack made on the garrison at Jackmel; se- 
vere loss on both sides. 

The inland waters of Peru declared free to all vessels of what- 
ever class or country. 

The Turkish government placed ships of war off the coast of 
Cortize to prevent Greek volunteers going to Crete. The 
Porte declined to sell or transfer Crete to Egypt or to yield 
its independence. All Greek subjects ordered to leave Tur- 
key immediately. The American Minister offered them his 
protection. 

The Foreign Minister of Greece declared that the kingdom 
would make any sacrifice to maintain its rights. 

The Greek Minister left Constantinople. 

A Turko-Grecian conference having been proposed, Russia asked 
that hostilities be suspended until it had completed its delib- 
erations, and urged the United States to take part in the con- 
ference. 

The insurrection in Cuba becoming more formidable. Volun- 
teers arriving on the south side of the island to help the Cu- 
bans. 

Gen. Orgando, the leader of the revolution in San Domingo, is 
joined by other revolutionary chiefs. Gen. Adgu crossed the 
frontier and joined the insurgents. They were defeated by 
President Baez's troops at Las Matas. 

Espartero having been asked to become temporary dictator of 
Spain, Gen. Prim declared the Spanish government would 
have nothing to do with the Bourbons. 

The U. S. House of Representatives passed a resolution rela- 
tive to amendments to the naturalization laws by a vote of 
125 to 32 ; the bill regulating the duties on imported copper 
and copper ores by a vote of 105 to 51 ; also a bill providing 
for the transfer of the Indian Bureau from the department of 
, the Interior to the War department, by IIG to 33. 

The House passed the bill repealing an act prohibiting the or- 
ganization of militia in all the reconstructed states except 



294 MODERN SYNCHRONOLOGY. 

A. D. 

Georgia ; also a resolution allowing women in the govern- 
ment employ the wages of men for the same work. 
1868 The Senate denounced the views of President Johnson on the 
national debt ; also passed a resolution disapproving the 
President's financial recommendations. 

The Senate passed a resolution of sympathy with Spain by a 
vote of 41 to 5. 

The Secretary of the Navy accepted the transfer of League 
Island by the city of Philadelphia to the Grovernment for a 
navy -yard. 

Statsbashi, the ex-Tycoon, invited to return to Yeddo and take 
part in the reconstruction of the government. 

The civil war in Japan at an end. 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX TABLE. 



265 


*Abantidas. 


343 


1848 


Abbas, Viceroy. 


480 


1585 


Abbas Schah. 


606 


978 


Abbo. 


428 


1829 


Abbot, Charles. 


590 


1844 


Abd-el-kader. 


250 


713 


Abdallah. 


397 


1120 


Abdallah Sharfaddin. 


220 


698 


Abdulmelek. 


330 


583 


*Abednego. 


248 


1758 


Abercrombie. 


81 


1844 


Abercrombie, John. 


25 


1853 


Aberdeen, Lord. 


85 


4002 


*Abel. 


868 


1109 


Abelard. 


1747 


1014 


*Abiathar. 


1840 


1804 


*Abimelech. 


1634 


1471 


*Abiram. 


1525 


1048 


*Abner. 


886 


1030 


*Absalom. 


1163 


632 


Abu-Bekir. 


886 


483 


Acacius. 


568 


1555 


Acbar. 


63 


137 


*Accius Lucius. 


193 


48 


*Achilles. 


981 


1370 


*Acrisius. 


1510 


473 


*Acron. 


606 


1010 


Adalbert, St. 


804 


1803 


Adams, Samuel. 


486 


1778 


Adams, Sebastien Nicholas. 


162 


1865 


Adams, Charles Francis. 


1861 


1719 


Addison, Joseph. 


108 


1129 


Adelais. 


1159 


1135 


Adela. 


1254 


698 


Adhelm. 


1409 


249 


*Adherbal. 


1493 


473 


*Admetus. 


1655 


1014 


*Adonijah. 


1689 


772 


Adrian, Pope. 


1860 


867 


Adrian II., Pope. 


1841 


1154 


Adrian IV., Pope. 


5 


1522 


Adrian VI., Pope. 


220 


225 


*jEmilius, L. 


1502 


25 


*-iEmilius, Macer. 


46 


168 


*^milius, Paulus. 


1848 


1184 


*iEneas. 


886 



*^schine3. 

*Ji;schylus. 

*yEsop. 

*yEtius. 

Agathias. 

*Agathocles. 

*Agesilaus. 

*Agesipolis. 

*Agis. 

*Agis. 

Agricola. 

*Agrippa. 

Agrippina. 

Ahmed. 

Ahmed, Abdallah. 

Albert, Prince. 

Albert of Wallensteiu. 

Albert of Prussia. 

Albategni. 

Albert the Bear. 

Albumasar. 

Alboin. 

Albinus. 

Albinus. 

Albirunius. 

Albuquerque. 

■*Alc£eus. 

Alcuin, 

*Alcibiades. 

*Alcimus. 

Alden, Commodore. 

Alexander I., Pope. 

Alexander III., Pope. 

Alexander IV., Pope. 

Alexander V., Pope. 

Alexander VI., Pope. 

Alexander VII., Pope. 

Alexander VIII., Pope. 

Alexander, J. Addison. 

Alexander, Rev. S. M. 

^Alexander. 

■^Alexander. 

Alexander. 

Alexander, Tiberius. 

Alfred, Prince. 

Alfraganus. 



296 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



705 


Alfred the Wise. 


78 


*Antias. 


1839 


Alison, Rev. Archibald 


445 


*Antisthenes. 


1802 


Alice, Princess 


298 


*Antigone. 


1841 


Ali Mehemet. 


116 


*Anthemon. 


18G8 


Allatorre, Gen. 


48 


*Antipas or Antipater 


1850 


Allen, Sir William 


63 


*Antony. 


1843 


Allston, Washington 


332 


*Apelles. 


1789 


Allen, Ethan 


78 


Apellicon. 


1531 


Almagro. 


1284 


*Apollo. 


816 


Almamon. 


440 


*Apollodoru8. 


762 


Almanzor. 


116 


*Apollodorus. 


1505 


Almeida. 


53 


Apollos. 


1672 


Alphonzo d' Este 


81 


Apollonius. 


15G8 


Alra. 


247 


*Apollonius. 


1855 


Alvarez. 


206 


*Apollonius. 


761 


*Alyattez. 


132 


Appian. 


1796 


Amadeus III., Victor 


35 


Appion. 


1868 


Amador, Dr. 


161 


Apuleius. 


1713 


Amadeus, Victor 


138 


Aquila. 


10 


Ambivius, Marcua 


1224 


Aquinas, St. Thomas 


383 


Ambrose, St. 


1848 


Arago. 


66 


*Amera Sinka. 


252 


*Aratus. 


487 


Ambrosius. 


392 


Arbogastes. 


1857 


Amero, Admiral 


685 


*Archilochus. 


1030 


*Ammon. 


207 


*Archagathus. 


235 


Ammonius. 


78 


*Archias. 


1574 


*Amram. 


224 


♦Archimedes. 


794 


*Amulius. 


197 


*Ardysus. 


539 


*Anacreon. 


1004 


Ardoin. 


606 


*Anacharsis. 


1024 


Aretino, Guido 


83 


Anacletus, Pope 


1222 


*Argon. 


696 


Anafesto. 


474 


Ariadne. 


48 


Ananias. 


360 


*Ariarathes. 


41 


Ananus. 


362 


*Ariobarzanes. 


886 


Anastatius. 


380 


*Aristoeus. 


507 


*Anaxagoras. 


510 


*Aristogiton. 


562 


*Anaximander. 


507 


*Aristagoras. 




*Anaximenes. 


445 


*Aristippus. 


240 


*Andronicus, Livius 


440 


*Aristophanes. 


1860 


Anderson. 


384 


*Aristotle 


1687 


Andros, Edmund 


480 


*Aristides. 


383 


Andragaihius. 


332 


*Aristides. 


60 


*Andronicus. 


91 


*Ariarathes VIII. 


170 


*Andronicus. 




*Ariarathes IX. 


1780 


Andre, Major John 


31 


*Ariarathes X. 


168 


*Anicius. 


90 


*Ariobarzanes. 


150 


Anicetus, Pope 


325 


Arius. 


423 


Anianus. 


1533 


Ariosto. 


1474 


Angelo, Michael 


1474 


Ariosto, Lewis 


1792 


Ankerstrom, Count 


226 


*Aristippus. 


23 


Annas. 


150 


*Aristobulus. 


13 


Annius Rufus. 


5 


*Aristobulus. 


804 


Anobius. 


264 


*Aristotimus. 


1081 


Anna Comnena. 


60 


*Aristomedes. 


1833 


Anna Santa. 


135 


Aristides. 


1382 


Anne of Bohemia. 


1849 


Armellini. 


1471 


Anne, queen of Richard III. 


9 


Arminius. 


1589 


Anne of Denmark. 


1608 


Arminius. 


1857 


Anson, Gen. 


1854 


Arnaud, Marshal St. 


1589 


Anthony de Bourbon. 


1144 


Arnold de Brescia. 


387 


*Antalcidas. 


1841 


Arnold, Rev. Thomas 



BIOGRAPHIC A.L INDEX. 



297 



132 


Arrian. 


1844 


Baily, Francis 


250 


*Arsaces. 


1808 


Baker, Joshua 


280 


*Ari5inoe. 


1801 


Baker, Col. E. D. 


465 


*Artabanes. 


1588 


Balafre, Henry 


487 


*Artabazes. 


1513 


Balboa. 


85 


Artabanus. 


1868 


Balta, Col. 


490 


*Art!ipliernes. 


1051 


Baldwin. 


275 


*Artemidorus. 


1856 


Banks, N. P. 


352 


*Ai'tcmisia. 


1688 


Baradteus, Jacob 


116 


*Artemidorus. 


1653 


Barebone, Praise God 


161 


Artemidorus. 


1335 


Barlaam. 


445 


*Artemones. 


1808 


Barron, Commodore 


229 


Artaxerxes. 


1806 


Barry, James 


1846 


Artas, Count das 


44 


Barnabas. 


1201 


Arthur, Prince 


1619 


Barnevelt, John 


1610 


Arundel, Lord 


1860 


Barry, Sir C. 


1152 


*Ascanius. 


1630 


Barrow, Isaac 


1517 


Ascbam, Roger 


325 


Basil. 


228 


*Asdrubal. 


1798 


Bass, George 


1868 


Asbburn, G. A. 


1035 


^Bathsheba. 


1842 


Ashburton, Lord 


25 


*Bathyllus. 


i 70 


Ashley, Lord 


1848 


Batthyanyi, Count 




*Asinius. 


1750 


Baumgarten. 


If 


Asinius Gallus. 


1615 


Baxter, Richard 


1846 


Assiz, Don Francisco d' 


1524 


Bayard, Chevalier 


886 


Asser, John 


1868 


Beach, Moses 


358 


*Astor. 


1803 


Beattie, James 


414 


Ataulfus. 


1549 


Beaton, Cardinal 


169 


Athfeneus. 


1672 


Beatrice, Mai'y 


325 


Athanasius. 


1824 


Beauharnais, Eugt'ue d'e 


1057 


Atheling. 


1835 


Beauharnais, Hortense de 


267 


Athenius. 


1861 


Beauregard. 


116 


*Athenion. 


1119 


Becket, Thomas a 


197 


*Attalus I. 


697 


Bede, Venerable 


138 


*Attalus Philadelphus, 


1827 


Beethoven, Ludwig von 


447 


Atilla. 


1490 


Behaim, Martini 


1588 


*Atlas. 


823 


Belesis. 


1851 


Audubon, John James 


1867 


Belcredi, Count 


1834 


Augustus of Leuchtenburg. 


527 


Belisarius. 


392 


Augustine, St. 


1835 


Bellini, Vincenzo 


1763 


Augustus III. 


664 


Benalt. * 


96 


Aulus Gellius. 


940 


*Benhadad. 


1660 


Aurungzebe. 


855 


Benedict III., Pope 


380 


Aurelius Victor, 


1033 


Benedict IX., Pope 


850 


Auscharius. 


1313 


Benedict XL, Pope 


392 


Ausonius. 


1409 


Benedict, Pope 


845 


*Aventinus. 


1724 


Benedict XIII , Pope 


1864 


Averill, Gen. 


1740 


Benedict XIV., Pope 


1024 


Avicenna. 


1732 


*Bcnjamin. 


1189 


Avisa. 


1868 


Benitcz, Gumecindo 


929 


Azophi. 


1861 


Benham, Gen. 






1650 


Bennet, Justice 


1525 


Baber. 


1801 


Beuningscn. 


1586 


Babington. 


1867 


Berezouski. 


164 


*Bacchidcs. 


1062 


Berenger. 


1026 


Bacon, Francis 


1191 


Bcrengera. 


1214 


Bacon, Roger 


58 


*Bcrenice. 


1626 


Bacon, Sir Nicholas 


249 


^Berenice. 


1868 


Baez, Gen. 


309 


^Berenice. 


1616 


BafiBn, William 


1664 


Berkcly, Lord 


338 


*Bajoas. 


261 


*Berosus. 



298 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



1447 


Bernard, St. 


55 


Britanicus. 


1639 


Bernhard of Weimar. 


1859 


Brown, John 


1810 


Bernadotte, Marshal 


1856 


Brooks, Preston S. 


998 


Bertha. 


1704 


Brooke, Admiral 


380 


*Bessus. 


1842 


Bromley, AVilliam 


18G7 


Beust. Baron 


1855 


Bronte, Charlotte 


457 


*Bigtha. 


1868 


Brownlow. 


18G8 


Bingham. 


509 


*Brutus. 


300 


*Bion. 


44 


*Brutus. 


18G8 


Bismark, Count 


1691 


Bruyere, Jean la 


606 


*Bius. 


1868 


Buchanan, Gen. 


1868 


Black Kettle. 


1862 


Buckner, Gen. 


1780 


Blackstone, Sir William 


1862 


Buel, Gen. 


1599 


Blake, Robert 


211 


Bulas. 


1657 


Blake, Admiral 


1775 


Burgoyne, Gen. John 


1800 


Blair, Hugh 


1868 


Burlingame, Anson 


1868 


Bliss, Porter C. 


1867 


Burke. 


1135 


Blois, Count of 


1797 


Burke, Edmund 


1671 


Blood, Tliomas 


1715 


Burnet, Dr. Thomas 


1819 


Blucher, Lebrecht Von 


1796 


Burns, Robert 


1862 


Blunt, Gen. 


1862 


Burnside, Gen. A. E. 


1339 


Boccacio. 


1807 


Burr, Aaron 


513 


Boethius. 


1860 


Burton, W. C. 


1096 


Bohemond. 


1868 


Butler, B. F. 


17U 


Boileau, Nicholas 


1824 


Byron, Lord 


1861 


Boland, Gen. 


1860 


Byron, Lady Noel 


999 


Boleslaus. 


658 


*Byzas. 


1080 


Boleslaus II. 






1532 


Boleyn, Anne 


1496 


Cabot, Sebastian 


1830 


Bolivar, Simon 


1500 


Cabral. 


606 


Boniface III., Pope 


1868 


Cabral, President 


607 


Boniface IV., Pope 


1450 


Cade, Jack 


1785 


Bonaparte, Charles 


606 


*Cadmus. 


1821 


Bonaparte, Napoleon 


1 


Cnesar, Caius 


1840 


Bonaparte, Lucien 


121 


*Caius Gracchus. 


1844 


Bonaparte, Joseph 


4003 


*Cain. 


1846 


Bonaparte, Louis 


26 


Caiaphas, Joseph 


1860 


Bonaparte, Prince Jer. Nap, 


283 


Caius, Pope 


1868 


Bonaparte, Prince Lucien 


1681 


Caldoron de la Carca, 


1865 


Booth, J. Wilkes 


1530 


*Caleb. 


1795 


Bos well, James 


335 


*Calippus. 


1567 


Bothwell. 


916 


*Calpetus. 


1868 


Boutwell. 


328 


*Calisthenes. 


1820 


Boyes, President 


540 


*Calimanchus. 


1626 


Boyle, Robert 


217 


Calixtus I., Pope 


1868 


Bradbury, William B. 


673 


Callinicus. 


1155 


Braddock, Edward 


405 


*Callicratidas. 


1727 


Bradley, Dr. Thomas 


1757 


Calciet, Augustine 


1588 


Bradford, William 


1605 


Calvcrly, Hugh 


1861 


Bragg, Thomas 


1632 


Calvert, Cecilius 


1582 


Brahe, Tycho 


1564 


Calvin, John 


1756 


Brahe, Count 


1862 


Cameron, Simon 


1458 


Branett, Sebastian 


48 


Camides. 


424 


Brasidas. 


391 


*Camillus. 


1154 


Breakspeare, Nicholas 


1857 


Campbell, Sir Colin 


278 


*Brennus. 


1857 


Campbell, Sir John 


1867 


Brett, Sergeant 


25 


Camith. 


571 


Bretwalda II. 


1844 


Campbell, Thomas 


633 


Bretwalda V. 


1579 


Camoens, Louis 


1862 


Bright, Jesse D. 


1024 


Campanes. 


1002 


Brian-Boriomhe. 


1868 


Canby, Gen. 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



299 



735 


*CancIaules. 


1848 


Charles, Albert 


1858 


Canning, Lord 


1206 


Charles of An jou. 


41 


Cantharus, Simon. 


1701 


Charlotte Sophia. 


1868 


Canseco. 


78 


*Charmidas. 


384 


*Capitolinus, M. Manlius 


480 


*Charon. 


304 


Capitolinus, J. 


445 


*Charondas. 


976 


*Capys. 


1790 


Charlotte, Princess 


1602 


Caracci, Agostino 


1400 


Chaucer, Geoffrey 


1609 


Caracci, Annibale 


1808 


Chase, Salmon P. 


1619 


Caracci Ludovico 


1800 


Chester, James. 


1576 


Cardan, Jerome 


458 


Childeric I. 


1610 


Carey, Lucius 


606 


*Chilo. 


1833 


Carlos, Don 


1602 


Chillingworth, William 


1534 


Cartier. 


1998 


*Ching Hong. 


155 


*Carniades. 


1859 


Choate, Rufus. 


214 


*Carneades. 


529 


Chosroes. 


51 


Caractacus. 


1833 


Christina. 


231 


*CarYilius, Spurius 


1806 


Christophe, Henry 


286 


Carausius. 


1626 


Christian of Brunswick, 


502 


Carbades. 


1660 


Christian, Ernest 


1772 


Caroline Matilda. 


392 


Chrysostom, St. 


1833 


Caroline of Brunswick. 


1389 


Chrysoloras, Manuel 


1808 


Carpenter, Col. 


1639 


Church, Benjamin 


1855 


Carrera, Martin 


1650 


Churchill, John 


1868 


Carson, Kit 


1757 


Cibber, Colley 


590 


Cassiodorus. 


63 


*Cicero. 


44 


*Cassius. 


1050 


Cid. 


1333 


Casimir. 


1300 


Cimabue, Giovanni 


1472 


Cassanes, Uffan 


471 


*Cimon. 


1648 


Casimir, John 


456 


Cincinnatus. 


1862 


Casey, Gen. 


3 


Cinna. 


1712 


Cassini, John Dominic 


1860 


Clay, C. C. 


1860 


Cass, Lewis 


1852 


Clay, Henry 


1655 


Cassini. 


1813 


Clay, Gen. 


1685 


Castillo. 


1868 


Clayton, Gov. 


1446 


Casimir IV. 


1739 


Clayton, Dr. 


8 


"*Castor. 


1832 


Clarke, Adam 


1213 


*Castor. 


1675 


Clark, Samuel D. 


1662 


Catherine of Portugal. 


1868 


Clark, Mosby 


1420 


Catherine. 


1868 


Clark, Laban, D. D, 


1605 


Catesby, Robert 


1682 


Claude Lorraine. 


1701 


Catinat, Gen. 


395 


Claudian. 


63 


*Catiline. 


249 


*Claudius Pulcher. 


195 


*Cato. 


240 


*Cleanthus. 


58 


*Cato. 


202 


Clemens. 


60 


^Catullus. 


67 


Clement, Pope. 


101 


*Catullus. 


1378 


Clement VII., Pope 


1848 


Cavaignac, Gen. 


1429 


Clement VIII., Pope 


1860 


Cavour, Count 


1667 


Clement IX., Pope 


1471 


Caxton, 'William 


1670 


Clement X., Pope 


1621 


Cecil, William 


1700 


Clement XI., Pope 


1764 


*Cecrops. 


1730 


Clement XII., Pope 


1044 


Cedrenus, George 


1758 


Clement XIII., Pope 


9 


Celsus, Cornelius 


1534 


Clement, Jacque 


138 


*Cendebeus. 


562 


*Cleobulus. 


242 


Censorinus. 


267 


Cleodamus. 


1549 


Cervantes. 


248 


*Cleombrotus. 


377 


*Chabrias. 


233 


*Cleomenes. 


41 


Chcereas. 


884 


*Cleosthenea. 


1847 


Chalmers, Thomas 


192 


*Cleopatra. 


1866 


Charles Augustus, Prince 


139 


*Clcopatra. 



SCO 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



1802 


Clcrc, Le 


321 


*Craterus. 


77 


Cletus, Pope St. 


430 


*Cratinus. 


1670 


Clifford, Sir Thomas 


1848 


Cremieux. 


205 


*Clinias. 


155 


*Critolaus. 


1775 


Clinton, Gen. 


562 


*Croesus. 


1801 


Clingham, T. L. 


1553 


Croft, Elizabeth 


110 


*Clitamachus. 


1490 


Cromwell, Thomas 


328 


*Clitus. 


1845 


Crozer, Capt. 


1757 


Clive, Col. 


430 


*Ctesias. 


428 


Clodion. 


48 


Cumanus, Ventidiua 


58 


*Clodius. 


1842 


Cunningham, Allan 


1039 


Clontarf. 


1534 


*Curetes. 


1859 


Clotilde, Princess 


275 


*Curius Dentatus. 


1800 


Cobb, Howell 


1862 


Curtis, Gen. 


1835 


Cobbett, William 


302 


*Curtius. 


1865 


Cobden, Richard 


60 


Curtius, Quintius 


1417 


Cobliam, Lord 


1413 


*Cushanrishathaim. 


1813 


Cockburn, Admiral 


1808 


Custar, Gen. 


110 


*Coelius, L. 


1580 


*Cybele. 


1001 


Coke, Sir Edward 


251 


Cyprian, St. 


1829 


Colchester, Lord 


44 


Cyprus. 


509 


*Colatinus. 


6 


*Cyrenius. 


1834 


Coleridge, S. Taylor 


356 


Cyril. 


1847 


CoUins, William 


412 


Cyril. 


1492 


Columbus, Christopher. 


850 


Cyrillus. 


505 


Columbi. 


409 


*Cyrus. 


1489 


Columbus, Bartholomew 


1831 


Czartoryski, Adam 


50 


Columella. 






1855 


Comonfort. 


1240 


Dcedalus. 


478 


^Confucius. 


1851 


Daguerre, Louis 


405 


*Conon. 


8 


*Damascenus. 


1200 


Conradin. 


1757 


Damien. 


1825 


Constantine, Grand Duke 


388 


*Damon. 


708 


Constantine, Pope 


536 


*Daniel. 


1770 


Cook, Capt. 


1619 


Daniel, Samuel 


1473 


Copernicus, Nicholas 


1321 


Dante, Alighieri 


1815 


Copley, John Singleton 


1480 


*Dardanus. 


8 


Coponius. 


1^42 


Darling, Grace 


1793 


Corday, Charlotte 


1840 


Darmes. 


776 


*Coroebus. 


1565 


Darnley, Lord 


60 


Corbulo. 


354 


*Datames. 


507 


*Corinna. 


1471 


Dathan. 


487 


*Coriolanus. 


490 


*Datis. 


1808 


Correoso, Gen. 


1668 


Davenant, Sir William 


1501 


Cortereal. 


1825 


David, Jacques Louis 


1604 


Corteret, George 


1829 


Davy, Sir Humphrey 


1519 


Cortez. 


1585 


Davis, John 


1684 


Corneille, Peter 


1868 


Davis, Admiral 


1805 


Cornwallis, Lord 


1801 


Davis, Jefi'crson 


1534 


Corregio. 


1862 


Davis, Jefferson C. 


26 


*Costobarus. 


1815 


Decatur, Commodore 


75 


*Cottar. 


340 


*Decius. 


1585 


Cotton, John 


317 


*Demetrius. 


1800 


Cowper, William 


56 


Demetrius. 


1859 


Cox, David 


430 


*Democritus. 


1865 


Cox, Gen. 


355 


*Demosthenes. 


1832 


Crabbe, Rev. George 


1859 


De Quincey, Thomas 


1553 


Cranach, Lucas 


1852 


Derby, Lord 


1489 


Cranmer, Thomas 


86 


Dercebal. 


71 


*Crassus. 


1596 


Descartes, Rdne 


264 


*Crates. 


1542 


De Soto, Fernando 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



301 



1804 


Dessalines. 


1820 


Edward Duke of Kent. 


KJGG 


De Witt, Admiral 


1788 


Edward, Prince Charles 


147 


*Dioeus. 


1346 


Edward the Black Pi-ince. 


1486 


Diaz, Bartholomew 


1471 


Edward Piince of Wales. 


1868 


Dicisens, Charles 


1798 


Egalite, Philippe 


774 


Didier. 


804 


Eginhard. 


869 


*Dido. 


1508 


Egniont, Count 


1831 


Diebitsch. 


1152 


Eleanor of France. 


1571 


Digges, Leonard' 


1236 


Eleanor of England. 


1732 


*Dinah. 


1253 


Eleanor of Castile, 


81 


Dio Chrysostom. 


290 


*Eleazer. 


187 


*Diodorus. 


167 


*Eleazar. 


377 


*Diogenes. 


1 


*Eleazar. 


155 


*Diogencs. 


171 


Eleutherus. 


169 


Diogenes, 


959 


Elfrida. 


357 


*Dion. 


955 


Elgiva. 


106 


Dion Prusaeus. 


432 


*EIiashib. 


235 


Dion Cassius. 


910 


*Elijah. 


399 


*Dionysius. 


895 


*Elisha. 


357 


*Dionysius. 


409 


♦Elizabeth. 


285 


*Dionysius. 


1377 


Elizabeth of Hungary. 


8 


*Dionysius. 


1486 


Elizabeth of York. 


516 


Dionysius. 


1793 


Elizabeth, Madame 


161 


Diophantus. 


1854 


Elizabeth of Bavaria. 


342 


*Diopithiis. 


43 


Elioneus. 


25 


*Dioscorides. 


1861 


Ellis, Gov. 


568 


"Diopoenus. 


1646 


Elliot, John 


1867 


Disraeli, Mr. 


1857 


Eliot, Commodore 


1854 


Dix, Miss 


18G8 


Elliot, Charles Loring 


1861 


Dix, John A. 


1861 


Ellsworth, Elmer E. 


1859 


Doane, George W. 


1343 


*Eglon. 


99 


*Dolabella. 


1796 


Elphinstone, Sir George Keith. 


562 


*Dolon. 


1580 


Emanuel, Charles 


1868 


Dominguez, Gen. 


1798 


Emanuel 11., Charles 


1847 


Doniphan, Col. 


1802 


Emanuel I., Victor 


1867 


Doran. 


1849 


Emanuel 11., Victor 


1100 


Dorylteum. 


1590 


Emilio de Cavalero. 


1297- 


Douglas, Sir William 


1866 


Emma, Queen 


1861 


Douglas, Stephen A. 


1803 


Emmet, Robert 


1756 


Dowla Surrjah. 


445 


*Empcdocles. 


623 


*Draco. 


1628 


Endicott, John 


1545 


Drake, Sir Francis 


1868 


Engle, Frederick 


1609 


Drebbel of Alcmaer. 


207 


*Ennius. 


1631 


Dryden, John 


371 


Epaminondas. 


1807 


Duckworth, Sir John 


354 


*Ephorus. 


1532 


Dudley, Robert 


1689 


*Ephraim. 


1553 


Dudley, Lord Guilford 


325 


Ephraim. 


1550 


D'Undine. 


81 


Epictetus. 


260 


*Duilius. 


300 


♦Epicurus. 


1868 


Dumont, Gen. 


1536 


Erasmus Desiderius. 


1868 


Dunn, Oscar J. 


239 


♦Eratosthenes. 


959 


Dunstan, St. 


1487 


♦Ericthonius. 


1865 


Dupont, Admiral S. F. 


116 


♦Erymnaeus. 


1528 


Durer, Albert 


1836 


*Esau. 


1378 


Duras, Charles 


1867 


Escobedo, Gen. 






1840 


Espartero, Gen. 


1864 


Early, Gen. 


1868 


Espinosa, Xavier 


1154 


Eben Ezra. 


458 


♦Esther. 


1066 


Edgar Atheling. 


716 


Ethelbald. 


1849 


Edgeworth, Maria 


560 


Ethelbert. 


1249 


Edmund, St. 


612 


Ethelfrith. 



m 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



430 *£ucfemon. 

300 ^Euclid. 

354 *Eu(Joxus. 

1701 Eugene, Prince 

1859 Eugene, Prince 

824 Eugcnius II., Pope 

859 Eulogius. 

166 *Eumenes. 

321 *Eumenes. 

263 *Eumenes. 

1356 *Eumolpus. 

357 Eunapius. 

4o0 *Eupolis. 

1848 Eure, Dupont de 1' 

480 *Euripides. 

317 ""Eurydice. 

93 *Eusebius. 

325 Eusebius. 

449 Eusebius. 

1128 Eustace of Boulogne. 

357 Eutropius. 

1606 Eutropeia, Demetrius Griska 

447 Eutyclies. 

405 *Evagoras. 

690 Evagrius. 

685 *Evander. 

207 *Evander. 

1868 Evarts, William M. 

1865 Everett, Edward 
1862 Ewell, Gen. 

1866 Eyre, John Edward 
587 *Ezekiel. 

457 *Ezra. 

216 *Fabius Cunctator. 

269 -Fabius Pictor. 

23 Fabus. 

45 Fadus, Cuspius 

1645 Fairfax, Thomas 

18iG7 Faraday, Michael 

1862 Farragut, Admiral 

1578 Farnese, Alexander 

1868 Faubert, Gen. 

1858 Faustin I. 

1466 Fausi, John 

1560 Faustus. 

1605 Faux, Guy 

235 Felicitas. 

1821 Felix, Charles 

51 Felix. 

269 Felix I., Pope 

356 Felix II., Pope 

483 Felix III., Pope 

1862 Felton, C. C. 

1651 Fenelon, Francis de 

1815 Ferdinand I. 

1838 Ferdinand II. 

1759 Ferdinand IV. 

1044 Ferdusi. 

1517 Fernandez Francisco 

1846 Ferreti, Cardinal Mastai 



60 Festus Porcius. 

1591 Fischart, John 

1535 Fisher. Bishop 

1862 Fitch, Col. 

1798 Fitzgerald, Lord Edward 
1845 Fitzjames, Capt. 

8 *Flaccus. 

1 *Flaccus, Horatius Quintua 

81 Flaccus, Valerius 

199 *Flaminius. 

1868 Flanders, Gov. 

64 Flarus, Gessius 

1630 Flavel, John 

445 Flavian. 

1302 Flavio de Gioja. 

1625 Fletcher, John 

1627 Fletcher, Giles 

1799 Flinders. Matthew 
1868 Flores, Gen. Venaucio 

106 Florus. 

1860 Floyd, J. B. 

341 Flumcntius. 

1695 Fontaine, John de la 

1862 Foote, Admiral 

1854 Forbes. Edward 

1862 Forey, Gen. 

1862 Forrest. Gen. 

1862 Foster. Gen. 

1806 Fox, Charles James 

1624 Fox. George 

1860 Francis II. 
1842 Francis, John 
1450 Francesco, Duke 
1044 Franco. _ 

1790 Franklin, Benjamin 

1845 Franklin, Sir John 

1862 Franklin, Gen. 

1703 Frazer, Simon 
1322 Frederic of Austria. 

742 Fredegaire. 

1625 Frederic Henry. 
1697 Frederick Augustus. 

1859 Frederick William. 

1861 Fremont, Gen. John C. 

1862 Frelinghuysen. Theodore 
1702 Frizo, John William 
1711 Frizo, Charles Henry 
1400 Frois.«art, John 

1860 Fuad Pasha 
189 *Fulvius. 

1825 Fuseli, Henry 

57 *Gabinius. 

151 *Galba. 

169 Galen. 

85 Galgacus. 

1564 Galileo. Galilei 

1704 Galland. 

168 *Gallus, Q. S. 

78 *Gallus. 

66 G alius, Cestius 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



303 



1788 


Gainsboi-ough, Thomas 


1771 


Gray, Thomas 


1866 


Gansevoort, Gucrt 


1852 


Grecnough, Horatio 


1860 


Garibaldi, Guiseppe 


1784 


Greene, Maj. Gen. Nathaniel 


910 


Garcia. 


247 


Gregory Thaumaturgus. 


1862 


Garfield, Col. 


304 


Gregory. 


1860 


Gardner, Col, 


588 


■Gregory of Tours. 


1861 


Garnett, Gen. 


590 


Gregory I. 


1778 


Garrick, David 


714 


Gregory II., Pope 


1865 


Gaskell, ]\Irs. Elizabeth C. 


731 


Gregory TIL, Pope 


1000 


Gazni, Mahmud. 


828 


Gregory IV., Pope 


1861 


Gerry, Col. 


1073 


Gregory VII., Pope 


961 


Geber. 


1308 


Gregory XL, Pope 


1735 


Ged, William 


1409 


Gregory XIL, Pope. 


588 


*Gedaliah. 


1590 


Gregory XIV., Pope 


1858 


Geffrard, President 


1621 


Gregory XV., Pope 


96 


Gellius. 


1806 


Grenville, Lord 


485 


*Gelon. 


1464 


Grey, Sir John 


78 


*Geminu8. 


1464 


Grey, Lady Elizabeth 


439 


Genseric. 


1553 


Grey, Lady Jane 


1130 


Godfrey Plantaganet. 


1830 


Grey, Earl 


1702 


George, Prince 


663 


Grimoald. 


11 


*Germanicus. 


1490 


Grocyn, William 


1861 


Gerstenzweig, Gen. 


1583 


Grotius, Hugo 


1306 


Gesler. 


1855 


Grosvenor, Lord 


1794 


Gibbon, Edward 


1612 


Guarini, John Baptist 


1451 


♦Gibeon. 


1650 


Guericke, Otho 


1606 


Gilbert, Dr. 


1840 


Guizot, M. Francis 


590 


Gildas. 


269 


*Gulo. 


398 


Gildo. 


1058 


Guiscard, Robert 


1868 


Gillem, Gen. 


412 


Gunderic. 


1865 


Gilmore, Gen. 


413 


Gundicar. 


1336 


Giotto. 


1868 


Gurley, Phineas D. 


1715 


Gii-ardin, Francis 


1656 


Guter. 


1024 


Glaber Rad. 


1868 


Gutierrez, Santos 


1181 


Glanville. 


1468 


Guttenburg, John 


1401 


Glendower, Owen 


57 


*Gylf. 


494 


*Gobryas. 






1827 


Goderich, Lord 


725 


*Habakkuk. 


1852 


Godwin, Gen. 


1591 


Hackett, William 


886 


Godeschalcus. 


1249 


Haco. 


1851 


Godoy, Don Manuel de 


1911 


*Hagar. 


1096 


Godfrey of Boulogne. 


520 


*Haggai. 


1035 


Godwin, Earl 


1843 


Hahnemann, Samuel 


1832 


Goethe, Johann Wolfgang 


1120 


Hairi. 


1062 


*Goliath. 


1862 


Ilalleck, Gen. 


1774 


Goldsmith, Oliver 


1868 


Halpine, Charles G. 


1328 


Gonzaga, Louis 


1804 


Hamilton, Alexander 


1860 


Goodrich, S. G. 


1676 


Halley, Edmund 


1860 


Goodrich, Chauncey A. 


2347 


*Ham. 


1780 


Gordon, Lord George 


454 


*Haman. 


430 


*Gorgias. 


480 


*Hamilcar. 


163 


*Gorgias. 


237 


*Hamilcar. 


1853 


Gortschakoff, Prince 


1860 


Hammond, J. H. 


1652 


Gorton, Samuel 


1594 


Hampden, John 


885 


Goslin, Archbishop 


1793 


Hancock, John 


1602 


Gonold, Bartholomew 


1862 


Hancock, Gen. 


1719 


Gorz, Baron de 


1684 


Handel, George Frederic 


1402 


Gower, John 


1237 


*Hannibal. 


1866 


Grant, Sir J. P. 


860 


♦Hanno. 


1208 


Grammaticus. 


2056 


*Haran. 


1151 


Gratian. 


1794 


Hardy, Thomas 



304 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



1865 


Hardee, Gen. 


286 


*Hierax. 


1790 


Harmar, Gen. 


472 


*Hiero. 


510 


*Harmoclius. 


275 


*Hiero. 


940 


Harold Harfager. 


304 


Hierocles. 


785 


Haroun al Raschid. 


1055 


Hiklebrand. 


1854 


Harrington, J. 


1861 


Hien-fung. 


325 


*Harpalus. 


1868 


Hind, James. 


1(338 


Harvard, John 


514 


*^IIipparchus. 


1619 


Harvey, Dr. 


162 


*TIipparchus. 


1772 


Hastings, Warren 


510 


*Hippias. 


1563 


Hawkins, Sir John 


497 


♦Hippocrates. 


1868 


Hawks, Rev. Cicero S. 


430 


^Hippocrates of Cos. 


1857 


Havelock, Sir Henry 


1012 


*Hiram. 


1846 


Haydon, Benj. Robert 


1857 


Hodson, Col. 


840 


*Hazael. 


1835 


Hogg, James 


1860 


Hayes, Dr. Isaac 


1554 


Holbein, Hans 


620 


*Hecata;us. 


676 


*Holofernes. 


1866 


Helena, Princess 


1293 


HoJywood, John 


959 


Helena. 


950 


*Homer. 


628 


Helena. 


409 


Homeric. 


1213 


♦Helen. 


625 


Honorius I., Pope 


264 


*Helenns. 


1127 


Honorius II., Pope 


175 


*Heliodorus. 


1864 


Hood, Gen. 


1861 


Hemphill, J. U. 


1845 


Hood, Thomas 


445 


*Hellanicus. 


1865 


Hooker, Sir William Jackson 


1835 


Hemans, Felicia Dorothea 


1684 


Hook, Dr. Robert 


1635 


Hen, Peter 


1862 


Hooker, Gen. Joseph 


1625 


Henrietta Maria. 


1868 


Hopkins, John Henry 


1388 


Henriquez, Don 


8 


*Horatius, Q. F. 


1846 


Henri, Joseph 


301 


Hormisdas II. 


1811 


Henry I. of Hayti. 


286 


*Hortensius. 


1178 


Henry the Lion. 


78 


♦Hortensius, Q. 


1185 


Henry of Huntington. 


1568 


Horn, Count 


1246 


Henry of Thuringia. 


1639 


Horrox. 


1662 


Henry, Matthew 


1757 


Home, Count 


1570 


Henry of Bearne. 


1862 


Home, Thomas Hartwell 


1588 


Henry of Guise. 


758 


*Hosea. 


324 


*Hephtestion. 


1862 


Hough, Col. 


641 


Heracleonas. 


1539 


Howard, Catherine 


507 


*Hera.clitus. 


1790 


Howard, John 


1695 


Herbelot, Bartholomew D' 


1588 


Howard, Charles 


1222 


*Hercules. 


1868 


Howard, Gen. 0. 0. 


309 


*Hercules. 


1814 


Howe, Sir William 


350 


Hermanric. 


1610 


Hudson, Henry 


1024 


Hermannus Contractus. 


1868 


Hughes, Ball 


132 


Hermogenes. 


1096 


Hugh of Vermandois. 


804 


Herniogenes. 


1247 


Hugo de St. Charo. 


264 


*Hermachu3. 


624 


*Huldah. 


229 


*Hermias. 


1812 


Hull, Gen. William 


409 


*Hermocrates. 


1343 


Humbert II. 


207 


*Hermippus. 


1776 


Hume, David 


249 


Herodian. ' 


1859 


Humboldt, Alexander Von 


31 


Herodias. 


1458 


Huniades. 


445 


*Herodicus. 


1796 


Huntington, Samuel 


116 


*Herodicus. 


1859 


Hunt, Leigh 


3 


*Herod Antipas. 


1861 


Hunter, Gen. 


445 


*Herodotus. 


1861 


Hunter, R. M. 


1862 


Herron, Gen. 


1415 


Huss, John 


950 


*Hesiod. 


1637 


Hutchinson, Ann 


1656 


Hibbins, Ann 


1506 


*Hyganis. 


118 


*Hiempsal. 


1660 


Hyde, Anne 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



305 



1667 


Hyde, Edward 


1850 


Jeflfrey, Lord Francis 


139 


Hygenus, Pope 


1530 


*Jepliunneh. 


423 


Hypatia. 


629 


*Jeremiah. 


420 


♦Hyperbolus. 


1416 


Jerome. 






1857 


Jerrold, Douglas 


1848 


Ibrahim. 


620 


*Jeshua. 


449 


Ibus. 


366 


*Jeshua. 


108 


Ignatius, St. \ 


167 


*Jesus, sou of Sirach- 


844 


Ignatius. 


1531 


*Jethro. 


937 


Igor. 


1522 


Jewell, John 


1314 


*Ilus. 


899 


*Jezebel. 


606 


*Ilychis. 


1048 


*Joab. 


460 


*Inarus. 


1429 


Joan of Arc. 


1354 


Inez de Castro. 


1403 


Joan of Navarre. 


1073 


Ingulphus. 


1 


*Joazar. 


401 


Innocent I., Pope 


1577 


*Job. 


1204 


Innocent III., Pope 


1574 


*Jochebed, 


1352 


Innocent VI., Pope 


36G 


*.Johannan. 


1484 


Innocent VIII., Pope 


4 


*John the Baptist. 


1591 


Innocent IX., Pope 


93 


John, St. 


1644 


Innocent X., Pope 


701 


John VI., Pope 


1676 


Innocent XL, Pope 


705 


John VIL, Pope, 


1691 


Innocent XII., Pope 


931 


John XL, Pope 


1721 


Innocent XIIL, Pope 


1024 


John XIX., Pope 


388 


*Iphicrates. 


1316 


John XXII. , Pope 


884 


*Iphitus. 


760 


John of Damascus. 


235 


Irenaeus. 


1310 


John of Luxemburg. 


1651 


Ireton, Henry 


1346 


John of Bohemia. 


1859 


Irving, Washington 


1388 


John I. of Castile. 


1200 


Isabella. 


1640 


John IV. of Braganza. 


1308 


Isabella. 


1571 


John, Don 


377 


*Isaeus. 


17B4 


Johnson, Samuel 


758 


*Isaiah. 


1672 


Joliet, Louis 


408 


Isdegerdes. 


840 


*Jonah. 


1910 


*Ishmael. 


1093 


^Jonathan. 


412 


Isidore. 


1652 


Jones, Inigo 


23 


Ismael. 


1794 


Jones, Sir William 


1502 


Ismael Shah Soofi. 


1637 


Jonson, Benjamin 


1873 


Ismail. 


1530 


Jorgens. 


436 


♦Isocrates. 


48 


Joseph. 


620 


Isodorus. 


233 


*Joseph. 


1831 


Istrias, Capo d' 


66 


Josephus. 


1858 


Isturitz, Xavier d' 


1814 


Josephine, Empress 


81 


Italicus, Silius. 


536 


*Joshua. 


1823 


Itm-bide. 


1537 


*Joshua. 






1578 


Juan, Don 


1285 


^Ja.\)m. 


1858 


Juarez, Benito 


1816 


Jackson, Gen. 


1715 


*Judah. 


320 


*Jaddua. 


175 


*Judas. 


357 


Jamblicus. 


8 


Judas the Gaulonite. 


1860 


Jameson, Anna 


36 


Judaeus, Philo 


1860 


James, G. P. R. 


657 


*Judith. 


1806 


James I. of Hayti. 


118 


*Jurgurtha. 


44 


James. 


691 


Julian of Toledo. 


62 


James the Less. 


98 


Julius, Africanus 


1688 


James, Duke of Monmouth. 


337 


Julius, Pope 


1585 


Jansen, Cornelius 


1503 


Julius II., Pope 


937 


♦Jason. 


1550 


Julius III., Pope 


845 


*Jehoiada. 


1860 


Jullien, Louis G. 


483 


*Jehoiachim. 


1794 


Just, St. 


1109 


Jeffrey of Monmouth. 
20 


96 


Juvenal. 



306 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



66 


*Kalidasa. 


1848 


Lefray. 


1842 


Kahn Akbar 


1684 


Leighton, Robert 


1853 


Kane, Elislia Kent 


1015 


Leo, grammarian. 


18G6 


Karakasow. 


682 


Leo 11., Pope 


1821 


Keats, John 


794 


Leo III., Pope 


18C8 


Kearney, Com. Lawrence 


963 


Leo VIII., Pope 


1862 


Kearney, Gen. Philip 


1048 


Leo IX., Pope 


18G1 


Kelley, Col. 


1513 


Leo X., Pope 


1471 


Kenipis, Thomas a 


1605 


Leo XI., Pope 


1862 


Keuley, Col. 


1512 


Leon, Ponce de 


1630 


Kepler, John 


1202 


Leonardo. 


1206 


Khan, Genghis 


248 


*Leonidas. 


1260 


Khan, Kublai 


235 


Leonidas. 


1732 


Khan, Kouli. 


1335 


Leontius. 


1474 


Khondemis. 


1315 


Leopold. 


1716 


King, Thomas 


1831 


Leopold, Prince 


1653 


Kircher, Father Athanasius 


1865 


Leopold I. 


1854 


Kitto, John 


43 


*Lepidus. 


1572 


Knox, John 


1200 


Lescus V. 


1689 


Knyphausen, Gen. 


1859 


Leslie, Charles Robert 


1471 


*Korah. 


1633 


L'Estrange, Sir Roger 


1817 


Kosciusko, Thaddeus 


1861 


Letcher, Gov. 


1851 


Kossuth, Louis 


1613 


*Levi. 






1282 


Lewellyn. 


1760 


*Laban. 


1861 


Libby, Major 


400 


"-^Lacedaemon. 


306 


Licinius. 


325 


Lactantius. 


1839 


Lin. 


1440 


Ladislas. 


1868 


Lincoln, Levi 


1471 


Ladislas VI. 


1328 


Linna. 


1610 


Ladislaus. 


1778 


Linnaeus, Carl \Gn 


146 


*LoQlius. 


1284 


*Linus. 


192 


Ltetus. 


1547 


Lipsius, Justus. 


1777 


Lafayette, Marquis de 


1867 


Livingstone, Dx*. 


1848 


Lamartine. 


206 


*Livius. 


1834 


Lamb, Charles 


25 


*Livy. 


1868 


Lambert, Count 


1632 


Locke, John 


1861 


Lane, Gen. 


1517 


Lodi, Ibrahim 


1843 


Landor. 


16 


*Lollius. 


1864 


Land or, Walter Savage 


1868 


Lone Wolf. 


1862 


Landsborough. 


1849 


Lopez, Gen. 


249 


*Laodice. 


'1564 


Lorme, Philibert de 


1260 


*Laomedon. 


1682 


Lorraine, Claude 


498 


■^'Lailius. 


1921 


*Lot. 


1682 


La Salle, Robert C. 


1862 


Louis, Prince 


1204 


Lascaris, Theodore 


1370 


Louis of Hungary. 


1255 


Lascaris, Theodore 11. 


1573 


Louis of Zuuiga. 


1259 


Lascaris, John 


1848 


Louis, Charles 


1555 


Latimer, Hugh 


1868 


Louis I. of Bavaria, 


1239 


*Latinus. 


1861 


Low, Col. 


1645 


Laud, William 


1535 


Loyola, Ignatius 


1794 


Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent 


64 


Lucian. 


1830 


Lawrence, Sir Thomas 


132 


Lucian. 


1857 


Lawrence, Sir Henry 


116 


*Lucilius. 


1180 


*Layamon. 


41 


*Lucius. 


1864 


Leach, John 


376 


*Lucius Sextua. 


1753 


*Leah. 


60 


*Lucretius. 


1846 


Lecompte. 


75 


*Lucullus. 


1788 


Ledyard, John 


50 


Luke. 


1770 


Lee, Ann 


1868 


Luperon. 


1794 


Lee, Richard Henry. 


81 


Lupus. 


1862 


Lee, Gen. Robert E. 


241 


*Lutatius. 



BIOGRAPmCAL INDEX. 



307 



1483 


Lutber, ^Martin 


939 


Lutiprand. 


264 


*Lycon. 


278 


*Lycophron. 


354 


*Lycurgus, Ibis 


884 


*LycurgU3. 


1861 


Lyon, Gen. N. 


1861 


Lyons, Lord 


406 


*Lysander. 


132 


Lysias. 


226 


*Lysiades. 


165 


*Lysias. 


170 


*Lysimachus. 


329 


*Lysippus. 


1793 


Macartney. 


1859 


Macaulay, Thomas B. 


206 


*Machanida8. 


1500 


Macliiavelli. 


412 


Macrobiua. 


1521 


Magellan. 


69 


♦Magdalus. 


277 


*Mago. 


1861 


Magoffin, Gov. 


265 


*Magus. 


350 


Magnentius. 


1000 


Mahmud Gazni. 


569 


Mahomet. 


1183 


Maimonides. 


430 


♦Malachi. 


1715 


Malebranche, Nicholas 


43 


*Malchus. 


1250 


Malek al Salek. 


813 


Mamun. 


1689 


*Manasseh. 


138 


*Mancinus. 


599 


*Mandane. 


274 


Manes. 


1859 


Mann, Horace 


1828 


Manjaca, Ranavolana 


1793 


Manly, John 


25 


*Manilius. 


1622 


Mansfeld, Ernest Von 


189 


*Manlius. 


1793 


Marat, Jean Paul 


296 


Marcellinus, Pope 


357 


Marcellinus. 


183 


Marcellus. 


1555 


Marcellus IV., Pope 


134 


Marcion. 


336 


Marcus, Pope 


479 


*Mardonius. 


1057 


Margaret. 


1299 


Margaret. 


1445 


Margaret of Anjou. 


1503 


Margaret of England. 


1810 


Maria Louisa. 


1853 


Maria of Austria. 


29 


*Mariamne. 


1866 


Marie Amelie. 


1659 


Maria Theresa. 



1848 Marie. 

1770 Marie Antoiniitte. 

1795 Marion, Gen. Francis 

106 *Marius. 

50 Mark, John 

1855 Marmora, Gen. La 

1868 Marqucz, Gen. 

1673 Marquette, Jacques 

1861 Marr, Capt. 

1862 Marshall, Humphrey 

192 Martia. 
81 Martial. 

1360 Martin, Gonsalvo 

644 Martin I., Pope 

392 Martin, St. 

641 Martina. 

1821 Martin, San 

1854 Martin, John 

1867 Martin, John 
164 Martyr, Justin 

3 *Mary. 

1866 Mary, Princess 

1394 Mary, queen of Henry IV. 

1647 Masaniello. 

193 *Masinissa. 

1632 Masham, Sir Francis 

1861 Mason, J. M. 

1859 Mason, J. Y. 

1621 Massasoit. 

1639 Massinger, Philip 

1868 Masterman, George 
1639 Mather, Increase 
1128 Matilda. 

105J Matilda. 

167 *Mattathias. 

41 Matthias. 

1868 Mattison, Hiram D. D. 

1857 Matthew, Theobald 

1100 Maud. 

354 *Mausolus. 

1618 Maurice. 

306 Maxentius. 

306 Maximianus. 

1848 Maximilian, Joseph II. 
132 Maximus. 

383 Maximus. 

1867 Maximilian, Emperor 
1585 Mazarin, Cardinal 
1661 Mazarin, Julius 

1849 Mazzini. 

1861 McDowell, Irwin 

1861 McCall, Gen. 

1862 McCook, Gen. Robert 

1868 McCook, Gen. A. D. 

1863 McClernand, Gen. 
1868 McGec, Thomas D'Arcy 

1862 McKinlay. 
1868 McKenzie, Gen. 
1868 McMahon, Gen. 
1868 Mead, L. G. 

1863 Meade, Gen. George G. 



308 


BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 


25 


*Mec£enas. 


1853 


Montijo, Eugenie de 


992 


Mccislaus I. 


1758 


Montcalm, Louis 


1428 


Medici, Giovanni de 


1852 


Moore, Thomas 


1428 


Medici, Cosmo de 


1861 


Moore, Gov. 


1464 


Medici, Lorenzo de 


457 


*Mordecai. 


1492 


Medici, Piero de 


1535 


More, Sir Thomas 


1537 


Medici, Cosmo de 


1687 


More, Henry 


1547 


Medici, Catliarine de 


1862 


Morgan, John H. 


1610 


Medici, Mary de 


1801 


Morgan, Daniel 


455 


*Megabyzus. 


1308 


Mortimer. 


1848 


Mehemet All. 


1792 


Mozart, Johann Wolfgang 


1867 


Mejia. 


713 


Muca. 


1560 


Melancthon, Philip. 


146 


*Mummius 


1834 


Melbourne, Lord 


1525 


Munzer, Thomas 


1912 


*Melchisedek 


22 


*Mur8ena. 


1074 


Melek Shah. 


1808 


Murat, Joachim 


1867 


Menabria, Gen. ■■ 


1685 


Murillo, Bartholomeo Esteven 


324 


*Menander. 


1867 


Murphy. 


116 


*Meneorates. 


25 


*Musa. 


1213 


*Menelaus. 


1857 


Musset, Louis 


170 


*Menelau9. 


1097 


Mustali. 


1305 


Mentieth, Sir John 


1614 


Myddleton, Sir Hugh 


1867 


Merewether, Col. 


445 


*Myron. 


448 


Merovaeus I. 


606 


*Myson. 


683 


*Meshach. 






886 


Mesne. 


1016 


*Naamah. 


432 


*Meton. 


206 


*Nabi8. 


1859 


Metternich, Prince 


899 


*Naboth. 


118 


*Micipsa. 


725 


*Nahum. 


1200 


Miecislaus IV. 


1860 


Napier, Sir W. 


1204 


Michael. 


1614 


Napier, Sir John 


507 


*Milo. 


1867 


Napier, Sir Robert 


1856 


Miller, Hugh 


1833 


Napier, Sir Charles 


514 


*Miltiades. 


1859 


Napoleon, Prince. 


1868 


Miller, James F. 


294 


Narses. 


1868 


Milman, H. H., D. D. 


527 


Narses. 


1674 


Milton, John 


1843 


Narvaez, Gen. 


1861 


Milroy, Gen. 


1656 


Naylor, James 


1406 


♦Minos. 


326 


*Nearchus. 


202 


Minutius, Felix 


48 


Nebedeus. 


1859 


Miramon, Gen. Miguel 


584 


*Nebuzaradan. 


1791 


Mirabeau, Riquetti 


1777 


Neckar, James 


1452 


*Miriam. 


445 


♦Nehemiah. 


1861 


Miichell, C. B. 


1797 


Nelson, Admiral 


1862 


Mitchell, Gen. 0. M. 


1862 


Nelson, Gen. 


1799 


Mitchell, Admiral 


206 


♦Nero. 


1868 


Mitchell, Augustus 


429 


Nestorius. 


252 


*Mithridates IV. 


1642 


Newton, Sir Isaac 


157 


*Mithridates V. 


1815 


Ney, Michael 


123 


*Mithridates VI. 


137 


*Nicander. 


1868 


Mitre, President 


161 


*Nicator. 


1310 


Molay. 


424 


*Nicias. 


220 


*Molon. 


858 


Nicholas L, Pope 


1868 


Monagas, President 


1288 


Nicholas IV., Pope 


1685 


Monmouth, Duke of 


1667 


Nichols, Richard 


1718 


Montague, Lady Mary Wortley 


1786 


Nicholson, Margaret 


1203 


Monserrat. 


1861 


Nicholson, 0. A. F. 


177 


Montanas. 


149 


♦Nicomedes. 


1560 


Montague, Mrs. 


374 


*Nicocles. 


1592 


Montaigne, Michael de 


193 


Niger. 


1854 


Montgomery, James. 


1711 


*Niobe. 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX 



309 



1634 


Norton, Capt. 


208 


Papinian. 


1794 


*Numitor. 


81 


^Papias. 


1537 


*Nun. 


325 


*Papirius Cursor. 






392 


Pappus. 


1678 


Oalcs, Titua 


1838 


Papineau. 


585 


*Obadiah. 


1204 


*Paris. 


91 


*Obodas. 


1795 


Park, Mungo 


1848 


O'Brien, Smith 


1860 


Parker, Theodore 


1847 


O'Connell, Daniel 


1846 


Parker, Admiral 


162 


♦Octavius. 


507 


*Parmenidea. 


43 


*Octavius. 


830 


*Parmenio, 


33 


*Octavia. 


440 


■*Parrhasius. 


264 


Odenatus. 


1662 


Pascal, Blaise 


251 


Odin. 


1106 


Pascal I., Pope 


886 


Odo. 


817 


Paschal I., Pope 


1841 


O'Donnell, Daniel 


1868 


Patoni, Gen. 


1710 


♦CEnotrus. 


432 


Patrick, St. 


758 


Offa. 


1843 


Pattinger, Sir H. 


1451 


*0g. 


1861 


Patterson, Gen. 


1733 


Oglethorpe, J. E. 


9 


Paterculus, Velleiua 


904 


Oleg. 


400 


Pauliniis. 


337 


*01ympia8. 


66 


Paul, St. 


450 


Olympiodrus. 


757 


Paul I., Pope 


633 


Omar. 


1534. 


Paul III., Pope 


1855 


Omar Pasha. 


1555 


Paul IV., Pope 


1866 


O'Niel, Col. 


1605 


Paul V. Pope 


320 


*Onias. 


283 


Paul the Theban. 


170 


*Onias III. 


68 


Paulinus. 


162 


*Onias IV. 


1860 


Paulding, J. K. 


353 


♦Onomarchus. 


474 


*Pausanias. 


1639 


Opitz, Martin 


336 


*Pausania8. 


217 


Oppian. 


335 


♦Pausias. 


1865 


Ord, Gen. 


132 


Pausanias. 


1580 


Orellana, Francisco 


1865 


Paxton, Sir Joseph 


1670 


Ormond, Duke 


1857 


Peabody, George 


412 


Orosius. 


1863 


Peck, Gen. 


1284 


*Orpheus. 


1681 


Pedro Don 


1860 


Ortego, Gen. 


1834 


Peel, Sir Robert 


1868 


Osorio, Gen. 


1861 


Pegram, Col. 


340 


Ossian. 


412 


Pelagius. 


1832 


Otho, Prince 


1858 


Pelissier, Marshal 


1282 


Ottoacre II. 


1854 


Pellico, Silvio 


1849 


Oudinot, Marshal 


371 


.*Pelopidas. 


1857 


Outram, Sir James 


1864 


Pendleton, G. H. 


1801 


Overture Toussaint 1' 


1860 


Penningtoii, W. 


25 


*Ovid. 


1681 


Penn, William 


1616 


Owen, John 


1820 


Pepe, Gen. 


1840 


Oxford, Edward 


1809 


Perceval. 


328 


^Oxyartes. 


323 


♦Perdiccaa. 






629 


*Periander- 


39 


s^Pacorus. 


440 


*Pericles. 


1848 


Pagfes, Gamier 


235 


Perpetua. 


1801 


Pahlen, Gen. 


1819 


Perry, Com. 


1805 


Paley, William 


1446 


Perugino, Peter 


1224 


*Palamedes. 


44 


Peter, St. 


.1868 


Palmer, Gen. John M. 


1096 


Peter the Hermit, 


1850 


Palmerston, Lord 


1120 


Peter the Lombard, 


190 


*Pan8etius. 


1258 


Peter of Albano. 


423 


Panodorus. 


1335 


Petrarch. 


1753 


Paoli, Paschal 


9 


Phjedrus. 


1100 


*Pa-out-8he. 


317 


♦Phalerius Demetrius 



310 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



1715 *Pharez. 

400 *Pharnabasus. 

47 '^Pharnaces. 

138 Phavorinus. 

47 *Phazael. 

1862 Phelps, John S. 

13 *Pheroras. 

445 *Phidia3 

869 *Phidon. 

1364 Philip the Bold. 

285 *Philetaerus. 

277 *Phila. 
163 *Philip. 

3 *Philip, (Herod) 

1788 Philip, Capt. 

1436 Philip the Good. 

1675 Philip, king of Wampanoogs. 

208 *Philopoemen. 

854 *Philomelus. 

888 *Philoxenus. 

830 *Philotas. 

78 *Philo, 

278 *Philo. 
30 Philo. 

211 Philostratua, 

1328 Philippa. 

1690 Phipps, Sir William 

138 Phlegon. 

818 *Phocion. 

606 *Phocylides. 

382 *Phoebidas. 

867 Photius. 

162 *Physcon. 

1861 Pierce, Gen. 

1339 Pilatus, Leo 

530 Pilpay. 

480 *Pindar. 

166 Pionices. 

560 *Pisistratus. 

19 Piso. 

414 *Pisuthnes. 

1806 Pitt, William 

1778 Pitt, William (Chatham) 

606 *Pittacus. 

142 Pius I., Pope 

1503 Pius IIL, Pope 

1559 Pius IV., Pope 

1566 Pius v.. Pope 

■1814 Pius VII., Pope. 

1848 Pius IX., Pope. 

1531 PizaiTo, Francis 

428 *Plato. 

207 *Plautus. 

43 Plautius. 

66 Pliny the elder. 

96 Pliny the younger. 

211 Plotianus. 

78 *Plotiu3. 

251 Plotinus. 

96 Plutarch. 

1609 Pochahontas. 



1440 


Podiebrad, George 


14 


♦Polemon. 


1868 


Pollard. 


304 


PoUio, Trebellius 


25 


*Pollio. 


1213 


♦Pollux. 


1272 


Polo, Marco 


161 


Polyoenus. 


204 


*Polybius. 


1552 


♦Polycaon. 


232 


Polycletus. 


622 


*Polycrates. 


166 


Polycarp. 


424 


*Polygnotus. 


319 


*Polysperchon. 


77 


*Pompey. 


1868 


Ponce Gen. 


1764 


Pontiac. 


27 


Pontius Pilate. 


1861 


Pope, Gen. John 


1688 


Pope, Alexander 


48 


*Ponthinus. 


168 


♦Popilius. 


276 


Porphyry. 


507 


*Porsenna. 


327 


*Porus. 


79 


*Posidonius. 


496 


*Posthumius. 


1665 


Poussin, Nicholas 


1860 


Powell, Baden 


1868 


Prado, Col. 


1370 


*Pr£etu8. 


1859 


Prescott, William Hickling 


1860 


Preston, W. C. 


1224 


*Priam, 


1864 


Price, Gen. 


1648 


Prideaux, Humphrey 


1804 


Priestly, Joseph 


1844 


Prim, Gen. 


811 


Procopia. 


558 


Procopius. 


808 


*Procas. 


514 


Proclus. 


130 


Prodicus. 


25 


*Propertius. 


607 


■^Protagoras. 


832 


■*Protogenes. 


892 


Prudentius. 


166 


♦Prusias. 


1863 


Pryor, Gen. 


1055 


Psellus, Michael 


132 


Ptolemy. 


97 


♦Ptolemy Apion. 


269 


♦Ptolemy Evergetes. 


414 


Pulcheria. 


1868 


Pulgar. 


1695 


Purcell, Henry 


25 


♦Pylades. 


300 


♦Pyrrho. 


298 


♦Pyrrhus. 


539 


♦Pythagoras. 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



311 



388 


*Pythiag. 


1861 


Rosecrans, Gen. W. S. 






1862 


Ross, Adj. James Clark 


126 


Quadratua. 


1865 


Rosser, Gen. 


1867 


Queretaro. 


1860 


Ross, Sir William 


79 


Quint ilian. 


1868 


Rossini, Gioacchino 


8 


Quirinius. 


1673 


Rosa, Salvator 






1858 


Rose, Sir Hugh 


886 


Eabanus. 


1868 


Rothschild, Baron 


1530 


Rabelais, Francis 


1778 


Rousseau, Jean Jaquez 


1753 


*Rachel. 


1868 


Rousseau. 


1817 


Radama the Great. 


328 


*Roxana. 


831 


Radbertus, Paschasiua. 


1640 


Rubens, Peter Paul 


1749 


RadclifFe, Joiin 


1258 


Rubruquis. 


1855 


Raglan, Lord 


1078 


Rudolph. 


1834 


Rajah of Coarg. 


1644 


Rupert, Prince 


1618 


Raleigh, Sir Walter 


1846 


Russel, Lord John 


1205 


Raimond VI. 


1692 


Russel, Admiral 


1784 


Ramsay, Allan 


1684 


Ruysdael, Jacob 


1862 


Ransom, Gen. 






1483 


Raphael Sanzio. 


617 


Sabert. 


1867 


Rattazzi, Signer 


240 


Sabinianus. 


1610 


Rayillac. 


1494 


Sachs, Hans 


1868 


Read, Gen. 


1847 


Sa-da-bandeira. 


1856 


*Rebekah. 


260 


*Sadok. 


1868 


Red Cloud. 


631 


*Sadyattes. 


886 


Reginon. 


1863 


Said, Viceroy 


256 


*Regulus. 


1791 


Sahib, Tippoo 


1796 


Reid, Thomas 


1857 


Sahib, Nana 


1660 


Rembrandt, Van Ryn 


1171 


Saladin. 


1631 


Renaudot. 


1849 


Saffi. 


1862 


Reno, Gen. J. F. 


1868 


Saget, Nissage 


1863 


Reynolds, Gen. John F. 


60 


*Sallust. 


1792 


Reynolds, Sir Joshua 


13 


''"Salome. 


743 


*Rezin. 


138 


Salvius, Julian 


961 


Rhazes. 


1868 


Salnave. 


161 


*Rhazis. 


1868 


Salomon. 


1585 


Richelieu, Cardinal 


631 


Samo. 


1555 


Ridley, Nicholas 


268 


Samosatenus, Paulus 


1823 


Riego, Raphael del 


432 


*Sanballafc 


1317 


Rienzi. 


305 


*Sandrocottus. 


1590 


Rinuccini, Octavio 


1868 


Santanta. 


1796 


Rittenhouse, David 


1483 


Sanzio, Raphael 


1859 


Ritter, Carl 


1483 


Sanzio, Giovanni 


1566 


Rizzio, David 


606 


*Sappho. 


1794 


Robespierre, Francois 


1986 


*Sarai. 


1858 


Roberts, Gen. 


1868 


Sarmiento. 


1309 


Robert the Good. 


137 


*Satyru8. 


1081 


Robert of Apulia. 


35 


Saul of Tarsus. 


1087 


Robert of Normandy. 


1500 


Savonarola. 


1096 


Robert of Flanders. 


1546 


*Scamander. 


1241 


Robert of Gloucester. 


51 


Scapula, Ostorius 


1659 


Robinson. 


62 


*Scaurus. 


1855 


Rogers, Samuel 


1859 


Schamyl. 


1090 


Roger the Norman. 


1667 


Scheele, Charles William 


1303 


Roger de Flor. 


1805 


Schimmelpenninck. 


1613 


Rolfe, John 


1862 


Schoep, Gen. 


912 


RoUo. 


1864 


Schofield, Gen. 


1848 


Rollin, Ledru 


60 


*Sciold. 


1661 


Rollin, Charles 


211 


•''"Scipio. 


1793 


Roland, Madame 


187 


*Scipio Africanus. 


1692 


Rooke, Admiral 


159 


♦Scipio Nascia. 



312 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



146 


*Scipio, P. 


1868 


Smith, Seba 


436 


*Scopas. 


1862 


Smith, Gen. C. F. 


198 


*Scopas. 


1865 


Smith, Kirby 


1832 


Scott, Sir Walter 


674 


Sobieski, John 


886 


Scot us, John 


1560 


Socinus, Lselius 


1073 


Scotus, Marianus 


400 


♦Socrates. 


568 


*Scyllis. 


412 


Socrates. 


1861 


Sebastian, W. K 


81 


Solinus. 


615 


Secundus. 


604 


*Solon. 


1864 


Sedgwick, John 


1380 


Somer, John 


31 


Sejanus. 


1714 


Sophia, Dorothea 


99 


"Sematzin. 


1472 


Sophia. 


1841 


Senhouse, Sir Le Fleming 


46 


*Sosigines. 


30 


Seneca. 


278 


*Sostratus. 


844 


Sergius III., Pope 


207 


*Sotion. 


, 77 


*Sertorius. 


1843 


Southey, Robert 


1553 


Servetus. 


473 


*Sophocles. 


98 


Severus, J. 


450 


Sozomen. 


423 


Servius. 


438 


*Spartacus. 


1865 


Seward, William R. 


71 


*Spartacus. 


36 


*Sextus Ponipeius. 


304 


Spartianus, ^lius 


1536 


Seymour, Jane 


1864 


Speke, John Hannin 


1857 


Seymour, Sir M. 


1599 


Spenser, Edmund 


583 


*Shadrach. 


1680 


Stafford, Lord 


1692 


Shadwell, Thomas 


1584 


Standish, Miles 


1564 


Shakspeare, Williauj * 


1867 


Stanley, Lord 


1807 


Sharp, Granville 


1862 


Stanton, E. M. 


1782 


Shelburn. 


325 


*Statira. 


1822 


Shelly, Percy Bysshe 


96 


Statins. 


1793 


Sherman, Roger 


1729 


Steele, Sir Richard 


1861 


Sherman, William T. 


1659 


Stephenson. 


1864 


Sheridan, Philip 


752 


Stephen III., Pope 


1707 


Shovel, Sir Cloudesley 


768 


Stephen IV., Pope 


1867 


Sickles, Gen. Daniel E., 


816 


Stephen V., Pope 


1622 


Sidney, Algernon 


1096 


Stephen of Chartres. 


1586 


Sidney, Sir Philip 


1575 


Stephen, Battory 


1588 


Sidonia, Medina 


1865 


Stephens, James 


644 


Sigebert. 


1868 


Stephens, Thaddeus 


1861 


Sigel, Franz 


1861 


Stephens, Alexander H 


1378 


Sigismond. 


1794 


Steuben, Baron 


1507 


Sigismund I. 


96 


Stephanus. 


1548 


Sigismund II. 


606 


*Stesichorus. 


1451 


*SihoQ. 


1795 


Stiles, Ezra 


477 


*Simonides. 


396 


Stilicho. 


,290 


*Simon the Just. 


423 


Stobaeus. 


25 


Simon. 


1634 


Stone, Capt. 


1464 


Simnel, Lambert 


1861 


Stone, Gen. 


167 


*Sirach. 


1865 


Storks, Henry 


78 


*Sisenna, L. 


25 


*Strabo. 


708 


Sissineus, Pope 


277 


*Stratonice. 


1054 


Siward. 


1754 


Stuart, Gilbert Charles 


119 


Sixtus I., Pope 


1862 


Stuart. 


1471 


Sixtus IV., Pope 


1862 


Stuart, Gen. J. E. B. 


1585 


Sixtus v.. Pope 


1861 


Sturgis, Major 


1868 


Slemmer, Adam J. 


1857 


Sue, Eugene 


1861 


Slidell. 


1655 


Sueur, Eustace le 


1846 


Sloat, Commodore 


106 


Suetonius. 


1631 


Smith, John 


1108 


Sugar, Abbb 


1844 


Smith, Joseph 


961 


Suidas. 


1845 


Smith, Rev. Sydney 


1154 


Suidas. 


1868 


Smith, Benjamin F. 


1863 


Sullivan, Gen. 



BIOGEAPHICAL K^-DEX. 



010 
oio 



1794 Sullivan, John 

200 *Sulpitius. P. 

423 Sulpicius Severus- 

1856 Suniner, Charles 
1863 Sumner, Gen. E. V. 
1780 Sumter, Gen. Thomas 

53 *Surenas. 

1868 Surratt, John H. 

502 *Susarion. 

1340 Swartz. 

1689 Swedenborg, Emanuel 

940 Swiatoslaf. 

1667 Swift, Dr. Jonathan 

1044 Sylvester III., Pope 

106 *Sylla. 

384 Symachus. 

200 *Sypbax. ■ 

423 Synesius. 

716 Syncellus, George 

96 Tacitus. 

1838 Talleyrand. 

1715 *Tamar. 
1335 Tamerlane. 
1096 Tancred. 

1857 Taney, Roger B. 
1868 Tapete, Admiral 

1780 Tarleton, Gen. Bannastre 

711 *Tartan. 

1633 Tasman. 

1569 Tasso, Bernardo 

1595 Tasso, Torquato 

1716 Tate, Nahum 
177 Tatian. 

1667 Taylor, Dr. Jeremy 

1866 Teck, Prince Alexander Von 
1813 Tecumseh. 

1867 TegethofiF, Admiral 
207 *Teleclus. 

127 Telesphorus, Pope 

1306 Tell, William 

1699 Temple, Sir William 

457 *Teresh. 

172 *Terence. 

202 TertuUian. 

1502 *Teucer. 

1176 *Teucer. 

254 *Teuman. 

600 *Thales. 

330 *Thalestris. 

1794 Thelwall, John 

507 *Theano. 

539 *Thespis. 

1235 *Theseus. 

606 *Theognis. 

473 *Themistocles. 

392 Theon. 

285 *Theocritus. 

854 *Theopompug. 

250 Theodorus. 

138 Theon. 



41 Theophilus. 

177 Theopiiilus. 

450 Theodoret. 

461 Theodoric. 

642 Theodorus, Pope 

1868 Theodorus, Kiug 

685 Theopbylactus. 

1158 Theobold. 

1736 Tlieodore of Corsica. 

1213 *Theseus. 

440 *Theuxis. 

1852 Thiers, M. 

1700 Thomson, Jamea 

403 *Thrasybulus. 

430 *Thucydides. 

1868 Thurlow, S. 

133 *Tiberius Gracchus. 

903 *Tiberinus. 

925 *Tibni. 

25 *Tibullus. 

93 *Tigranes. 

1630 Tillotson, Johij 

1622 Tilly, John P. 

340 *Timoleon. 

164 *Timotheus. 

163 *Timotheus. 

50 Timothy. 

65 Tiridates. 

411 *Tissaphernes. 

1576 Titian. 

1120 Tograi. 

1798 Tone, Wolfe 

1678 Tongue, Dr. 

1794 Tooke, John Home 

1643 Torricelli, 

1692 Tourville, Admiral 

138 Trallian. 

1374 *Troas. 

1653 Tromp, Van 

1756 Trumbull, John 

25 *Tucca. 

1420 Tudor, Owen 

1851 Turner, J. W. M. 

829 Turpin, 

81 Tyanceus. 

1381 Tyler, Wat 

60 *Tyrannion. 

1100 Tyrol, Sir Walter 

685 *Tyrta3US. 

1183 Tzetes, John 

1102 Uladislaus. 

1206 Uladislaus III. 

1306 Uladislaus IV. 

1434 Uladislaus VI. 

1868 Uraga, Gen. 

1061 Uratislas. 

228 Urban I., Pope 

1362 Urban V., Pope. 

1378 Urban VI., Pope 

1590 Urban VII., Pope 



314 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 



1623 


Urban VIII., Pope 


1634 


140 


Urbicus, Lollius 


1536 


1857 


lire, Andrew 


1090 


1035 


*Uriah. 


672 


18G8 


Urquiza, Gen. 


1493 


1580 


Usher, Dr. James 


1861 
801 


1140 


Vacarius. 


1868 


142 


Valentine. 


1471 


33 


Valerius Maximus. 


1868 


23 


Valerius Gratus. 


1732 


78 


*Valerius, Q. 


1861 


1826 


Valigfort, Ricoard 


1748 


1865 


Vance, Gov. 


1865 


1346 


Vaneck, John 


1777 


1641 


Van Dyck, Sir Anthony- 


1868 


1861 


Van Dorn 


1852 


66 


*Vararuche. 


1852 


74 


■*Varro, Terentius 


1868 


25 


*Varrus. 


1284 


5 


*Varrus, Q. 


1301 


1497 


Vasco de Gama. 


1593 


462 


*Vashti. 


1730 


1545 


Vasaliua. 


1865 


1222 


Vataces, John Ducas 


1753 


1635 


Vega, Lope de 


1856 


1660 


Velasquez, Diego 


1864 


39 


*Ventidius. 


1770 


1524 


Verazzani. 


1787 


1588 


Veronese, Paul 


1324 


1497 


Vespucci, Amerigo 


1861 


1370 


Vick. 


1737 


185 


Victor I., Pope 


1861 


1055 


Victor II., Pope 


1554 


1713 


Victor Amadeus. 


1647 


235 


Victor. 


1650 


363 


Victor Aurelius. 


1747 


665 


Vigilantia. 


1751 


66 


*Vikramodity 


1100 


1203 


Ville Hardouin. 


1046 


199 


*Villicus. 


1084 


1445 


Vinci, Leonardo da 


1140 


19 


*Virgil. 


1185 


748 


Virgilius. 


1247 


146 


*Viriathus. 


1601 


657 


Vitalian, Pope 


1855 


514 


Vitalianus. 


1855 


25 


*Vitruvius. 


1868 


1694 


Voltaire, Francois 


1860 


1868 


Voorhies, Lieut. Got. 


1305 


304 


Vopiscus. 


731 
1594 


1170 


Wace, Robert 


1587 


1770 


Wadley, James 


1861 


1770 


Wadley, Jane 


1865 


1170 


Waldo, Peter 


1865 


1507 


Waldseemuller. 


1794 


1856 


Walker, Gen. 


1672 


1305 


Wallace, William 


1759 


1868 


Wallace, Gen. 


1471 


1605 


Waller, Edmund 


1464 



Wallenstein, Albert of 

Walsingham, Sir Francis 

Walter the Penniless, 

Wamba. 

Warbeck, Perkin 

Ward, Capt, 

Warefredus, Paul 

Warmouth, H. C. 

Warwick, Richard Nevil 

Washburne. 

Washington, George 

Washington, Col. J. A, 

Watts, Dr. Isaac 

Watts, Gov. 

Wayne, Gen. Anthony 

Webb, Gen. 

Webster, Daniel 

Wellesley, Sir Arthur 

Wells, Henry H. 

Wenceslaus HI. 

Wenceslaus. 

Wentworth, Sir Thomas 

Wesley, John 

Westbury, Lord Chancellor 

West, Benjamin 

Westmacott, Sir Richard 

Wheeler, Gen. 

Whitefield, George 

Whit taker, James 

Wickliffe, John 

Wigfall, Gen. L. T. 

Wilhelmina, Caroline Dorothea 

Wilkes, Com. 

William the Great. 

William II. 

William IIL 

William IV. 

William V. 

William of Poitou. 

William of Arques. 

William of Spires. 

William of Malmsbury. 

William of Newbury. 

William of Holland. 

Williams, Roger 

Williams, Gen. 

Williamson, Passmore 

Wilson. 

Wilson, H. H. 

Winceslas, IV. 

Winifred. 

Winslow, Edward 

Winthrop, John 

Winthrop, Maj. Theodore 

Wirz. 

Wiseman, Cardinal 

Witherspoon, Dr. 

Witt, John de 

Wolfe, Gen. James. 

Wolsey, Thomas 

Woodville, Sir Richard 



BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX 



!15 



1861 Wool, Gen. John E, 

1710 Wren, Sir Christopher 

18G2 Wright, Gen. 

256 *Xanthippus. 

539 *Xenophanes. 

410 *Xenophon. 

1517 Ximenes, Cardinal 

1858 Yeh, Commissioner 

680 Yezid, Caliph 

1217 Yolanda. 

1681 Young, Dr. Edward 

145 Zabdiel. 

1014 Zadoc. 

1861 Zagonyi, Maj. 

840 *Zechariah. 



520 


♦Zechariah. 


409 


*Zecharias. 


264 


Zenobia. 


78 


*Zeno of Sidon. 


206 


*Zeno of Tarsus. 


312 


*Zeno. 


610 
197 
715 


*Zephaniah. 
Zephyrinus, Pope 
*Zerah. 


945 


*Zerah. 


520 


*Zerubbabel. 


480 


*Zeuxis. 


1861 


ZollicoflFer, Gen. 


450 


Zozimus. 


1530 


Zuinglius, Ulrich 


1859 
1844 


Zuloaga. 
Zurbano. 



INDEX TABLE OF BATTLES. 



1799 


Aboukir. 


1840 


Beyrout. 


*31 


Aetium. 


1863 


Big Black River. 


1799 


Adda. 


1861 


Big Bethel. 


1829 


Adrian ople. 


1857 


Bithoor. 


1415 


Agincourt. 


1863 


Blackwater, Va. 


1803 


Ahmednuggur. 


1861 


Blackburn Ford. 


1868 


Alcola, Spain. 


1814 


Bladensburg. 


1801 


Alexandria. 


1794 


Bois le due. 


1864 


Allatoona. 


1485 


Bosworth. 


1854 


Alma. 


1864 


Bottom Bridge. 


1771 


Almansee. 


1812 


Borodino. 


1865 


Alsen, Denmark. 


1215 


Bovines. 


1402 


Angora. 


1794 


Boxtel. 


1862 


Antietam. 


1690 


Boyne. 


1832 


Antwerp. 


1777 


Brandywine. 


236 


Aquilea. 


1814 


Bridgewater. 


*331 


Arbela. 


1779 


Briar Creek. 


1796 


Areola. 


1814 


Brienne. 


1868 


Arequipa. 


1862 


Britton's Lane. 


1857 


Arrah. 


1812 


Brownstown. 


1192 


Ascalon. 


1861 


Bull Run. 


1863 


Arkansas Post. 


1862 


Bull Run 2d. 


1809 


Aspern. 


1847 


Buena Vista. 


1862 


Aspromonte. 


1859 


Buenos Ayres. 


1803 


Assaye. 


1775 


Bunker Hill. 


1864 


Atlanta. 






1806 


Auerstadt. 


1868 


Cadiz. 


1862 


Augusta, Ky. 


1860 


Calatifimi. 


1805 


Austerlitz. 


1794 


Cambray. 


1865 


■ Averysboro. 


1780 


Camden. 






1797 


Camperdown. 


1864 


Bagoline, Lombardy. 


1862 


Cane Hill. 


1863 


Baker's Creek, Miss. 


*216 


Cannae. 


1854 


Balaclava. 


1841 


Canton. 


1861 


Ball's Bluflf. 


1857 


Canton. 


1814 


Baltimore. 


1797 


Cape St. Vincent. 


1314 


Bannockburn. 


1861 


Carrick's Ford. 


1471 


Barnet. 




Carnifcx Feri-y. 


1808 


Baylen. 




Carthage. 


1456 


Belgrade. 


1799 


Cassano. 


1814 


Bcllair. 


1857 


Cawnpore. 


1861 


Belmont. 


1863 


Cedar Bluff, Ga. 


1777 


Bennington. 


1862 


Cedar Mountain. 


1865 


Bentonville. 


1864 


Cedar Creek. 


1812 


Beresina. 


1847 


Cerro Gordo. 


1799 


Bergen. 


1863 


Chattanooga. 



318 



INDEX OF BATTLES. 



1814 


Champlain, naval. 


405 


Fesulaa. 


18G3 


Chancellorsville. 


1794 


Fleurus. 


18G0 


Chang-kia-wan. 


1513 


Flodden. 


18G2 


Chant illy. 


18G5 


Five Forks. 


18G3 


Charleston, S. C. 


1864 


Fisher's Hill. 


18G1 


Cheat Mountain. 


1814 


Fontainebleau. 


1847 


Chcpultepec. 


1745 


Fontenoy. 


*338 


Cheronea. 


18G2 


Fort Craig. 


*86 


Cheronea. 


1861 


Fort Darling. 


1862 


Chickahominy. 


1862 


Fort Donelson. 


18G3 


Chickamauga. 


1814 


Fort Erie. 


1849 


Chillianwallah. 


1865 


Fort Fisher. 


1841 


Chinhoe. 


1861 


Fort Hatteras. 


1814 


Chippewa. 


1862 


Fort Henry. 


17G9 


Choczim. 




Fort Macon. 


1847 


Churubusco. • 


1864 


Fort Pillow. 


1039 


Clontarf. 


1862 


Fort Pulaski. 


18G4 


Coal Harbor. 


1864 


Foi-t De Russey. 


1837 


Constantina. 


18G3 


Fort Smith, 


1847 


Contreras. 


1861 


Fort Sumter. 


18G2 


Corinth. 


1864 


Franklin, Tenn. 


1809 


Corunna. 


1862 


Fredericksburg. 


1781 


Cowpens. 


1861 


Fredericktown. 


1814 


Craonne. 


1847 


Freiburg. 


1346 


Crecy. 


1807 


Friedland. 


1868 


Crete. 


18G2 


Front Royal. 


18G2 


Cross Keys. 






1746 


Culloden. 


1861 


Gaeta. 


1863 


Culpepper. 


1862 


Gainsville. 




Cumberland Gap. 


1866 


Galicia. 


1862 


Cumberland Mountain. 


1802 


Garrettsburg. 


*197 


Cynoscephalse. 


1777 


Germantown. 






1863 


Gettysburg. 


1864 


Dallas. 


1862 


Goldsboro. 




Dalton. 


*334 


Granicus. 




Decatui', 


*73 


Granicus. 


1857 


Delhi. 


1476 


Granson. 


1743 


Dettingen. 


1831 


Grochow. 


1781 


Doggerbank. 


1781 


Guildford, 


1100 


Dorylffium. 






1861 


Drainsville. 


1862 


Hampton Roads. 


1813 


Dresden. 




Harper's Ferry. 


1861 


Dug Spring. 


1066 


Hastings. 


1650 


Dunbar. 


1864 


Hatcher's Run. 


1793 


Dunkirk. 


1800 


Hohenlinden. 






1868 


Humarta, Paraguay. 


1642 


Edgehill. 


1862 


Huntersville. 


1863 


Elk Creek, Ark. 


1863 


Hunt's Cross Roads, Tenn 


1813 


Erie, naval. 






1794 


Espierre. 


1862 


Island No. 10. 


1809 


Essling. 


1855 


Ingour. 


878 


Ethandune. 


1854 


Inkermann. 


1855 


Eupatoria. 


*301 


Ipsus. 


1781 


Eutaw Springs. 


*333 


Issus. 


1846 


Evora, Portugal. 


1862 


luka. 


1807 


Eylau. 










1863 


Jackson, Miss 


18G1 


Fairfax Court House. 


1792 


Jeramappes. 


1862 


Fair Oaks. 


1806 


Jena. 


1^61 


Falling Water. 


1858 


Jhansi. 


1863 


Fayetteville, Ark. 


1864 


Jonesboro. 



INDEX OF BATTLES. 



319 



1813 Katzbach. 

1863 Kelly's Ford. 
1798 Kilcullen. 

1780 King's Mountain. 

18G2 Kingston, N. C. 

1803 Knoxville. 

1882 Konieh. 

1858 Kotah. 

1G92 La Hogue. 

15G8 Langside. 

1795 Laono. 
1263 Largs. 
1176 Legnano. 

1813 Leipsic. 

1814 Leon. 
1571 Lepanto. 
*146 Leucopetra. 
*371 Leuctra. 

1775 Lexington 

1861 Lexington, Mo. 

1815 Ligny. 

1793 Lincelles. 
1141 Lincoln. 

1796 Lodi. 
1796 Lonato. 

1776 Long Island. 

1864 Lost Mountain. 
1857 Lucknow. 
1847 Lucerne. 
1626 Lutter. 

1632 Lutzengen. 

*190 Magnesia. 

1707 Malplaquet. 

1794 Blaciejowice. 

18G8 Magdala, Abyssinia. 

1859 Magenta. 

1806 Maida. 
1855 Malakhofif. 

1862 Malvern Hill. 
*206 Mantinea. 
*362 Mantinea. 

1863 Manassas Gap. 
*490 Marathon. 
1515 Marignan. 
1644 Marston Moor. 
1789 Martinesti. 

1861 Mathias Point. 

1862 Maysville, Ark. 
1868 Mazatlan. 
1862 McDowell's. 

1860 Melazzo. 
18G2 Memphis. 
1792 Menin. 
1867 Mentana. 
1800 Mincio. 
1862 Mill Spring. 
1759 Minden. 

1807 Mohrungen. 
1847 Molino del Rey. 



1859 


Montebcllo. 


1814 


Montereau. 


1846 
18G6 


Monterey. 
Montesuello. 


1796 


Mondovi. 




Montenotte. 


1778 


Monmouth. 


1315 

1862 


Morgartcn. 
More's Hill. 


*45 


Munda. 


1861 


Munfordsville. 


1862 


Murfreesboro. 


*43 


Mutina. 


1798 


Naas. 


1700 


Narva. 


1864 


Nashville. 


1645 
1827 


Naseby. 
Navarino, navaL 


1864 


Neosho. 


1867 


Nerola. 


1862 


Newbern. 


1798 


Nile. 


1634 


Nordlingen. 


1849 


Novara. 


1799 


Novi. 


1809 


Ocana. 


18G4 


Olustec, Fla. 


1832 
*8G 


Oporto. 
Orchomenos. 


1388 


Otterburn. 


871 


Otranto. 


1708 


Oudenarde. 


1798 


Oulart. 


1864 


Paducah. 


1859 


Palestro. 


1846 


Palo Alto. 


1734 


Parma. 


1429 
1525 


Patay. 
Pavia. 


1862 


Pea Ridge. 


1865 


Perryvillc. 
Petersburg. 


*48 


Pharsalia. 


1861 

*42 

1862 

*479 


Philippi. 
Philippi, 

Pittsburg Landing. 
Plattea. 


507 


Poictiers. 


1868 


Port au Prince. 


1863 


Port Gibson. 




Port Hudson. 


1861 


Port Royal. 


18G2 


Prairie Grove, Ark. 


1620 


Prague. 


1757 
1838 


Prague. 
Prescott. 


1745 


Preston Pans. 


1777 


Princeton. 



320 



INDEX OF BATTLES. 





1862 Puebla. 




1709 Pultowa. 




*168 Tydna. 




1798 Pyramids. 




1813 Pyrenees. 




1815 Quatre Bras. 




1759 Quebec. 




1812 Queenstown. 




1793 Quesnoy. 




1706 Ramilies. 




1868 Rangoon. 




*219 Raphia. 




1863 Raymond, Miss. 




1862 Reggio, 




1864 Resaca. 




1846 Resaca de la Palma 




1776 Rhode Island. 




1778 Rhode Island. 




1862 Richmond, Ky. 




Richmond, Va. 




1861 Rich Mountain. 




1862 Roanoke Island. 




1861 Romney. 




1757 Rossbach. 




1847 Sacramento. 




1866 Sadowa. 




M80 Salamis. 




1812 Salamanca. 




1868 Samarcand. 




1864 San Pedro. 




1861 Santa Rosa. 




1862 Savage Station. 




1861 Screytown, Va, 




1868 Scutari. 




*223 Selasia. 




1831 Seidlice. 




1386 Sempach. 




1791 Seringapatam. 




1799 Seringapatam. 




1862 Shanghai. 




1715 Sheiiffmuir. 




1862 Shiloh. 




1864 Shreveport. 




1862 Silver Creek. 




*53 Sinnaca. 




1812 Smolensko. 




485 Soissons. 




1859 Solferino. 




1862 South Mountain. 




1864 Spottsylvania. 




1780 Springfield. 




1455 St. Albans. 




1837 St. Eustace. 




1777 Stillwater. 




1862 Stone River. 




1863 Suffolk, Va. 




♦Before Christ. 




, A f W ■ "■ 


\ 

\ 


•,W > ■* ^ 



1809 


Talavcra. 


*456 


Tanagrea. 


1814 


Tarbes. 


1829 


Tarqui. 


1855 


Tchernaya. 


1813 


Thames. 


*480 


Thermopylae. 


1822 


Thermopylae. 


*217 


Thrasymene. 


1758 


Ticonderoga. 


1811 


Tippecanoe. 


1815 


Tolentino. 


1212 


Tolosa. 


1814 


Toulouse. 


1794 


Tourcoing. 


1805 


Trafalgar. 


1799 


Trebia. 


1776 


Trenton. 


1863 


Triune, Tenn. 


1808 


Tudela. 


1868 


Tunas, Cuba. 


1805 


Ulm. 


1792 


Valmy. 


1444 


Varna. 


1811 


Varossa. 


1863 


Vicksburg. 


1868 


Villeta. 


1808 


Vimeira. 


1813 


Vittoria. 


1860 


Volturno. 


1809 


Wagram. 


1460 


Wakefield. 


1831 


Warsaw. 


1656 


Warsaw. 


1814 


Washington. (Bu 


1793 


W^attignies. 


1815 


Waterloo. 


1864 


Weldon Railroad. 


1862 


West Point. 




White Oak Swamj 




White Hall, N. C. 


1776 


White Plains. 


1861 


Wild Cat. 


1864 


Wilderness. 


1862 


AVinchester. 


1813 


Williamsburg. 


1862 


Williamsburg. 


1865 


Wilmington. 


1861 


Wilson Creek. 


1651 


Worcester. 


1868 


Yeddo. 


*202 


Zama. 


179S 


Zurich. 


1586 


Zutphen. 



